Lighting Design

LIGHTING DESIGN
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Lecture contents
Design criteria & objectives
Lighting calculations
Criteria for good design

Present the most persuasive image of the space through functional & sensual lighting
Human factors impact on individual well-being
Architectural factors impact on the overall architecture
Economic & Environmental factors impact on economics & the environment
Human factors
Ergonomics ensure that lighting meets fundamental requirements for visual communication
Health ensure that lighting benefits health & vitality
Psycho-physiology ensure that lighting enhances physical stimuli & mental phenomena
Human factors
Ergonomics quickly & accurately communicate visual information
Visibility easily enable perception of visual cues & experience of the space
Inadequate lighting disrupts peoples interaction with their visual environment
Dependent upon the luminance distribution in the field of vision
Soft diffuse lighting & lighter room surfaces enhance visual ambience
Human factors
Ergonomics quickly & accurately communicate visual information
Accessibility easily enable identification & access to spatial activities & tasks
Inadequate lighting can be detrimental to peoples visual performance
Dependent upon the illuminance distribution for task & surrounding areas
Dedicated luminaires providing higher illumination for tasks enhance visual performance
Human factors
Ergonomics pleasantly communicate visual information
Contrast & Glare control carefully avert visual fatigue due to luminance contrast
Inadequate or sudden changes in lighting can disrupt peoples visual comfort
Dependent upon the diversity of luminance distribution
Appropriate selection, location & control of luminaires as well as finishes reduce glare
Human factors
Ergonomics safely communicate visual information
Safety carefully avert accidental hazards while performing the desired activities & tasks
Inappropriate lighting is detrimental increasing peoples risk of sustaining injuries
Dependent upon the ease of finding ones way around without feeling unsafe
Appropriate selection, location & control of luminaires as well as finishes improve safety
Human factors
Health positively impact human health
Hormones actively regulate sleep (melatonin) & activity (cortisol) hormone production
Inappropriate lighting can be detrimental increasing peoples susceptibility to diseases
Dependent upon quantity, spectrum, timing, duration & spatial distribution of light
Lighting that imitates the characteristics of natural light benefits human health
Human factors
Health positively impact human health
Hormones actively regulate sleep (melatonin) & activity (cortisol) hormone production
Inappropriate lighting can be detrimental increasing peoples susceptibility to diseases
Dependent upon quantity, spectrum, timing, duration & spatial distribution of light
Lighting that imitates the characteristics of natural light benefits human health
Melatonin suppression
Human factors
Psycho-physiology pleasantly interact with the human mind-body
Sensory pleasure & Delight actively stimulate the senses & provide joy of experience
Visual delight & overall sensory richness are important aspects of peoples experiences
Dependent upon the overall aesthetic appeal & mood created
Mood lighting is meant to complement & not replace regular lighting
Architectural factors
Form, Colour & Motion ensure seamless blend of lighting with the fundamental components of
architecture
Building codes & Standards ensure that lighting meets all the fundamental building regulations
Form integrally manifest lighting into the form of the space
Volume & Shape accurately define the spatial volume & shape
Inappropriate lighting could distort peoples perception of volume & geometry
Dependent upon the effect of ambient lighting in defining boundaries & edges
Nature of light & surfaces off which it is reflected affect perception of volume
Location accurately highlight the spatial elements
Inappropriate lighting could inhibit peoples ability to identify important elements
Dependent upon accent lighting on focal & peripheral areas
Elements of higher focus require higher illumination levels
Character accurately highlight the spatial character
Inappropriate lighting could inhibit peoples ability to identify texture & material
Dependent upon the direct or diffuse quality of ambient & accent lighting
Textured surfaces require direct light to create shadow patterns that enhance character
Colour fractionally manifest lighting into the colour of the space
Hue & Chroma (Saturation) accurately identify the hues & chromas
Inappropriate lighting could mislead peoples perception of colour
Dependent upon the CRI, CCT & SPD of the light source
Higher CRI & SPD provide better rendering; warm or cool hues require equivalent CCT
Colour fractionally manifest lighting into the colour of the space
Value (Lightness) accurately identify the value
Inappropriate lighting could mislead peoples perception of colour
Dependent upon the ratio of illuminance & surface reflectance
Colours of higher value require higher illumination levels
Motion kinetically manifest lighting into the motion of the space
Rhythm & Tempo consonantly match the spatial rhythm & tempo
Inappropriate lighting could have a jarring effect on peoples perception of the space
Dependent upon the spatial distribution of accent lighting
Location & control of luminaires define spatial rhythm & tempo
Motion kinetically manifest lighting into the motion of the space
Orbit & Field easily enable comprehension of the spatial patterns & dynamics
Inappropriate lighting could disrupt peoples comprehension of the spatial information
Dependent upon the spatial distribution of ambient, accent & task lighting
Design & number of luminaires chosen should be proportional in the field of vision
Building codes & Standards adequately meet desired national & international building
codes & standards
National National Lighting Code (NLC)
International IESNA, ALA, EN, CELMA
Building codes & Standards adequately meet desired national & international building codes
& standards
National National Lighting Code (NLC)
International IESNA, ALA, EN, CELMA
Economic & Environmental factors

Economic factors ensure that investment & operational costs for lighting are optimised
Environmental factors ensure that energy wastage & environmental impacts of lighting are
minimised
Economic factors
Investment costs optimally allocate in project budget to meet quality standards
System costs aptly select quality lighting equipment & systems
Improper selection leads to reduced efficiency & poor quality of lighting
Dependent on the selection of lamps, luminaires, control gears & systems
Consideration for overall lighting quality leads to better planning for lighting budgets
Economic factors
Investment costs optimally allocate in project budget to meet quality standards
Installation costs aptly appoint trained professionals for installation
Improper installations leads to reduced efficiency & poor quality of lighting
Dependent on the initial setting-up of equipment & systems
Professionally trained personnel can execute better quality lighting installations
Economic factors
Operating costs optimally allocate in project budget to increase amortisation
Maintenance costs aptly use equipment & systems that minimise maintenance
Improper selection & operation leads to increased relamping & maintenance-wage costs
Dependent on the ruggedness of equipment & usage patterns of control systems
Longer lamp-life, weather- & shock-resistant equipment can reduce maintenance
Environmental factors
Hazardous waste optimally plan for minimal impact on the environment
Disposal aptly plan disposal of lighting products containing hazardous materials
Inappropriate disposal leads to environmental & health hazards
Dependent on the type of lamps, luminaires & control gear used
Use of less-toxic alternatives minimises environmental impacts
Environmental factors
Light pollution optimally plan for minimal impact on the environment
Spill light aptly select luminaires that minimise spill light
Excess spillage increases sky-glow, disappearance of stars & disturbance to animal-life
Dependent on the cut-off angle & spillage of luminaires
Minimum cut-off angle & spillage leads to reduced light pollution
Economic & Environmental factors

Electricity costs optimally allocated in project budget to increase amortisation
Energy wastage aptly select equipment & systems that minimise power-consumption
Improper selection & operation leads to increased power-consumption & electricity costs
Dependent on the power-consumption of equipment & usage patterns of control systems
Efficient equipment & scheduled usage of systems can reduce power-consumption
Types of lighting calculations

Lumen method solves almost 70% of the interior lighting design problems
Point-by-point method solves problems in interiors without indirect light component
Lumen method
Method for calculating average illumination levels by dividing any room into three cavities
Co-efficient of utilization (CU) portion of lamp lumens which reach the work plane
Light-loss factor (LLF) depreciation of initial lighting level
Ballast factor (BF) commercial ballast performance relative to reference ballast
The equation: n = E . l . w / . CU . LLF . BF
Coefficient of utilisation
Luminaire type efficiency & distribution pattern
Room surface reflectance higher reflectance
accounts to higher incident lamp lumens
Luminaire mounting height higher mounts means
more chance for walls to absorb light
Room area & proportions larger the room, the
greater the number of luminaires needed
Lumen method
Cavity ratios (CR) room geometry is accounted

for in cavity ratios
The equation: CR = 5h.(l + w)/(l . w)
Types of cavity ratios: Ceiling (CCR), Room
(RCR) & Floor (FCR)
Reflectance ratio of the total amount of

radiation reflected by a surface to total amount of
radiation incident on the surface
Recommended reflectance factors: Ceiling 0.6-
0.9; Walls 0.3-0.8; Floor 0.2-0.5
Lumen method
Light-loss factor (LLF)

Luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD) reduced
illumination due to dirt accumulation
Lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) factor reduced
illumination due to aging of lamp sources
Light output ratio LB ratio between luminous
flux emitted by the luminaire & the lamp
The equation: LLF = LDD . LLD . LB
Lumen method
Class example
1. For a corridor of dimensions (lxwxh) 5x2x2m,

the nominal illuminance (E) to be provided is 100
lux. The luminous flux () received from the
proposed luminaire is 1000 lm. Reflectances are
70 (ceiling), 30 (wall) & 20 (floor). hcc & hfc are 0.
LLF is 0.8 & BF is 1.0. Calculate the number of
luminaires required.
Answers
1. n = 5
Point-by-point method
Method for calculating illuminance at a point using intensity, inverse square & cosine laws
Horizontal illuminance at point, Eh= I.cos/d2 or I.cos3/h2
Takes maintenance factor (MF) & atmospheric loss (AL) into consideration
The equation: Eh= I . MF. AL. cos3/h2
Class example
1.A floodlight of mounting height (h) 8m lights up

the point p. The luminous intensity (I) of the
floodlight in the direction of point B is 320 cd. If
both MF & AL are 0.9, calculate the horizontal
illuminance (Eh ) of point B. For reference, cos3 51
0.25
Answers
1. Eh 1 lux
Summary
Good quality lighting design

Sensitive to individual well-being, architecture, economics & environment
Lumen method provides answer to How many luminaires are required in this room?
Point-by-point method performs a uniformity check on illuminance values
LIGHTING DESIGN

Lighting Design

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LIGHTING DESIGN

Design criteria & objectives

Criteria for good design

Economic & Environmental factors

Economic & Environmental factors

Types of lighting calculations

Cavity ratios (CR) room geometry is accounted

Reflectance ratio of the total amount of

Light-loss factor (LLF)

1. For a corridor of dimensions (lxwxh) 5x2x2m,

1.A floodlight of mounting height (h) 8m lights up

Good quality lighting design

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