SECTION 3.

(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be

inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order
requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall
be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
||| (The 1987 Constitution, [February 2, 1987])
ARTICLE III
Bill of Rights
||| (The 1987 Constitution, [February 2, 1987])

SECTION 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have
competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot
afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be
waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places,
solitary,incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17
hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this
section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar
practices, and their families.
SECTION 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
||| (The 1987 Constitution, [February 2, 1987])

Evidence Excluded by the Constitution

Under Article III of the Constitution the following evidence are inadmissible
1. evidence obtained in violation of the right against unreasonable search and
seizure
2. evidence obtained in violation of the privacy of communication and
correspondence, except upon lawful order of the court or when public safety or order
requires otherwise
3. evidence consisting of extra-judicial confessions which are uncounselled, or
when the confessant was not properly informed of his constitutional rights, or when
the confession was coerced
 4. evidence obtained in violation of the right against self-incrimination

SECTION 48. Free public discussions and

debates. The barangays and sanggunians shall encourage free, full and
constructive discussions and exchange of views on the qualifications, competence,
programs or platforms of the candidates and other similar issues including the holding
of meetings and rallies and, to this end, may extend, without discrimination,
assistance to said candidates especially in the distribution of propaganda materials
and other similar activities of the campaign.
Any candidate or his supporter who is duly registered voter in the
constituency in which said candidate is seeking election, shall not be questioned for
any speech, remark or statement in any discussion or debate intended to enlighten the
electorate on the qualifications, competence, programs or platforms or other similar
issues of the candidates or political parties, groups or aggrupations; or for any view
for or against any or all of such issues made in public rallies, or debates or in other
forms of communications, radio or television. Such remarks, statements or views
shall not be admissible as evidence in any investigation or suit against the person or
persons making them, except in appropriate suits for libel, defamation, slander or for
an offense involving disloyalty to the duly constituted Government.
The printing of pamphlets, posters, handbills and other printed materials
designed to enlighten the electorate on the matter cited in the preceding paragraphs,
and the dissemination or circulation of these materials shall be allowed and in no way
restricted: Provided, however, That any printed materials shall not be allowed to be
disseminated or circulated if it does not indicate the real name and correct address of
the author thereof as well as the name and address of the printer:Provided, further,
That the Commission shall, upon petition of any person, and after due notice and
hearing, take all necessary measures to prevent the dissemination or circulation of
propaganda materials the contents of which are clearly irrelevant to the issues
mentioned herein or which are patently libelous against any person or persons or
which tend to undermine the allegiance or obedience of the citizens to duly
constituted authorities. Such lawful propaganda materials shall likewise
be inadmissible as evidence in any investigation or suit against any person or persons
printing, publishing or circulating them except in appropriate suits for libel,
defamation, slander or for an offense involving disloyalty to the only constituted
Government.
||| (1978 Election Code, Presidential Decree No. 1296, [February 7, 1978])

SECTION 18. Exclusionary Rule. Any evidence procured without a valid warrant
or beyond the authority of the same shall be inadmissible for any proceeding before
 any court or tribunal.||| (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, Republic Act No. 10175,
[September 12, 2012])
CHAPTER IV
Enforcement and Implementation
||| (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, Republic Act No. 10175, [September 12, 2012])

SECTION 12. Admissibility and Evidential Weight of Electronic Data

Messages or Electronic Documents. In any legal proceedings, nothing in the
application of the rules on evidence shall deny the admissibility of an electronic data
message or electronic document in evidence
a. On the sole ground that it is in electronic form; or
b. On the ground that it is not in the standard written form, and
the electronic data message or electronic document meeting, and
complying with the requirements under Sections 6 or 7 hereof
shall be the best evidence of the agreement and transaction
contained therein.
In assessing the evidential weight of an electronic data message
or electronic document, the reliability of the manner in which it was generated, stored
or communicated, the reliability of the manner in which its originator was identified,
and other relevant factor shall be given due regard.
||| (Electronic Commerce Act, Republic Act No. 8792, [June 14, 2000])

The Doctrine of the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree

The poisonous tree is the evidence seized in an illegal arrest, search or interrogation. The
fruit of this poisonous tree is evidence discovered because of knowledge gained from the
first illegal search, arrest, or interrogation or violation of a law.
It is based on the principle that evidence illegally obtained by the state should not be used
to gain other evidence because the original illegally obtained evidence taints all those
subsequently obtained.

R.A. 4200 ( The Anti Wire Tapping Law)

Exclusion as to evidence obtained through
mechanical, electronic or other surveillance
or intercepting devises. (Intercepted
communications)
Section 4. Any communication or spoken word, or the existence, contents, substance,
purport, effect, or meaning of the same or any part thereof, or any information therein
contained obtained or secured by any person in violation of the preceding sections of this
Act shall not be admissible in evidence in any judicial, quasi-judicial, legislative or
administrative hearing or investigation.

A. Coverage: R.A 4200 declares that evidence is inadmissible if obtained through any of
the following ways:

1. By using any device to secretly eavesdrop, overhear, intercept or record any

communication or spoken word

a. The person who obtained the evidence may be a third person or a participant
in the conversation or communication.

b. To be admissible the consent of the person speaking or of all the parties to the
conversation. However consent is not necessary if the words which were taped or
recorded were not intended to be confidential as when the were intended to be heard
by an audience or when uttered under circumstances of time, place, occasion and
similar circumstances whereby it may reasonably be inferred that the conversation
was without regard to the presence of third persons.
2. By the unauthorized tapping of any wire or cable as to communications used via
telephone/cable, as opposed to verbal communications.

B. Exceptions: when evidence through secret recording or tapping is admissible

1. When Judicial Authorization was granted upon a written petition filed pursuant to the
provisions of R.A. 4200 if the crimes involve (a). treason (b) espionage (c) provoking war
and disloyalty ( d). piracy and mutiny in the high seas (e) sedition, inciting to sedition
(g)kidnapping (h) other offenses against national security.
 2.When Judicial Authorization is granted upon a written petition under R.A. 9372 ( The
Human Security Act of 2007) in connection with the crimes of terrorism or conspiracy to
commit terrorism. If granted the authority covers written communications.

Exclusion by Certain Rules of Evidence

1. The rule excluding secondary evidence when the primary or best evidence is available
2. The rule excluding hearsay evidence
3. The rule excluding privilege communications

RULE 62. Evidence Not Formally Offered, Inadmissible. Evidence not formally
offered shall not be admitted and considered by the Tribunal in deciding the case.
(R60)||| (The 2010 Rules of the Presidential Electoral Tribunal, A.M. No. 10-4-29-SC,
[May 4, 2010])

SECTION 12. Nature of Conciliation/Mediation Proceedings. The

proceedings and all incidents thereto shall be kept strictly confidential, unless
otherwise specifically provided by law. All admissions or statements made therein
shall not be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding, nor divulged to any other
third person. cSCADE
Any communication made by one disputant to the Conciliator-Mediator, either
during conflict coaching or at any time during the Conciliation-Mediation
proceedings, which are not intended to be known by the other party or by anyone
shall not be divulged. Documents, reports, position papers and affidavits submitted by
one disputant must not be shown to the other without the consent of the former.
Both parties shall not rely or introduce as evidence in any other proceeding,
the following:
a) Views expressed or suggestions made by the other disputant in respect
of a possible settlement of the dispute;
b) Admissions made by either disputant in the course of the proceedings;
c) Proposals made by the Conciliator-Mediator;
d) The fact that the other disputant had indicated his willingness to
accept a proposal for settlement.
No transcript, minutes or any record of the Conciliation-Mediation
proceedings shall be taken. Any personal notes taken by the Conciliator-Mediator on
 the proceedings shall be destroyed after the termination of the proceedings. Such
transcript, minutes or notes shall be inadmissible as evidence in other proceedings.
The Rules of Evidence shall not apply to the proceedings.
||| (Revised Guidelines Governing the Conduct of Conciliation-Mediation Proceedings at
the Primary and Union/Federation Level , CDA Memorandum Circular No. 020-13,
[September 13, 2013])

SECTION 2. Rights of Persons Arrested, Detained or under Custodial

Investigation; Duties of Public Officers. a) Any person arrested, detained or under
custodial investigation shall at all times be assisted by counsel.
b) Any public officer or employee, or anyone acting under his order or his
place, who arrests, detains or investigates any person for the commission of an
offense shall inform the latter, in a language known to and understood by him, of his
rights to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel, preferably of
his own choice, who shall at all times be allowed to confer privately with the person
arrested, detained or under custodial investigation. If such person cannot afford the
services of his own counsel, he must be provided with a competent and independent
counsel by the investigating officer. cd i
c) The custodial investigation report shall be reduced to writing by the
investigating officer, provided that before such report is signed, or thumbmarked if
the person arrested or detained does not know how to read and write, it shall be read
and adequately explained to him by his counsel or by the assisting counsel provided
by the investigating officer in the language or dialect known to such arrested or
detained person, otherwise, such investigation report shall be null and void and of no
effect whatsoever.
d) Any extrajudicial confession made by a person arrested, detained or under
custodial investigation shall be in writing and signed by such person in the presence
of his counsel or in the latter's absence, upon a valid waiver, and in the presence of
any of the parents, elder brothers and sisters, his spouse, the municipal mayor, the
municipal judge, district school supervisor, or priest or minister of the gospel as
chosen by him; otherwise, such extrajudicial confession shall
beinadmissible as evidence in any proceeding. acd
e) Any waiver by a person arrested or detained under the provisions of Article
125 of the Revised Penal Code, or under custodial investigation, shall be in writing
and signed by such person in the presence of his counsel; otherwise the waiver shall
be null and void and of no effect.
f) Any person arrested or detained or under custodial investigation shall be
allowed visits by or conferences with any member of his immediate family, or any
medical doctor or priest or religious minister chosen by him or by any member of his
immediate family or by his counsel, or by any national non-governmental
organization duly accredited by the Commission on Human Rights or by any
international non-governmental organization duly accredited by the Office of the
 President. The person's "immediate family" shall include his or her spouse, fianc or
fiance, parent or child, brother or sister, grandparent or grandchild, uncle or aunt,
nephew or niece, and guardian or ward. cd
As used in this Act, "custodial investigation" shall include the practice of
issuing an "invitation" to a person who is investigated in connection with an offense
he is suspected to have committed, without prejudice to the liability of the "inviting"
officer for any violation of law.
||| (Rights of Persons Arrested, Detained or Under Custodial Investigation, Republic Act
No. 7438, [April 27, 1992])

SECTION 5. Commencement of Small Claims Action. A small claims

action is commenced by filing with the court an accomplished and verified Statement
of Claim (Form 1-SCC) in duplicate, accompanied by a Certification of Non-forum
Shopping (Form 1-A, SCC), and two (2) duly certified photocopies of the actionable
document/s subject of the claim, as well as the affidavits of witnesses and
other evidence to support the claim. No evidence shall be allowed during the hearing
which was not attached to or submitted together with the Claim, unless good cause is
shown for the admission of additional evidence.
No formal pleading, other than the Statement of Claim described in this Rule,
is necessary to initiate a small claims action.
SECTION 6. Joinder of Claims. Plaintiff may join in a single statement of
claim one or more separate small claims against a defendant provided that the total
amount claimed, exclusive of interest and costs, does not exceed P100,000.00.
SECTION 7. Affidavits. The affidavits submitted under this Rule shall state
only facts of direct personal knowledge of the affiants which are admissible
inevidence.
A violation of this requirement shall subject the party, and the counsel who
assisted the party in the preparation of the affidavits, if any, to appropriate
disciplinary action. The inadmissible affidavit(s) or portion(s) thereof shall be
expunged from the record.
||| (The Rule of Procedure for Small Claims Cases, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC, [September 9,
2008])

SECTION 5. Commencement of Small Claims Action. A small claims

action is commenced by filing with the court an accomplished and verified Statement
of Claim (Form 1-SCC) in duplicate, accompanied by a Certification of Non-forum
Shopping (Form 1-A, SCC), and two (2) duly certified photocopies of the actionable
document/s subject of the claim, as well as the affidavits of witnesses and
other evidence to support the claim. No evidence shall be allowed during the hearing
which was not attached to or submitted together with the Claim, unless good cause is
shown for the admission of additional evidence.
 No formal pleading, other than the Statement of Claim described in this Rule,
is necessary to initiate a small claims action.
SECTION 6. Joinder of Claims. Plaintiff may join in a single statement of
claim one or more separate small claims against a defendant provided that the total
amount claimed, exclusive of interest and costs, does not exceed P100,000.00.
SECTION 7. Affidavits. The affidavits submitted under this Rule shall state
only facts of direct personal knowledge of the affiants which are admissible
inevidence.
A violation of this requirement shall subject the party, and the counsel who
assisted the party in the preparation of the affidavits, if any, to appropriate
disciplinary action. The inadmissible affidavit(s) or portion(s) thereof shall be
expunged from the record.
||| (The Rule of Procedure for Small Claims Cases, A.M. No. 08-8-7-SC, [September 9,
2008])

SECTION 16. Affidavits. The affidavits required to be submitted under this

Rule shall state only facts of direct personal knowledge of the affiants which are
admissible in evidence, and shall show their competence to testify to the matters
stated therein.
A violation of this requirement may subject the party or the counsel who
submits the same, to disciplinary action, and shall be cause to expunge
theinadmissible affidavit or portion thereof from the record. cAHI
||| (Resolution of the Court En Banc Providing for the Rule on Summary Procedure in
Special Cases before Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts and Municipal
Circuit Trial Courts, as Amended, [August 1, 1983])

SECTION 15. Immunity; Discharge of Co-Respondent/Accused to be a

Witness. Any public official or employee or any person having been charged with
another under this Act and who voluntarily gives information pertaining to an
investigation or who willingly testifies therefor, shall be exempt from prosecution in
the case/s where his/her information and testimony are given. The discharge may be
granted and directed by the investigating body or court upon the application or
petition of any of the respondent/accused-informant and before the termination of the
investigation: Provided, That:
a) There is absolute necessity for the testimony of the respondent/accused-
informant whose discharge is requested;
b) There is no other direct evidence available for the proper prosecution of the
offense committed, except the testimony of said respondent/accused-
informant;
 c) The testimony of said respondent/accused-informant can be substantially
corroborated in its material points;
d) The respondent/accused-informant has not been previously convicted of a
crime involving moral turpitude; and
e) Said respondent/accused-informant does not appear to be the most guilty.
Evidence adduced in support of the discharge shall automatically form part of
the records of the investigation. Should the investigating body or court deny the
motion of request for discharge as a witness, his/her sworn statement shall
be inadmissible as evidence.
||| (Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007, Republic Act No. 9485, [June 2, 2007])

SECTION 5. Affidavits. The affidavits required to be submitted with the complaint

shall be in question-and-answer format numbered consecutively, and shall state only facts
of direct personal knowledge of the affiants which are admissible in evidence. The
affidavits shall also show the competence of the affiants to testify to the matters stated
therein. ETaHCD
A violation of this requirement may subject the party or the counsel who submits the
same to disciplinary action, and shall be a ground for the court to order that
theinadmissible affidavit or portion thereof be expunged from the records.
||| (Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property Rights Cases, A.M. No. 10-3-10-SC,
[October 18, 2011])
RULE 3
Commencement of Action
||| (Rules of Procedure for Intellectual Property Rights Cases, A.M. No. 10-3-10-SC,
[October 18, 2011])

SECTION 3. Privilege of Confidentiality. Information obtained through

mediation proceedings shall be subject to the following principles and guidelines:
a. Information obtained through mediation shall be privileged and
confidential;
b. A party or a Mediator may refuse to disclose and may prohibit any
other person from disclosing confidential information obtained
during the mediation;
c. Confidential information shall not be subject to discovery and shall
be inadmissible in any proceeding, whether judicial or quasi-
judicial. However,evidence or information that is otherwise
admissible or subject to discovery does not
 become inadmissible or protected from discovery solely by
reason of its use in mediation;
d. In any proceeding, the following persons involved or previously
involved in mediation may not be compelled to disclose
confidential information obtained during the mediation:
d.1. The parties to the dispute;
d.2. The Mediator;
d.3. The counsel for the parties.
e. A Mediator cannot testify on confidential information gathered in
mediation.
||| (Pilot Implementation of the Rules Governing Mediation Proceedings in the National
Prosecution Service of the Department of Justice, DOJ Memorandum Circular No. 048-
14, [October 9, 2014])
RULE 8
Confidentiality
||| (Pilot Implementation of the Rules Governing Mediation Proceedings in the National
Prosecution Service of the Department of Justice, DOJ Memorandum Circular No. 048-
14, [October 9, 2014])

SECTION 3. Privilege of Confidentiality. Information obtained through

mediation proceedings shall be subject to the following principles and guidelines:
a) Information obtained through mediation shall be privileged and
confidential; HEScID
b) A party or a mediator may refuse to disclose and may prohibit any
other person from disclosing confidential information;
c) Confidential information shall not be subject to discovery and shall
be inadmissible in any adversarial proceeding, whether judicial
or quasi-judicial. However, evidence or information that is
otherwise admissible or subject to discovery does not
become inadmissible or protected from discovery solely by
reason of its use in a mediation;
d) In an adversarial proceeding, the following persons involved or
previously involved in a mediation may not be compelled to
disclose confidential information obtained during the mediation:
i. the parties to the dispute;
ii. the mediator or mediators;
iii. the counsel for the parties;
 e) A mediator cannot testify on confidential information gathered in
mediation. TAHC
||| (Ombudsman Rules of Procedure for Mediation, Ombudsman Administrative Order No.
20-08, [April 29, 2008])
RULE 5
Confidentiality
||| (Ombudsman Rules of Procedure for Mediation, Ombudsman Administrative Order No.
20-08, [April 29, 2008])

SECTION 9. Confidentiality of Conciliation Proceedings. The mediation

proceedings and all incidents thereto shall be kept strictly confidential, unless
otherwise specifically provided by law, and all admissions or statements made therein
shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
Both parties shall not introduce the following as evidence in any other
proceeding:
(a) Views expressed or suggestions made by the other party in respect of
a possible settlement of the dispute;
(b) Admissions made by either party in the course of the proceedings;
(c) Proposals made by the conciliator; and
(d) The fact that a party had indicated to the conciliator his willingness
to accept a proposal for settlement made by the other party.
No transcript or minutes of the conciliation proceedings shall be taken and
personal notes of the conciliator on the conciliation proceedings shall not be furnished
the Hearing Officer. Any such transcript, minutes and notes shall
be inadmissible as evidence in any other proceedings.
||| (2017 Revised Rules and Regulations in Administrative Investigations, PRC Resolution
No. 1033(A)-17, [March 31, 2017])
RULE IX
Mandatory Conciliation
||| (2017 Revised Rules and Regulations in Administrative Investigations, PRC Resolution
No. 1033(A)-17, [March 31, 2017])

Confidentiality of Records
To encourage the spontaneity that is conducive to effective communication,
thereby enhancing the possibility of successful mediation efforts, the mediation
proceedings and all incidents thereto shall be kept strictly confidential, unless
 otherwise specifically provided by law, and all admissions or statements made therein
shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
Ex-parte communications by one party to the Mediator which are not intended
to be known by the other party shall not be communicated to such other party.
Documents, reports, position papers and affidavits submitted by one party shall not be
shown to the other without the consent of the former. EHACcT
Both parties undertake not to rely or introduce as evidence in any other
proceeding, the following matters:
a) Views expressed or suggestions made by the other party in respect of a
possible settlement of the dispute;
b) Admissions made by either party in the course of the proceedings;
c) Proposals made by the Mediator;
d) The fact that the other party had indicated his willingness to accept a
proposal for settlement made by the parties to the Mediator.
No transcript or minutes of the mediation proceedings shall be taken, and
personal notes of the Mediator on the mediation proceedings shall not be furnished
the trial court. Any such transcript, minutes and notes shall
be inadmissible as evidence in any other proceedings.
||| (Re: Various Resolutions of PHILJA Board of Trustees Approved during its Sept. 18
and Oct. 1, 2001 Meetings, A.M. No. 01-10-5-SC-PHILJA, [October 16, 2001])

SECTION 8. Applicability of the Exclusionary Rule; Exception. Any confession,

admission or statement obtained as a result of torture shall be inadmissible inevidence in
any proceedings, except if the same is used as evidence against a person or persons
accused of committing torture.||| (Anti-Torture Act of 2009, Republic Act No. 9745,
[November 10, 2009])

ARTICLE VII
Privileged Communication and Professional Integration
SECTION 30. Rights to Privileged Communication for Psychologists and
Psychometricians. A psychologist or psychometrician cannot, without the consent
of the client/patient, be examined on any communication or information disclosed
and/or acquired in the course of giving psychological services to such client. The
protection accorded herein shall extend to all pertinent records and shall be available
to the secretary, clerk or other staff of the licensed psychologist or psychometrician.
Any evidence obtained in violation of this provision shall be inadmissible for any
purpose in any proceeding.
||| (Philippine Psychology Act of 2009, Republic Act No. 10029, [March 16, 2010])
 SECTION 9. Confidentiality of Information. Information obtained through
mediation proceedings shall be subject to the following principles and guidelines;
(a) Information obtained through mediation shall be privileged and
confidential.
(b) A party, a mediator, or a nonparty participant may refuse to disclose and
may prevent any other person from disclosing a mediation
communication.
(c) Confidential Information shall not be subject to discovery and shall
be inadmissible in any adversarial proceeding, whether judicial or
quasi-judicial. However, evidence or information that is otherwise
admissible or subject to discovery does not become inadmissible or
protected from discovery solely by reason of its use in a mediation.
(d) In such an adversarial proceeding, the following persons involved or
previously involved in a mediation may not be compelled to disclose
confidential information obtained during the mediation: (1) the parties
to the dispute; (2) the mediator or mediators; (3) the counsel for the
parties; (4) the nonparty participants, (5) any persons hired or engaged
in connection with the mediation as secretary, stenographer, clerk or
assistant; and (6) any other person who obtains or possesses
confidential information by reason of his/her profession.
(e) The protections of this Act shall continue to apply even if a mediator is
found to have failed to act impartially.
(f) A mediator may not be called to testify to provide information gathered in
mediation. A mediator who is wrongfully subpoenaed shall be
reimbursed the full cost of his attorney's fees and related expenses.
||| (Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 2004, Republic Act No. 9285, [April 2, 2004])

SECTION 26. Confidentiality of Information. Individual data furnished by

a respondent to statistical inquiries, surveys and censuses of the PSA shall be
considered privileged communication and as such shall be inadmissible as evidence in
any proceeding.
The PSA may release aggregated information from statistical inquiries,
surveys and censuses in the form of summaries or statistical tables in which no
reference to an individual, corporation, association, partnership, institution or
business enterprise shall appear.
The National Statistician and all staff of the PSA shall take a solemn oath
regarding confidentiality of information. However, confidentiality of information
does not apply to:
 (a) Information in the form of a list or index of individual business firms,
establishments or organizations that contain any or all of the following
information:
(1) The name, address and telephone numbers;
(2) The business and products that they are engaged in; and
(3) The specific ranges of number of employees.
(b) Microdata from statistical inquiries or survey form/questionnaire/schedule
prepared by the PSA for purposes of research, with care to ensure that
identities of a particular person, business or organization will not be
disclosed in whatever form; and
(c) Access to census data after one hundred (100) years for historical,
genealogical, scientific or other research purposes.
||| (Philippine Statistical Act of 2013, Republic Act No. 10625, [September 12, 2013])

SECTION 15. Extension of Privileged Communication. Personal information

controllers may invoke the principle of privileged communication over privileged
information that they lawfully control or process. Subject to existing laws and
regulations, any evidence gathered on privileged information is inadmissible.||| (Data
Privacy Act of 2012, Republic Act No. 10173, [August 15, 2012])