Introduction To Lighting

INTRODUCTION
TO LIGHTING
Copyrighted images in this presentation are used for academic purposes only
Lecture contents
Nature of light
Visual & Non-visual effects of light
Basic units for measuring light
Production & Control of light
Fundamental lighting considerations
Nature of light
Electro-magnetic theory
Light is a form of energy wave
Energy propagates in the form of electro-magnetic waves
Specific wavelengths define quality and luminous colours of light
Nature of light
Quantum theory
Light is a form of energy packet
Energy is emitted & absorbed in the form of discreet packets called photons
Amount of photons define the quantity of light
Nature of light
Velocity, Frequency & Wavelength of visible spectrum

Velocity, C = 3 x 108 m/s
Frequency, f = 405 790 THz
Wavelength, = 380 780 nm
Relationship between the three: C = f
Nature of light
Reflection
Physical phenomena light thrown back when passing from one media to another
Law of reflection angle of incidence = angle of exitance
Precondition incoming & exiting rays are on the same surface
Applications designs of luminaire reflectors, sun-shades, daylight devices, etc.
Nature of light
Refraction
Physical phenomena light bends when passing from one media to another
Law of refraction speed-direction changes at border of transmission densities
Precondition incoming & exiting rays need not be on the same surface
Applications designs of lenses, fibre-optics, daylight devices, etc.
Nature of light
Polarization
Physical phenomenon transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
Polarized light waves light waves in which the vibrations occur in a single plane
Polaroids materials that block one of the two planes of a light wave
Applications filters, sunglasses, cameras
Nature of light
Black-body radiation
Black-body emits light as a result of its interior temperature measured in Kelvin (K)
Light emitted from a light source is described with respect to a black-body radiator
Higher the temperature, lower the wavelength of light emitted
Visual effects
Human eye & brain image processing system
Iris/Pupil control & regulates the amount of light entering the eye
Lens focuses light onto the retina
Retina converts light to electrical signals for the brain to process
Processing patterns colour, depth, form & motion
Visual effects
Colour sensations on the eye as a result of the way an object reflects or emits light of a
particular wavelength
Retinal photoreceptors rods & cones
Cones responsible for photopic (day & colour) vision
Rods responsible for scotopic and mesopic (night) vision
Non-visual effects
Circadian rhythm human sleep cycles are determined by light
Light suppress production of sleep hormone (melatonin)
Light enhances production of activity hormone (cortisol)
Lack of light seasonal affective disorder (SAD), depression
Non-visual effects
Infra-red wavelength 800nm to 1mm, just greater than red visible light
Benefits same benefits of sunlight without sunburns, improves blood circulation, recovers injured
muscle or tissue, treats arthritis & cures acne
Hazard high heat settings may cause damage to eyes or even blinding
Safety special protective goggles
Non-visual effects
Ultra-violet wavelength 10 nm to 400 nm, just shorter than violet visible light
Benefits production of Vitamin-D, skin conditions like psoriasis use UV-A (315400 nm)
or UV-B (280315 nm) for treatment
Hazards painful eye injury, skin burn, premature skin aging, or skin cancer.
Safety appropriate shielding and protective equipment
Fundamental photometric concepts

Luminous flux total amount of light emitted by a light source
Unit & Symbol lumen (lm) &
Luminous efficacy ratio of luminous flux of a lamp in relation to its power consumption
Unit & Symbol lumens per watt (lm/W) & = /P
Class examples
1. A lamp has a luminous flux = 5000 lm, &
power-consumption P = 100 W; calculate its
luminous efficacy,
2. A lamp has a luminous efficacy = 100
lm/W, & power-consumption P = 35 W;
calculate the luminous flux,
Answers
1. = 50 lm/W; 2. = 3500 lm

Luminous intensity spatial distribution of luminous flux with respect to solid angle
Unit & Symbol candelas (cd) & I = /
Class example
1. A light source with a luminous flux = 5000
lm is placed at a distance a = 2 m from a
table of area A = 4 m2; calculate the luminous
intensity, I
lm has a luminous intensity I = 2500 cd when
placed on the ceiling of a room with area A =
10 m2; calculate the height of the room, a
Answers
1. I = 5000 cd; 2. a = 5 m

Illuminance Incident flux per unit area
Average illuminance incident flux over the entire area
Unit & Symbol lux (lx) & Em = /A
Class example
lm is placed above a table of area A = 4 m2;
calculate the average illuminance, Em
2. A room of area, A = 5 m2 has an average
illuminance, Em = 300 lux; calculate the
luminous flux of the light source
Answers
1. Em = 250 lux; 2. = 1500 lm,

Illuminance incident flux per unit area
Illuminance at a point incident flux per unit area
Unit & Symbol cd/m2 or lux (lx) & Ep = I/a2
Class example
1. A light source of luminous intensity I = 1200 cd
is placed at a distance a = 2 m from a table;
calculate the illuminance at a point, Ep
2. The illuminance at a point a = 3m from the
light source is Ep = 100 lux; calculate the
luminous intensity I of the light source
Answers
1. Ep = 300 lux; 2. I = 900 cd

Luminance ratio of the luminous intensity of a surface to the projected area of the surface
Unit & Symbol candelas per square meter (cd/m2) & L = I/A
Class example
1. A lamp with a luminous flux = 1000 lm is
placed at a distance a = 2 m from a table of
area A = 4 m2; calculate the luminance L
Answers
1. L = 250 cd/m2

Difference between illuminance & luminance
Illuminance light falling on a surface
Luminance light reflected off a surface
Illuminance Luminance
Photometry
Scientific system for the measurement of light
Light (Lux) meter measuring illuminance at a point
Luminance meter measuring luminance of surfaces
Photometer optical testing of luminaires
Photometric evaluation
Inverse square law quantity of light incident on an object is inversely proportional to the
square of its distance from the source of light
Ep = I/a2
Photometric evaluation
Luminous intensity distribution curve luminous intensity distribution of a light source in
one plane
Allows comparison between different light sources
Symmetrical luminaires require one curve
Axially symmetrical luminaires require two curves
Colorimetry
Scientific system for the measurement of colour
Munsell system hue, chroma & value
Hue part of the spectrum occupied by the colour
Chroma (Saturation) strength of the colour or amount of grey in the colour
Value (Lightness) reflectance of the colour or amount of white in the grey
Production of light
Luminescence emission of light by a substance
Types of luminescence thermo, electro, photo, chemical
Production of light
Incandescence emitting light as a result of being heated
Applications tungsten lamps, tungsten-halogen lamps
Production of light
Fluorescence emitting light of longer wavelength by absorbing light of short wavelength
Applications fluorescent, compact-fluorescent lamps
Production of light
Phosphorescence emitting light in a similar manner to fluorescence but on a longer timescale, so
that emission continues after excitation ceases
Applications fluorescent, compact-fluorescent lamps, LEDs
Control of light
Mirrors reflective surfaces that reflect light rays
Lenses transparent objects for concentrating or dispersing light rays
Prisms transparent objects with triangular shape that separates white light into a
spectrum of colours
Control of light
Reflectors mirrors or other devices for reflecting light in a required direction
Applications light sources, luminaires
Control of light
Refractors lens or other objects that cause refraction of light in a particular direction
Applications light sources, luminaires
Control of light
Total internal reflection reflection of light at an interface from a medium of higher to a lower
refractive-index
Requirement angle of incidence > critical angle
Applications fibre-optics, direct-indirect luminaires, etc.
Control of light
Diffusers devices that spread the light from a light source evenly & reduce harsh shadows
Applications luminaires
Control of light
Louvres set of angled slats or flat strips aligned at regular intervals for controlling light
Applications sun-shades, blinds, luminaires
Control of light
Colour mixing
Additive (light) mixing blue, green & red
Subtractive (pigment) mixing cyan, magenta & yellow
Applications mood lighting
Visual performance
Ability to perceive & identify objects or details fundamental visual factor
Provide minimum illumination levels & sufficiently limit glare
Uniformity task areas to be illuminated as uniformly as possible
Visual acuity sharpness of vision; ability to discern objects at a given distance
Visual performance
Glare visual sensation when one part of an environment is brighter than surrounding general
brightness
Tiring & stressful for the eye; causes eye muscles to continually adjust to brightness
Discomfort glare uncomfortable but tolerable, can continue working on the task
Disability glare intolerable, prevents work (luminance level >104 cd/m2)
Visual performance
Reflected glare/Veiling reflections specular reflections in the visual task that have
detrimental effects on task visibility
Visual safety to see ones way around
Visual comfort
Feeling of well-being minimum illuminances & glare limitations are not sufficient
Harmonious luminance distribution (Contrast) targeted lighting of individual areas as opposed to
uniform illumination
Harmonious colour distribution (Colour contrast) greater difference in values leads to more
pleasing combinations
Visual comfort
Colour Rendering Index (CRI) color appearance of objects lit by the light source
Colors that appear natural under daylight might appear different under different light sources
Colour rendering index range, Ra 0-95
Mono-chromatic light Full-spectrum light
Visual comfort
Spectral power distribution (SPD) spectral content of the light source
Light source with high spectral content has excellent colour rendering properties
Visual ambience
Directionality of light direct, indirect or diffuse
Direct light highlight objects, reveal texture
Diffused light improve appearance of people
Modelling balance between diffuse & directional light
Visual ambience
Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) colour appearance of light emitted from a light source
Temperature at which a blackbody would produce the same colour
Colour temperature range 2500-6500K
Warm white 3000 K Cool white 6000 K
Summary
Quality lighting
Fundamental considerations for good lighting Lighting Triangle
Suggested further readings
Designing with Light

Author Anil Valia
Available in India (Rs. 1500.00)
Handbook of Lighting Design

Authors - Rudiger Ganslandt & Harald Hofmann
Download www.erco.com
INTRODUCTION TO
LIGHTING PHYSICS

Introduction To Lighting

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Introduction To Lighting

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INTRODUCTION

Visual & Non-visual effects of light

Basic units for measuring light

Production & Control of light

Fundamental lighting considerations

Velocity, Frequency & Wavelength of visible spectrum

Fundamental photometric concepts

Fundamental photometric concepts

Fundamental photometric concepts

Fundamental photometric concepts

Fundamental photometric concepts

Fundamental photometric concepts

Mono-chromatic light Full-spectrum light

Warm white 3000 K Cool white 6000 K

Designing with Light

Handbook of Lighting Design

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