PART FUNCTION/DESCRIPTION OTHERS SALIVARY GLANDS -outgrowths of oral epithelium Parotid gland (penetrates upper Excretes saliva (ptyalin) moistens food lip) Secretes digestive enzymes Submaxillary gland Sublingual gland Molar gland ORAL CAVITY Lips Bounds oral cavity Cheeks Vestibule Separates lips and teeth Hard palate Anterior of roof of oral cavity; houses nasopalatine ducts Supported by pre/maxillary and palatine bones Soft palate Posterior part; houses nasopharynx Lacks bony support Nasopalatine ducts Connect mouth and nasal cavities through incisive foramina Tongue Filiform papillae Anterior; hard and spine-like (pointed posteriorly) Amniote definitive tongue: -fused 4 swellings (primary tongue + tuberculum Fungiform papillae Remainder of the tongue impar + 2 lateral lingual swellings -invaded by voluntary muscles (from Vallate papillae 4-6 fungiform papillae in a V-shaped row hypobranchial muscles) -innervated by 12th cranial nerve (hypoglossal) *papillae: with microscopic taste buds Push food to pharynx Frenulum Fold for attachment of tongue to oral cavity floor Flattened papillae Bears openings of ducts of submaxillary and sublingual glands PHARYNX Isthmus of the fauces Opening of the free border of the palate; leads into pharynx Tonsillar fossa Contains palatine tonsil Palatine tonsil Filters air; proliferate from 2nd gill pouches Glassopalatine arch Anterior fold/boundary of tonsillar fossa Pharyngopalatine arch Posterior fold/boundary of tonsillar fossa Nasopharynx Part of pharynx dorsal to soft palate Posterior nares / choanae Internal ends of nasal passages Shoved backward to separate food and respiratory passages Eustachian tubes Connect pharynx with cavity of middle ear Esophagus Passage of food (mouth stomach); DORSAL to the Lined by stratified epithelium (*crop/ingluvies: larynx enlargement in birds) Lies in the mediastinum Epiglottis Guards entrance into respiratory tract (larynx) seal off the windpipe during eating HYOID APPARATUS, LARYNX, TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS Body of the hyoid -from 2nd and 3rd gill arches Narrow bar of bone Anterior horn or cornua -supports base of tongue Long, slender; chain of 4 bony pieces (last: -for muscle origin and insertion articulates w/ tympanic bulla) Posterior horn or cornua Short; united to larynx Larynx Glottis Opening of the larynx (voice box) Thyroid cartilage Supports ventral wall of larynx Shield-shaped; from 4th and 5th gill arch - Cricoid cartilage Forms ring around larynx constitutes Arytenoids Supports dorsal rim of glottis the True vocal cords Produce sound Not cords, but folds of lateral wall of larynx Adams (medial) apple False vocal cords (lateral) Trachea / wind pipe Passage of air Walls stiffened by cartilaginous rings Thyroid gland Has secretion for normal growth and sexual development Flat elongated body; epithelial invagination from pharyngeal floor Isthmus of the thyroid gland Connects caudal ends of 2 lobes of thyroid glnad PLEURAL AND PERICARDIAL CAVITIES Pleural cavity / pleural sac Houses the lungs Parietal pleura CHEST Lines the pleural cavity; forms mediastinal septum From inner and outer wall of the hypomere Visceral pleura LUNGS Lines the lungs Mediastinal septum Partition from heart to median ventral line Consist of 2 median walls of pleural sacs; separates at the heart Mediastinum Space between mediastinal septum Diaphragm Separates pleural from peritoneal cavity Muscle: originribs, sternum, vertebrae; Used in respiration (contracts flattens air rushes insertioncentral tendon into lungs) Fused pleuroperitoneal fold + transverse septum Central tendon of the Insertion of the diaphragm diaphragm Lungs Left lobe For respiration Anterior, middle (larger) and posterior lobes Right lobe *composed of alveoli (air cells) (Larger than left) Ant, middle, post lobes (medial, lateral lobules) Radix / root of the lung Attachment of lungs Found: artery, vein, bronchus/air tube Pulmonary ligament Attachment of lung to dorsal thoracic wall Fold of the pleura Caval fold Supports postcaval vein Dorsal fold of mediastinal septum Postcaval vein From liver to heart (bring deoxygenated blood) Pericardial sac / parietal Tissue enclosing the heart pericardium *along with mediastinum (next to visceral) Pericardial cavity Houses the heart; space between pericardial sac and Portion of the coelom heart Visceral pericardium Lines the heart (inseparably adherent) Continuous w/ pericardial sac where blood *pinakamadikit vessels enter Thymus Mass of gland tissue; part of immune system Younger specimen = larger thymus Derived from endodermal lining of embryo gill pouches Dorsal aorta Largest artery, carries oxygenated blood Lies in the mediastinum PERITONEAL CAVITY Abdominal / peritoneal cavity Houses digestive tract Peritoneum Lines the peritoneal cavity Parietal peritoneum Lines the body wall Visceral peritoneum / serosa Lines the viscera Dorsal mesentery Double-walled membrane formed when visceral & Intact in mammals Ventral mesentery parietal walls meet Persists only in liver and urinary bladder Stomach Cardia Area of junction of stomach and esophagus Cardiac end of Region of stomach adjacent to cardia digestion of food. stomach secretion of gastric juices as well as mucus which Lesser curvature Concave anterior surface of stomach helps to coat its lining, preventing erosion by Greater curvature Larger convex posterior surface gastric juices. Fundus Saclike bulge to the left of the cardia; stores undigested secretion of gastric hormones. food and also the gases released Body of stomach Remainder of the stomach CHYME Pylorus Junction of stomach and small intestine Pyloric valve Constriction marking the junction/pylorus Rugae Marked ridges for greater absorptive area Gastrosplenic ligament Portion of the greater omentum between spleen (helps fight certain kinds of bacteria; immune system) and stomach Mesogaster Peritoneum covering the stomach Greater omentum Covers the liver; extension of the mesogaster Consist of 2 separate walls Protects abdominal viscera Owes its origin to the rotation of the stomach Lesser peritoneal sac Cavity within greater omentum Lesser omentum / gastro- Portion of the mesogaster; passes from lesser curvature hepato-duodenal ligament) to posterior surface of liver Gastrohepatic ligament Portion of lesser omentum from lesser curvature to liver Hepatoduodenal ligament Portion of lesser omentum from liver to small intestine Contains the bile duct and hepatic portal vein Liver (right, left, caudate lobes) Secretes bile: assist in digestion of fat Lobes subdivided: median and lateral (large: left Store excess glycogen, produce urea, control of lateral, right median) substances in the blood Diverticulum from small intestine Gall bladder Stores bile Cystic duct Passage of bile from gall bladder Bile duct Passage of bile to the intestine Stalk of liver outgrowth Common bile duct Union of cystic and hepatic ducts; bile to duodenum Hepatic portal vein Right and dorsal to bile duct Foramen epiploicum Entrance into cavity of omentum Falciform ligament From between the 2 medial lobes of the liver to the medial ventral line (taas ng diaphragm) Coronary ligament Attaches liver to the central tendon of the diaphragm; Anterior connection of liver to septum likod ng falciform ligament Intestine Absorptive function in digestion Mesoduodenum Part of dorsal mesentery supporting the duodenum Contains the pancreas Duodenum Duodorenal Attaches duodenum to the right kidney -1st portion ligament Jejunum Portions beyond the duodenum Ileum Small intestine villi Finger-like projections of mucous membrane; increase surface area Ileocolic valve Elevation at the junction of large and small intestine Pancreas Secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum (impt for Dorsal to greater curvature of stomach digestion) *Islets of Langerhans: produce insulin for carb metabolism Pancreatic ducts Passage of pancreatic juices Joins common bile duct where it enters the duodenum Ampulla of Vater Swollen chamber where bile and pancreatic ducts unite Large Caecum Slight projection at the junction of small and large intestine intestine Ascending, Absorbs water transverse, descending Mesocolon Mesentery of the colon Rectum Terminal portion of descending colon Completely separated from urogenital ducts (no cloaca!) Urinary bladder Pear-shaped reservoir for urine In amniote embryos: allantois (respiratory function) Medial ligament Ventral mesentery; extends to medial ventral line Lateral ligament Near exit of bladder from peritoneal cavity Lymph glands Part of lymphatic system Lymph nodules / Peyers patches Aggregations of lymph nodules (portions of lymphatic system); monitoring intestinal bacteria
CAT UROGENITAL SYS
KIDNEYS AND DUCTS Right and left kidneys Bean shaped; removes waste METANEPHROI; Retroperitoneal *collecting tubules, pelvis, ureter: outgrowth of mesonephric duct Hilus Concavity in the medial face (ourside) opening in an organ where blood vessels, nerves, and other ducts enter and leave Ureter (metanephric duct) Passage of urine In females: dorsal to horns of uterus; Males: dorsal to ductus deferens Renal sinus (*renal artery, renal Cavity within hilus; where renal artery & vein and vein) beginning of ureter pass Renal pelvis Expanded beginning of ureter Renal papilla Where openings of collecting tubules are In the renal pelvis Collecting tubules + renal papilla = renal pyramid Cortex Peripheral; contains renal corpuscles and looped portions of kidney tubules Medulla Central; marked by collecting tubules Urinary bladder Reservoir of urine Covered by peritoneum and median & lateral ligaments Apex / vertex Free anterior end of bladder Fundus Posterior portion Medial and lateral ligaments Urethra Neck of the bladder In embryos: urethra = urogenital sinus Rectovesical pouch (male) Pouch between bladder and rectum Vesico-uterine pouch (female) Pouch between bladder and uterus FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYS Ovaries Egg production *corpora lutea (if preggers): represent follicles from which the eggs were discharged Graafian follicles Contains egg/ovum Muellerian ducts / oviducts Ducts of the ovaries; tube that links the ovary to the uterus Uterine / Fallopian tube Uppermost portion of oviduct; eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus (nasa likod ng ovary) Ostium with fimbriae (Slit) where fallopian tube opens *Fimbriae: border of ostium; overarching the ovary Horn of uterus Posterior part of oviduct Broad Mesovarium Mesentery of the ovary ligament of Mesosalpinx Mesentery of the Fallopian tube the uterus Mesometrium Peritoneum supporting the horns of the uterus Round ligament of the uterus Extends from horn to the body wall Perpendicular to broad ligament Body of uterus Single tube where the horns unite *Womb = body + horns *Bipartite type: vagina fused, lower parts of uteri fused *Cervix: lower end of uterus Vagina Posterior to uterus Labia major and vulva Clitoris (Homologous to the penis) Urogenital canal/sinus Where urethra and vagina unite Anal glands/sacs Secrete odoriferous substance of sexual nature To either side of rectum MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYS Scrotum Houses the testes Spermatic cord Contains ductus deferens/vas deferens, blood vessels and nerves External & Internal inguinal rings Ends of the inguinal canal Urogenital canal/sinus Common tube to deferent duct and urethra Prostate gland Secretion casues secretion of seminal vesicles to Enlargement in junction between deferent duct coagulate produce plug; secrete prostate fluid and urethra Bulbourethral glands / Cowpers Swellings in urogenital canal; add fluids to semen gland which protect sperm Penis Glans of the penis Pointed projection of the penis Bears spines for copulation Urogenital opening Tip of the glans; exit of urine and sperm Corpora cavernosa Cylindrical bodies in the penis; distended with blood during copulation to project penis out of the prepuce Cavernous urethra Portion of the urogenital canal in the penis; dorsal Crura of the penis Where the 2 cavernous bodies diverge Attached to ischia Prepuce Covers the penis Testis Vaginal sac Cavity where the testis lies Part of peritoneal cavity Tunica vaginalis Lines the vaginal sac (nakadikit mismo sa testis) Mesorchium Between testis and wall of vaginal sac Gubernaculum Ligament in scrotal wall where testis is attached Homologous to round ligament of uterus Epididymal duct (head, Coiled ductus deferens on dorsal surface of testis; Derived from mesonephros body tail) conducts sperm Head: receives efferent ductules from testis Tail: where gubernaculum is attached AMNIOTE EMBRYO Amnion Sac around embryo Placenta Connection between embryo and maternal tissues CHORIOALLANTOIC PLACENTA; ZONARY type Umbilical cord Conveys umbilical blood vessels to and from embryonic part of placenta *no direct connection bet embryo and mother