Chapter 5

Navier-Stokes Equations

Problem 5.1. Stokes second problem

Consider an infinite flat plate y = 0 subject to oscillations with velocity Uw cos !t in the x-direction.
The fluid in the half-space y > 0 is Newtonian, homogeneous, and incompressible. Assume that body
forces are negligible, that the pressure is uniform and constant, and that the flow driven by the plate is
unidirectional along x.
(a) Write down the equation and boundary conditions satisfied by vx (y, t) (x-component of the velocity
field).
(b) Assume that the solution can be written

vx (y, t) = Re[U (y)ei!t ], (5.1)

where Re denotes the real part. Find an equation and boundary conditions for U (y), and solve that equa-
tion. Infer the solution for vx (y, t).
(c) Sketch the velocity profile at t = 0. What is the characteristic thickness of the layer of fluid that is
moving next to the wall?
Problem 5.2. Startup of shear flow
A Newtonian incompressible fluid with constant density and kinematic viscosity is placed between
two parallel infinite flat plates separated by a distance h. Initially, both plates are at rest. At t = 0, the
bottom plate (at y = 0) starts to translate with a constant velocity U = U ex . Assume that the flow is
unidirectional in the x-direction, that body forces can be neglected, and that the pressure is constant and
uniform everywhere in the fluid.
(a) Determine the velocity field u = u(y, t)ex between the two plates.
(b) Sketch the velocity profile for different values of the parameter 2 t/h2 . What flow do you recover
when 2 t/h2 ! 1?
Problem 5.3. Circular Couette flow
Consider the steady flow of a Newtonian fluid between two infinite concentric cylinders of radii Ri (inner)
and Ro (outer) that are rotating around their common axis at angular velocities !i and !o . The density
and viscosity of the fluid are both constant and uniform. In cylindrical coordinates (r, , z), assume
that the flow is uniform in the z- and -directions, and that its direction is azimuthal in the (r, ) plane:
u = u (r)e .
(a) Write down the Navier-Stokes equations and boundary conditions for this problem using cylindrical
coordinates. Simplify as much as you can using the stated assumptions.
(b) Solve for the velocity profile u (r), and determine all the integration constants. Sketch the velocity
profile.
(c) Determine the pressure p(r) up to an additive integration constant.
Problem 5.4. Flow down an inclined plane
An incompressible liquid (constant density and viscosity ) is flowing under the influence of gravity g

17
 down a very long (seeplane
figure).
! inclined Assume at that
an anglethe
(see flow to
figure). is thesteady, unidirectional
horizontal,
Assume that forming
the flow along asteady,
filmx, and of uniform thickn
constant inalon
the
downdown a very long
a very plane
long inclined
plane at an
inclined atmosphere
atmosphere
angle
at an angletoishthe tonthe unidirectional
horizontal, forming
n horizontal, foa
(see figure). Assume v =! vvxthat
= vthe
(y)e x ,(y)e
and
flowxthat!,isand thethat
steady, the
pressure pressure
unidirectional only only
dependsalong depends
on x, y:y p
and on
y =uniform
y: p
p(y). = in
p(y).the x and z direc
! (see figure). (seeliquid Assume
figure). v Assume
= vthat x (y)e the x ,flow
that andthe
" that
is theispressure
steady,
flow unidirectional
steady,
! only depends
unidirectional along on
x, y:
and
along p unifo
=x,p(a
v = vx (y)ex , and that thev pressure only , and depends onpressure
!y: p = p(y).
nonly depends on yny:=p0on
= vx= (y)e vxx(y)e y x ,that y the
and that nthe pressure only depends = p(y).
y: p = p(y).
n
v(y)
v(y) y
! a
atmosphere y x y n n !
y ! liquid!
g liquid
liquid ! ! atmosphere atmosphere y =yh= h
! g atmosp
n ! atmosphere ! v(y)v(y)
!
! !
!!liquid liquid! !
liquid x atmosphere
xh h
atmosphere
v(y) ! !
liquid
! ! !
18 ! ! 5 liquid
Navier-Stokes
liquid
v(y) v(y) Equations
g x x " ! ! v(y)
h v(y) !! " v(y)x v(y) y =y0= 0
down a very long plane inclined at an angle to the horizontal,x forming a film of constant x thickness
x ! h g ! !g y=h
(see figure). Assume that they flow
= h isatmosphere
steady,
atmosphere unidirectional along x, and uniform in the x and z g directions: !! ! y=h
g
! g
v = vx (y)ex , and that the pressure only
liquid
liquid depends on y: p = p(y). ! ! ! !! h h!
x ! ! ! ! !
!h
nn ! ! ! ! ! !
y v(y) atmosphere ! "! "
v(y) atmosphere ! " !
! " ! "y!=!0 " y
(a) Justifying g every step in the derivation, show that liquid the momentum equation, projected !along the
liquid y =!0 ! ! x
g atmosphere atmosphere
y directions, h leads to the two equations n n ! ! !
atmosphere
h liquid liquid atmosphereatmosphereatmosphere !
y=h v(y) v(y)
!
liquidy = h
n n liquidliquid liquidg d! vx
2 ! !! !!
!
n v(y) n n g sin n + g 2 = 0, !
x v(y) h h dy
v(y) x g v(y) v(y)
y g v(y) y = h dp
g y h h h
g g g gcos y+= h = 0.
dy
(a) Justifying yevery
h = hystep in theh derivation, show that the momentum equation, projected al
(a) Justifying
directions, every
leads to step
=
the
h
y twoin the
= hy equations
= derivation,
h
h x showx that the momentum equation, projected along
y= h
(b) Knowing that the leads
y directions, pressure to the attwo the equations
interfacey between =y hy the liquid and the atmosphere is given b
constantxatmospheric pressure x x pxa , solve for p(y). y = 0 d2 2 vx
x
y (a)
g Justifying
sin + d every
vx2 =step 0, in the derivation, show that
(c) The viscous
y traction t =yny (where y is the xgviscous
(a) Justifying
sin +stress
directions, everyleads step
dytensor)=to0,the inisthe zero derivation,
at the interface show that betwee the
(a) Justifying every step in the derivation, show that the momentum
(a) Justifying every step equation,
in the y
yyevery projected
derivation,
directions, dyalong
show
leads
2
to thethe
that the
two xtwo andequations
momentum
equations equation, projec
liquid(a)and the atmosphere.
Justifying every (a) Justifying
Using
(a)
step in the this
Justifying
(a) every
fact,
Justifying
derivation, step
derive
every show in
step a the in
that derivation,
boundary
the
step derivation,
in the
the momentum show
condition
dp
derivation, show thatfor the
that the
show momentum
the velocity
momentum
that the v equation,
(y)
momentum at
equatio y
y directions, leads to theWhat
two equations y directions, leads to the twothe equations g cos +dp = 0.equation, projected along the x
is the boundary condition
y directions,
y directions, leads to the two equations y at
directions,
y y = leads0?
directions, to
leads (a) to
leads two
the
Justifying gtoequations
two the
cos equations
every
two
+ step
equations
dy =in the
0. derivation, show that the mom d
dy g sin +d2vx
(d) Solve for the velocity vxd(y). 2
vx Sketch the velocity profile. y directions, leads to the two equations
d vx d2 vd2 vx gd2sin
2 + 2d
(b) Knowing g sin that + the 2pressure = 0, at the interfaced2g between the liquid (5.2) andx the atmosphere vx dy
(e) Calculate the volumetric dyflow rate Q (per unit length in
vxsin g
the
+sin
z g sin
direction),
dy + 2
g =sin
+ 0,
defined =
+ =
0,
as 0, = 0, is
(b) Knowing that the pressure
constant atmospheric pressure pa , solve for p(y). at the
g interface
sin + between
dy 2
= 0, the liquid and
dy 2dythe2 atmosphere
dy 2 gd vx+gi
2 cos is dp+
constant atmospheric dppressure p , solve for p(y). dp g
dp sin g
+ cos = 0
(c) The viscous g costraction a
+ t==0.n (where his the viscous Z dpg cosstress (5.3) dp dp dy
dy g +cos gtensor)
cos
=+ g0. is=
+cos zero =+0.
0. at the=dy interfac
2
0.
(c) The g cos + = 0. dy dy
liquid andviscous traction t =Using
the atmosphere. n (where Q =fact,
this isderive
(b)
vthe
x (y)
Knowing viscous
dydy.
a boundary
that stressthe tensor) condition
pressure is
dyat zero theatthe
for the interface
dyvelocity
interface dpbetw vbx
y =(b) Knowing that the pressure at the interface
g cos + between = 0
0
liquid
What is and
the the atmosphere.
boundary condition Using at this fact,
0? derive
constant a boundary
atmospheric condition
pressure for
pa , solvethe velocity
for p(y). dy v x (y)
(b) Knowing that the pressure at the interface between
(b) Knowing (b) the
that
Knowing
(b) liquid
the
Knowing and constant
pressure
that the
the
that atmosphere
atpressure
theatmospheric
the interface
pressure at theis atgiven
between
interface
the
pressure by the
the
between
interface liquid
pa , solve the
betweenand the
liquid
for p(y). the atmosph
and
liquid the
Problem What
6.5. is the
thatboundary
Wind-driven the(b) flow condition
Knowing inside theat
that the
y =pressure
aSketch
lake 0?thebetween at thethe interface between the liquid and the at
constant atmospheric pressure(b) Knowing
pa(d) Solve
, solve forfor the
constant
p(y). pressure
velocity
atmospheric
constant vxat(y).
constant atmospheric
interface
pressure
atmospheric p(c)a , The
pressurevelocity
solve for
pa ,p(y).
viscous
pressure solvep
liquid
profile.
a , for
traction solve
and
t for
p(y).
the
= n p(y).
atmosphere
(where is
is given
thex-dire
visco
Consider
constanta large
(d)Calculate lake,
atmospheric
Solve forthe overconstant
which
pressure
thevolumetric
velocity vxa(y).atmospheric
wind
p , solveis blowing
Sketchfor pressure
(c)p(y).
the The and p
viscous
velocity ,
exertssolve a for
constant
traction
profile. p(y).t = at shear
n stress
(where S in
isbetweenthe
the viscous
(e) (c) The flow
viscous rate(b) Q
tractionKnowing
liquid
(per
a
and
unit that the the
length
(where pressure
atmosphere.
in the
is the z the
Using
direction),
viscous interface
this
stress fact,
defined derive
tensor) as isthe
azer bl
(c) The viscous traction t(see figure
= n (where
below). is(c)
theThe
The goalviscous
viscous ofstress
this traction
(c) tensor)
problem
The viscous
t= isiszero
n (where
at
totraction
liquid then
determine
tand = the =is
tinterface the steady
the
atmosphere.
n viscous
between
(where stress
the
flow
Using tensor)
is field
the
this isderive
established
viscous
fact, zero
stressatain the
tenso
boun in
the
(c) The viscous traction(c) The
t = viscous
n (where traction constant
is t the=
What viscous
n is (where
atmospheric stress is
pressure the
tensor) viscous
a , solve
is zero stress
atforthe tensor)
interface is zero
betwe a
hthe boundary condition
(e) Calculate theaandvolumetric flow rate (per unit pdirection), p(y).
liquid and the atmosphere.by Using
the wind. this liquid
fact, derive
Assume that liquid
the
boundary
the lake and
atmosphere.
liquid
has athe
condition
and atmosphere.
constantthe Q
Using
for
What thethis
atmosphere.
depth Zlength
Using
fact,
isavelocity
the vxin
this
hderive
Using
before
boundary (y) the
fact,athis
the at derive
zyfact,
boundary
wind
condition = aatboundary
derive
starts
h. ydefined
condition a0?
y =blowing. forasThe
=boundary
0?condition
the condi for
veloc
wind
liquid and the atmosphere. liquid and
Using the atmosphere.
this fact, derive Using this
0
boundary fact, derive
condition a boundary
for the condition
velocity v (y) for at thy
What is the boundary condition at y = 0? What is theWhat boundary is theiscondition
What boundary
the(c) The
boundary(d)condition
at viscous
Q =condition
ySolve
= Z0?yfor at vythe=
traction att0?=
velocity
y= n 0?v(where
x (y). Sketch is thethe viscous
x
velocity stress p
What is the boundaryWhat conditionis the at boundary
y = 0? condition (d) Solve at
for hthe 0?(y) dy.vx (y).
= xvelocity Sketch the velocity profi
(d) Solve for the velocity vx (y). Sketch the velocity (d) Solveprofile. (d) Solve
(d) for
Solve the
for the velocity vx (y).(e)Sketch liquid
for velocity
the and
velocity
Q v=the
Calculate
x (y). atmosphere.
0 Sketch
thexvelocity
v v (y) the
Sketch
dy.
xthe volumetric
(y). Using
velocity
the this fact,
profile.
velocity
profile. flow rate Q (per unit leng derive
profile. a boundary
(d) Solve for the velocity (d) Solve vx (y). forSketch
the velocity the
What velocity
(e) vCalculate Sketch
profile.
(y).boundary
isxlake
the the
0 the volumetric velocity
condition flow
at profile.
=rate
ylength 0? Q (per unit length
(e) Calculate the volumetric flow Problem
rate Q (per6.5.
(e)
unitWind-driven
Calculate
length (e) in Calculate
(e)
thethe flow
Calculate
volumetric
z inside
the
direction), the a
volumetric
flowdefinedvolumetric
rate Q as flow rate
flow Q
(per unit length (per
rate Q unit (per
in the unit in the zin
length
z direction), direction),
the Zz dir
defined as
(e) Consider
Calculate
Problemathe volumetric
large
6.5. (e)
lake,Calculate
Wind-driven over flowwhich rate
the volumetric
flow Q (per
wind
(d) Solve
inside unit
is
a lake length
flow
blowing
for the in
and Qthe
ratevelocity (per z vdirection),
exerts unit a length
constant
Sketch defined
inthethe
shear zasdirection),
velocitystress Z hS inhdet
profile.
x (y). Z Z Q = v
(see figure abelow). Z The goal of this problem Z h
Z his to and determine h the steady flow field establish
h
Consider largehlake, over which wind is blowing exerts aQflow
constant
Z=hrate shear Q =S
stress inin vthe
0x (yx
by(see
thefigure
wind. Assume thatgoal theof lake (e) Calculate the volumetric
Q = h0 before vx (y) (5.4)
dy.Q vQ
= x (per
(y) unit
dy.
v (y)length
dy. the
thishas Qa = constant depth the wind starts blowing.
Q= vxThe(y) dy. x 0
below). problem is vtox (y) determine
dy. Q 0 =
the steady v0flow
x (y) flow dy.0 field established
0 Problem 6.5. Wind-driven inside a
Z lake
by the wind. AssumeProblem that the 6.5. lake has Problem a constant6.5. 0 depth h0 before
Wind-driven 0the
flowwind inside startsa lakeblowing.
h The
Problem 6.5. ProblemWind-driven
Wind-driven 6.5.flow Wind-driven
Consider
inside
flow
a
inside
a lake flow
large lake,a lake
inside over a lake
which wind is blowing an
Problem 5.5. HydrodynamicProblem slip 6.5. Wind-driven flow inside Consider a large lake, over which wind Q is= blowing v (y)and dy. ex
Consider large aalarge
aWind-driven lake
lake, over which wind iswind
blowing andthis exertsandaexerts constant she
x
Consider Problem a large 6.5.
Consider
lake, over which (seelake, flow
wind over
figure inside
is which
below).
blowing a lake The
and is blowing
goal
exerts of a constant problem shear atocons
isstress det S
Experiments in microfluidic devices have shown
Consider a large lake, that the
over (seeno-slip
whichfigure boundary
windbelow). (see
isbelow). condition
blowing
The figure
goal and can
below).
exerts
ofgoal sometimes
thisAssume The
athis goal
constant be of in-this
shear problem
stress
0
is to
insteady determ
thethe
(see Consider
figure below). a large
(see figure
The lake,
goal over
of bythis which
theThe wind.
problem wind ofproblem
is isto blowing that
determine
is to
problem and
the determine
exerts
is to
lake
the has
steady
the
Sconstant
a aconstant
determineflow field
flow
x-dir
shear
depste
est
accurate, especially when the (see
channel walls are made The of hydrophobic surfaces.
Problem toA more
6.5. accurate
Wind-driven boundary
figure below).
by the(see wind.
goal
by
figure of
the
Assume
this
bywind.the problem
below). Assume
wind.
thata The
Assume
the lake
isthat
goal of
has
determine
thethat
this lakethe has
problem
a constant
the
lake isflow
steady
a constant
has
depth
inside
flow
depth
toahdetermine
constant ahdepth
field lakeestablished
before
0the h0 the
steady before in th
wind
flow thfis
condition in this case is the following:
by the wind. Assume that the lake has constant depth before the 0 before
wind starts the wind
blowing. starts
The blow
win
by the wind. AssumeConsider that thealake largehas h lake, over which
0 a constant depth wind h0isbefore
blowing theand wind exerts sta
(see figure below). The goal of this problem is to determine t
vt = b n rvt at the wall, (5.5)
by the wind. Assume that the lake has a constant depth h0 bef
where vt is the tangential component of the velocity vector, n is a unit normal vector pointing into the
fluid, and b is a given constant.
(a) What are the dimensions of b?
(b) Consider the pressure-driven flow of an incompressible homogeneous Newtonian fluid in a cylin-
drical microchannel of radius a (cylindrical Poiseuille flow). Solve for the velocity vx (r) in cylindrical
coordinates, using the boundary condition (5.5).
 24 <0 when the 1plates and removing it6 through
of the plates, and y-direction Navier-Stokes the other,
aligned
< 0 a uniform3
Equations cr
Q = normal gH 3 to the 2p
Q = gH 3
8 (x, y, z) with originwhere on the centerplane
(6.27) of
: the entrance (1 ) t
: (1 <)02 1 + when of 1velocity
< the when
plates,
component
and 1y-direction u y is= constant,
0 /gH. say
aligned normal
U3 . Show
to the
that
plate
3 2
3
Problem 6.11. Flow in a (6.27)
Q=
:
gH
(1 )2 1 +velocity

whencomponent
where
< 1 =An is constant,
uy0 /gH. say(pU0 . porous
Show
pL )H
channe
that
2 the

incompressible Newtonian fluid of1 de
where = 0 /gH. 3 2 ux (y) =
Problem length6.11. Flow in a porous
L, separation 2Hchannel
L L, 2andwith inje
infinite
Re
An incompressible Newtonian (pthe pLof)H 1 platey
= L, and infinite width.and
where over the length of 0 fluid
plates. density
The two
Problem 6.11. Flow in a porous channel with injection/suction
= 0 /gH. ux (y)
wheretwo length
ReparallelL, separation
the
= U H/ plates and
is the19
2H removing it through
crossflow Reynolds nu
L Re the Th
oth
H
5 An incompressible Newtonian fluid
Navier-Stokes Equations
Problem 6.11. Flow in of density channel
a porous and viscosity flows beween
with injection/suction plates. Sketch (x,flat
over the length
the y,of
axial
plates
z) the
with of
plates.
velocityorigin The ontwo
profile plates
thefor Reareporou
centerplane 1,ofR
length L, separation 2H L, and infinite width. The
An incompressible Newtonian fluid of density and viscosity flow is induced by a
where pressure
Re the
flows= difference
plates
beween
U H/ and
of the (p
removing
two
is plates,
the
0 p
parallel )
it
and through
crossflow
L flat platesthe
Reynolds
y-direction other,
of anumb
aligned unifor
nor
(c)over
What
theislength
the value
of the v (a) ofThe the velocity at theporous:
wall? Sketch the velocity profile, andy, give an origin
interpreta-
length L,xplates.
separationtwo 2H plates
L,are and infiniteby injecting
width. Themoreflow of
is
plates. the
induced
Problem same
Sketch
(x, fluid
by z)
6.12. a through
with
velocity
pressure
Pipevelocity
theplates,
axial oneon of
componentthe centerplane
difference
flow of two profile u is
immiscible
(p of)the say
constant,
0 ReLliquids
for p entranU
the
y
tion
thefor the and
plates constant b. it through the other, a uniform crossflow is generated.
removing Use ofCartesian
the and y-direction
coordinates aligned normal1,toRe
over the length of the plates. The two plates are porous: by injecting Consider more of the same
the incompressible
velocity component uy isflow
fluid through
constant,of two one of
sayimmiscible
U . Show (p0 thatp
(x, y, z) with origin on theremoving
centerplane of the entrance to athe plates, crossflow
Problem aligned
dricalis6.12.
x-direction Pipe with flow the of length
two immiscible liquids
Problem 5.6. the Flowplates
in aandporous channel it through the other,
with injection/suction uniform generated.
pipe of radius Use R, Cartesian
driven by coordinates
a constant
ux (y) = pressu
L
of the plates,(x,and z) with origin aligned normal to the plates.
of the Uniform crossflow means that the transverse
y, y-direction fluidonofthe centerplane entrance
flowstoConsider
the(see plates,thex-direction
incompressible aligned flow1ofuwith
of two the length
immiscible 1 ) hom
2
An incompressible Newtonian density and viscosity beween figure
two below).
parallel flatLiquid
plates (with
x (y) =
viscosity
(p 0 pL )H occ
1
velocity component uy is
of the plates,
constant, say U .width.
and y-direction Show
aligned that the
flowaxial
normal velocity
istoinduced
the plates. component
aUniform
dricalwherepipe0of is
given
crossflow
udifference
<xradius <where bydriven
means
is(p aRe that
pLby the transverse
a constant
is theL pressure
crossflow ReR g
1R, 0 given )parameter), while liqui
length L, separation 2H L, and infinite The by pressure = U H/
velocity component uy is constant, say U . Show that the (see axial velocity
figure component
below). plates.
Liquid Sketch
u is
1 between
(withgiven
the axial by velocity profile fo
over the length of the plates. The two plates are porous: by injectingRemoreRey/H ofassume
the same that
where the
fluid interface
Rethrough
= U H/ one
x
oftheviscosity
is the twoReynolds
crossflow 1 ) occupi
liquids isnu
(p0 pL )H 2 1 y e where e axisymmetric is a given parameter), while liquid
the plates and removing it uthrough (y) = the other, a uniform crossflow
1 2+ is generated. 0Use<
Re <
Cartesian
plates. 1and
Sketch
Rey/H unidirectional
coordinates
Problem the 6.12.
(6.28)
axial Pipe
velocity in the
flow
profile of
z direction:
two
for immisci
Re 1,2
x
Lthe=entrance(pRe0 pL )H 1 sinh
H y Re e e
(x, y, z) with origin on the centerplaneuof x (y) assume
to the plates, x-direction 1 + that the interface
aligned Consider
with the between the two(6.28)
the incompressible
length liquids
flow of istwo
alsoi
Problem 6.12. Pipe pipeflow of twoR,
of the plates, and y-direction aligned normal to the plates. Uniform crossflow
L Re H
axisymmetric
sinh
means
Re drical
and
thatunidirectional
theincompressible
transverse of radius
in
v1the (x)zimmiscible
driven
=direction:
v1 (r)e byzliquids
a cons
and
where Re = U H/ is the crossflow Reynolds number, assuming that there is no slip(see Consider the
at the figureporous flow of two
below). Liquid 1 (with viscos immiscible
velocity component
where u is constant, say U
is the. Show that the axial velocity component u is given by
plates. Sketch Re velocity
y
the axial = U H/ profile for crossflow
Re 1, Re Reynolds
1, andnumber, Re 1.assuming that there drical
x pipe whereis0no
of radius < slip
< 1atisthe
R,
vthe
driven by porous
a
a given constant pressu
parameter),
plates. Sketch the axial velocity profilefor Re 1, Re 1, and Re(see figure 1. assume below).that Liquid 1 (x) = v1 (r)e
1 (with
interface viscosity
between z and 1 ) two
the oc
(p p )H 2
1 y e Re
e Rey/H where 0 < < 1 is a given parameter), while liqu
Problem 6.12. Pipe flow uxof(y)two
= immiscible
0 L liquids 1+ axisymmetric (5.6)between the two liquids zisd
and unidirectional in the
Problem 6.12. Pipe flow L of two immiscible
Re H liquids sinh Re assume that the interface
Consider the incompressible flow of two immiscible homogeneous Newtonian viscous liquids and
axisymmetric in aunidirectional
cylin-
Consider the incompressible flow of two immiscible homogeneous Newtonian viscous liquids ininathe z vdirection:
cylin- 1 (x) = v1
drical pipe of radius R, driven by a constant pressure gradient dp/dz = G along the axis of the pipe
where Re = drical U H/ pipe is of
theradius
crossflowR, driven
Reynolds by a number,
constantassuming
pressure gradient
that theredp/dz is no slip= Gatalong the porous the axis v of (x)
the=pipe
(see figure below). Liquid 1 (with viscosity 1 )viscosity
occupies the) occupies
center of the the pipecenter(0of<the r < R(1 (0 <),r < R(1 ),
1 v1 (r)ez an
plates. Sketch(see figure
the axial below).
velocity Liquid
profile for1 Re(with 1, Re 1,and 1 Re 1. pipe
where 0 < where < 1 is 0 a<given
< parameter),
1 is a givenwhile liquid 2while
parameter), (withliquidviscosity 2 ) viscosity
2 (with occupies the 2 )periphery.
occupies the We periphery. We
assume that the
Problem 5.7. assume interface
Pipe flow between
thatofthetwointerface the
immiscible two
between liquids
liquids the two liquids is also cylindrical, and that the flow inis both liquids is
is also cylindrical, and that the flow in both liquids
axisymmetric and unidirectional
axisymmetric and
Consider the incompressible in the
flowunidirectionalz direction:
of two immiscible in the homogeneous
z direction: Newtonian viscous liquids in a cylin-
drical pipe of radius R, driven by a constant pressure gradient dp/dz = G along the axis of the pipe
(see figure below). Liquid 1 (with v1 (x) = v1 (r)e
viscosity z and
v1(x) = v1 (r)e
1 ) occupies
v2the
(x) =
and
z center v2 (r)e
v2zthe
of . pipe
(x) = v2(0 (r)e <z .r < R(1 (6.29) "), (6.29)
where 0 < " < 1 is a given parameter), while liquid 2 (with viscosity 2 ) occupies the periphery. We
assume that the interface between the two liquids is also cylindrical, and thatliquid the flow
1 in both liquid liquids2 is
axisymmetric and unidirectional in the z direction: view of a cross-section
view of a cross-section
v1 (x) = v1 (r)ez and v2 (x) = v2 (r)ezliquid 1
. liquid 1
liquid
liquid 12 (5.7) liquid 2
liquidliquid
2 1 liquid 2
view of a z
cross-section R
z
liquid 1 liquid
R 1
z liquid 2
liquid 2 liquid 1 view of aR(1-e) cross-section
R liquid 2
R(1-e)
view of a cross-section
R(1 view ") of a zcross-section
z z R
R R R(1 ")
liquid 1 liquid 2 R(1 ") R(1 ")
liquid 1 liquid 2

liquid 1
liquid 1 liquid 2
liquid 2 view of a cross-section
view of a cross-section
z
(a) Starting fromRthe incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, write down the differential equations sat-
z
R(1
isfiedRby v1 (r) and ")Integrate these equations to show that the velocity in each liquid can be written
v2 (r).
as R(1 ")
G 2 G 2
v1 (r) = r + A1 ln r + B1 , v2 (r) = r + A2 ln r + B2 . (5.8)
41 42

(b) What is the boundary condition on v2 (r) on the pipe wall at r = R?

(c) At the interface between the two liquids r = R(1 "), both the fluid velocity and shear stress must
be continuous:
1 2
v1 (r) = v2 (r), and rz (r) = rz (r) at r = R(1 "). (5.9)
20 5 Navier-Stokes Equations

Using these two conditions and the boundary condition of (b), solve for the four integration constants A1 ,
B1 , A2 , and B2 .
(d) Assuming that the liquid layer on the periphery of the pipe is very thin (" 1), show by neglecting
terms of order "2 that the velocity fields v1 (r) and v2 (r) can be expressed as

G 2 2 2 1 G 2
v1 (r) = r R 2R " 1 , v2 (r) = (r R2 ). (5.10)
41 2 42

(e) Sketch the velocity profile qualitatively in the cases where 1 > 2 and 2 > 1 . In which case does
the presence of the thin liquid layer on the pipe wall help to enhance the flow rate of liquid 1 in the center
of the pipe?

Problem 5.8. Flow of paint down a vertical wall

The surface of a large, flat, vertical wall is to be protected from the atmosphere by being covered with a
thin film of paint of uniform thickness H. When it is wet, the paint is a non-Newtonian fluid that can be
regarded as a Bingham fluid, for which the shear stress = xy in a parallel flow u = ux (y)ex (where
the x-axis points in the negative vertical direction and the y-axis points in the direction normal to the
wall) is related to the shear rate = dux /dy by

= + 0 if > 0 (5.11)
=0 if 0 (5.12)

where denotes the viscosity and 0 the yield stress. Because of gravity, there is a volumetric flow rate
Q of paint down the wall per unit width of the wall. Let g denote the magnitude of the gravitational
acceleration and the density of the paint. The boundary condition for the flow is no slip at the wall
(ux (0) = 0), and zero shear stress at the free surface ( (H) = 0). Assume that the pressure is constant
and uniform.
(a) Assuming steady flow, show using the momentum conservation equation that the shear stress (y)
satisfies
d
+ g = 0. (5.13)
dy
Solve for (y) and sketch it.
(b) Treating the cases 0 gH and 0 < gH separately, solve for the velocity profile ux (y) across the
paint film. Sketch the velocity profile in each case.
(c) Show that the volumetric flow rate is given by
8
<0 when 1
Q = gH 3 (5.14)
2
: (1 ) 1 + when < 1
3 2

where = 0 /gH.