Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acknowledgements:
Ibu Maryam Ayuni endorsed the document on behalf of Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Jesper Vauvert of Danish Energy Management A/S was team leader for of the ESP2 component 2 (EINCOPS) and provided extensive comments
on the final versions of the guidelines
Mogens Krighaar of Danish Energy Management A/S was team leader of the ESP2 component 2 (EINCOPS)
Floris Van der Walt of Stategic Environmental Focus S. A., prepared the table of content as well as reviewed the different versions produced.
Kirsten Mariager of Danish Energy Management A/S reviewed and provided comments during the development of the guidelines.
Totok Sulistiyanto lead the group of authors as coordinating editor and prepared the Case Studies.
Lestari Suryandari and Yodi Danusastro from GBCI gave their support and input for the Case Studies.
Billy Gunawan wrote most of Section 6 Part 1 and Section 6 and 8 Part 2, Budihardjo wrote of Section 3 of Part 1 and Section 5 and 9 of Part 2,
Jimmy S. Juwana wrote most of Section 1, 2, 5, 8 of Part 1 and Section 2, 7, 9 of Part 2, Jimmy Priatman wrote most of Section 7 Part 1 and Section
3, 4 6 of Part 2, and all the writers made helpful comments on the other sections. Jatmika Adi Suryabrata, Herman Endro, M. Idrus Alhamid,
Ignesjz Kemalawarta, and Rana Yusuf Nasir were the expert panelists sharing their ideas, expertise, understanding of energy efficiency theories
in their field.
Wahyu Sujatmiko prepared the climate report annex.
Sinarmas Land Plaza, ITSB Deltamas, Ministry of Public Works, PT. Dahana, and BCA Tower Grand Indonesia gave the materials for the Case
Studies.
Steven Ellis (EINCOPS) did the proofreading of the English versions.
Ivan Ismed (EINCOPS) reviewed the translations into Bahasa Indonesia.
A Task Force representing interested stakeholders, apart from the authors, reviewed various drafts of the Guidelines as it developed and helped with the
process. The following were members of this Task Force:
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata, Dep. Of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, UGM, Yogyakarta; Herman Endro, HTII ALKI (Illumination Engineering Association
of Indonesia); M. Idrus Alhamid, Mechanical Engineering - University of Indonesia; Ignesjz Kemalawarta, Sinarmas Land - BSD City; Rana Yusuf Nasir, GBCI -
Director of Technology and Rating; Jimmy S. Juwana, LPJKN - Construction Services Development Institute; Jesper Vauvert - Danish Energy Management
A/S; Totok Sulistiyanto - Danish Energy Mangement A/S; Floris Van Der Walt - Stategic Environmental Focus S. A. ; Kirsten Mariager - Danish Energy
Mangement A/S.
The team for the project, Energy Efficiency in Industrial, Commercial and Public Sector (EINCOPS) and the staff of the Directorate General New
Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia all gave their full support and encouragement in
the preparation of this document. DANIDA funded the work (contract no.: 104.INDO.1.MFS.4).
Comments and recommendations for revisions should be sent to:
Directorate Energy Conservation, Directorate General New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources of Indonesia. 5th Floor Annex Building Jl. H. R. Rasuna Said Blok X-2, Kav 07-08. Kuningan, Jakarta 12950. Tel: +62 21 5225180 ext.
2514, Tel/Fax: +62 21 5224483, email: harrisyh@yahoo.com or rahadian.arafat@gmail.com, website: www.konservasienergi.info
First Edition published by the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Clearing House Indonesia under the Directorate General New Renewable Energy
and Energy Conservation, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia.
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Clearing House Indonesia, Directorate General New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia, Danish Energy Management A/S, and the authors. All rights reserved, 2012
Graphical Design and Production: Kira Kariakin, Danish Energy Management A/S
Box Breaker
The EE Guidelines will provide a holistic overview, up to date advice and references, and practical
guidelines aimed to building owners / developers and professionals on how to design buildings to
minimize energy use while still meeting comfort, health, and safety needs.
On the national level, energy efficiency and conservation programs aim to reduce energy subsidies,
reduce the gap between the supply and demand of energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions that
affect global warming and climate change, and improve national energy competitiveness. Energy
conservation needs to be a part of all phases of energy management, ranging from upstream
sustainable energy (exploration, exploitation, refining, power, etc.) to downstream energy use in all
sectors as stipulated in Law no. 30/2007 on Energy and Government Policy No 70/2009 related to the
conservation of energy. Currently, the share of national energy consumption in the commercial and
building sector is only about 4% (industry 39.4%, transport 32.2%, non-energy use 10.5%, 10.2% of
households, other 3.4%), but in the last 20 years the growth of energy consumption in the commercial
and building sector has been the highest at 8.58% (industry 5.1%, transportation 6.4%, non-energy
use 5.4%, 3.1% of households, others 0.03%).
The EE Guidelines are separated into three parts: 1) for building owners, developers and investors;
2) for professional designers; and 3) energy efficiency case studies. This piece, Part 1 can be used by
building owners, developers, and investors in guiding their project development team in considering
the cost analyses to ensure low energy consumption targets are met, while still challenging existing
design concepts and building more efficiently and environmentally friendly. Part 2 of the guidelines,
for professional designers, architects, and engineers in the fields of mechanical, electrical, structural,
and landscaping will act as a guide to help their designs maximize energy efficiency achievements
for new buildings as well as in the retrofit of existing buildings. As a companion Part 2 also features
comprehensive technical guidelines that can be used as preparation for the development of
standards (SNI) and codes (code) for buildings in the future. These standards and codes will help
buildings be designed more appropriately to the needs of the whole community, accounting for cost,
efficiency, environmental, and health considerations.
Finally, we would like to thank the authors, team of experts, stakeholders, and all those who helped
in the preparation and development of the Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in
Indonesia.
Maryam Ayuni
Director of Energy Conservation
Directorate General New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 5
Table of Content
Foreword5
1. Introduction 9
1.1 Background 9
1.2 Overview 9
1.2.1 Aim of the Guidelines 9
1.2.2 Who are the Guidelines intended for? 10
1.2.3 Structure of the Guidelines 10
1.2.4 Classification of buildings 11
1.2 5 Standards, codes and regulations 12
6 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
3.4.5 Availability of materials / technology 23
3.5 Performance Targets 23
3.5.1 Financial 23
3.5.2 Energy 23
3.5.3 Environmental performance targets 23
3.5.4 Maintenance and lifecycle performance 23
3.6 Environmental Rating Schemes 24
3.7 Design Approach 24
3.7.1 Procurement strategy 24
3.7.2 Integrated design approach 24
3.7.3 Planning and landscape design 25
3.7.4 Envelope and structural design 26
3.7.5 Lighting and electrical design 26
3.7.6 HVAC design 26
3.7.7 Computer simulation program 26
3.8 Operations and Maintenance (O&M) 27
3.9 Resource Materials 28
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 7
6.1 Warning Signs of Inefficient Energy Use in Existing Buildings 39
6.2 Understanding the Existing Building 39
6.2.1 Existing building modeling 40
6.2.2 Energy auditing 40
6.2.3 Energy management systems 41
6.2.4 Human behavior 43
6.3 Commissioning and Building Tuning 44
6.3.1 Why proper commissioning and tuning is worth doing? 44
6.4 What is commissioning? 44
6.4.1 Testing 45
6.4.2 Commissioning 46
6.4.3 Training 46
6.4.4 Monitoring 46
6.4.5 Tuning 46
6.5 Retro-commissioning, Retrofit & Refurbishment 46
6.5.1 Cost vs. savings 47
6.5.2 Benefits of retrofit and refurbishment for energy efficiency 47
6.5.3 Maintenance and system tuning 47
6.6 Energy Efficient Appliances 47
9. References 52
8 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
1. Introduction
1.1 Background 1.2 Overview
The programme Energy Efficiency in Industrial, The Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building
Commercial and Public Sectors is a cooperation Design in Indonesia have been developed to
between the Ministry of Energy and Mineral provide information on energy efficient building
Resources and DANIDA, Danish International design in Indonesia based on international best
Development Assistance, initiated in 2008 with practices within the Indonesian physical, social
the following overall objectives in supporting and economic climate. The intention of these
Indonesian government policy: Guidelines are to inform and provide practical
and technical guidance on how to develop,
Energy efficiency measures are increasingly design, operate and maintain energy-efficient
adopted by major industrial, commercial buildings. The Guidelines specifically target the
and public sector consumers of energy. major role players in the development of any
This objective has been pursued in support building: firstly, the building owner/ developer
of the development objective of promoting as overall project driver and decision maker;
Sustainable Environmental Management in and secondly, the consultants as designers and
Support of Livelihoods in Indonesia. implementers of the developers ideas.
One activity of this programme was to develop 1.2.1 Aim of the Guidelines
guidelines for the design of energy efficient
buildings. This has been done through a The aim of the Guidelines is to inform, educate,
process of consultation with key stakeholders assist and create awareness regarding all the
and interested parties through the assistance issues related to Energy Efficient building design The Energy Efficiency
of a panel, established for this purpose, for the building owner or developer, as well as Guidelines for Building
of recognized experts in various relevant the consultants, designers and specifiers on the Design in Indonesia
disciplines. building project. have been developed
to provide information
It is expected that this document will need to be Further to this the Guidelines aim to make all on energy efficient
regularly revised over the coming years to keep it the role-players aware of their responsibility building design in
up to date with developments in the knowledge and potential impact on the energy efficiency Indonesia based on
base and the regulatory environment of of a building both during the design and international best
the building sector. The Guidelines and any construction process. practices within
subsequent revisions will be available as pdf the Indonesian
files on the website of the Energy Efficiency and Building owners and developers should use the physical, social and
Conservation Clearing House Indonesia (EECCHI) Guidelines to inform themselves of the issues, economic climate.
at http://www.konservasienergiindonesia.info. benefits, and pitfalls related to energy efficient
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 9
Energy Efficiency
Guidelines for Building
Design in Indonesia
Part 1
Part 2 Part 3
Energy Efficiency for
Energy Efficiency Technical Case Studies and
Developers and Building
Design Guide Additional Information
Owners
design, as well as to ensure that they are able The third part is intended for everyone involved
to instruct their project teams to design energy in a project to understand the implications of
efficient buildings. energy efficient design at the hand of real life
examples. These case studies aim to motivate
Consultant teams should use the Guidelines as and inspire both building owners/developers
an inspirational and educational tool to convince and consultant teams to achieve the ultimate in
their clients of the benefits and necessity of energy conservation through effective design.
energy efficient design as well as a resource for
the issues and knowledge required to design an 1.2.3 Structure of the Guidelines
energy efficient building. Thus the Guidelines
aim to ensure that they can understand and Part 1. Energy efficiency for developers and building
participate in discussions with designers and/ owners
or engineering consultants to achieve an
energy-saving building for new construction or Part 1 is specific to building owners and develo-
retrofittings. pers and guides them to consider:
Lastly the Guidelines aim to ensure that all the a. The importance of setting up a proper and
role-players in the design and construction of complete design brief that guides the project
a building or in the retrofitting of an existing team towards the most energy efficient
building are able to speak the same language building within the available budget.
related to energy efficiency.
b. The importance of the implementation of
1.2.2 Who are the Guidelines intended for? an Integrated Design Process to ensure the
optimisation of energy efficiency through
The Energy Efficiency Guidelines consist of Three effective design collaboration.
Parts distributed in 3 books.
10 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
INDONESIAN
c. The impact of capital investments and the CLIMATE
running cost of a project in relation to the
overall lifecycle cost of a project (long-term). PROCUREMENT
AND HUMAN
CONSTRUCTION COMFORT
d. The importance of proper maintenance,
and management of an energy efficient
building to maintain its operations within its
design parameters.
ENERGY
Part 2. Energy Efficiency Technical Guide EFFICIENT
BUILDING
DESIGN PASSIVE SOLAR
Part 2 consists of practical guidance and design DESIGN
SYSTEMS
strategies to achieve an energy-efficient building
design with specific focus on helping the design
team understand the principles and influences
of:
ENERGY BUILDING
a. The importance of understanding the PERFORMANCE ENVELOPE
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 11
these aspects greatly influence the energy
It is important to consumption and energy efficiency potential of
understand the impact the building.
of the climate on the
design strategy, as 1.2 5 Standards, codes and regulations
well as creating a
comfortable indoor A number of standards, codes, and regulations
environment that promote energy efficiency in buildings:
will accomodate to
the energy efficiency a. Standards
of the building. The Indonesian National Standard (Standar
Nasional Indonesia SNI) is commonly used
as a reference for building design. A list of
standards that are generally used is attached
in Part 3.
b. Codes
There are currently only a limited number
of codes that are used for building designs
and most are relating to safety and security
aspects. There are none relating specifically
to energy efficiency in buildings.
c. Regulations
Regulations related to building design are
published by the Ministry of Public Works
(PERMEN PU). The Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources (PERMEN ESDM) has also
published regulations on energy efficiency.
These regulations are listed in Part 3.
12 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
2. Motivation for Developers and Building Owners
Scientists forecast that in the not-too-distant ventilation and cooling energy consumption by
future, dwindling energy resources like oil, 30 percent and lighting energy requirements by
natural gas and coal will make these non- at least 50 percent.
renewable energy sources inaccessible.
Building owners and developers can expedite
As this will have a tremendous impact on energy energy conservation by requesting the
use for the future, two fundamental steps should design of energy-efficient buildings from the
be pursued : outset. Properly designed energy efficient
buildings will result in much lower utility bills
Development of alternative renewable than from conventional buildings (buildings
energy sources by the Government, and with no energy efficiency strategies). Energy
Large scale implementation of energy efficiency is also part of a bigger drive towards
conservation in the Public and Private more sustainable living and thus should also
sectors. All sectors of industry should encompass other resource issues such as water
implement Energy Efficiency measures. conservation.
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 13
Mall, retail and service = 350 - 500 kWh/m2/y
There is currently only limited data available in use benchmarks for buildings in Jakarta.
Indonesia regarding the energy consumption There are similar plans for green building
of different building types, but based on regulations in other big cities and provincies.
local experience and international studies it So far there are no maximum power density
is estimated that the energy consumption of (W/m2) nor maximum energy density (kWh/m2)
different building types are as in the Figure requirements per year.
4. These numbers also used by the Jakarta
Provincial Government Green Building Regu- It is important to note that the gubernatorial
lation to calculate an Energy Efficiency Index regulation (Pergub 38 - 2012) does not regulate
(EEI) based on benchmark operational hours of only energy, but also indoor environment, water
2080 hours/year (for education), 2600 hours/ and other aspects and is therefore a green
year (for office), 4368 hours/year (for mall, retail building regulation and not just a building
and services), and 8736 hours/year (for hotel, energy regulation.
apartment and hospital).
Implementing energy The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
efficiency in building 2.1 Energy Efficiency Trends in Indonesia has produced energy labels for lamps,
designs not only leads and is formulating energy labels for other
to financial benefits Indonesia has a lot of potential to be more equipment such as air conditioning (split unit)
throughout the lifecycle efficient in energy use, not only in buildings, and refrigerators. Four (4) stars indicates very
of a building, but it can and is going through significant progress in energy efficient equipment. Indonesia also has
also contribute to the terms of energy efficiency. Jakarta just launched produced ratings to assess commercial buildings
greater good in the a gubernatorial regulation on green buildings in Indonesia initiated by the Green Building
sense of environmental (Pergub 38 2012) which sets mandatory energy Council of Indonesia (GBCI). These ratings are to
(overall sustainability) efficiency requirements on large buildings to be be used to encouraged buildings to be greener
and infrastructure- more energy efficient. The Pergub 38 2012 also and more energy efficient, and to incentivize
related benefits requires mandatory energy use consumption building owners since higher rated buildings are
(W/m2) which can be used to create energy increasingly marketable.
14 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
Energy reserves are under pressure. and the buildings cooling load and lighting
Indonesia has become a net importer of oil. design requirements. These can be
Thus the subsidized prices may not last long influenced through the orientation of the
as it is a fiscal burden to the country and limits facades and and the materials used for
growth potential. South Africa has a history the buildings envelope
of low electricity prices, similar to Indonesia. Air temperature is together with relative
However since 2008, the price of electricity has humidity the dominant parameter to
been steadily increasing by more than 20% consider in air conditioning design in
each year as the government reduced and order to achieve the desired human
eliminated energy subsidies as reserves were comfort and indoor environment
low (maximum increase was 31.3% in the year Relative humidity has a major impact on
between 2009-2010). indoor climate and human comfort and
is therefore an important concern in air
2.2 Basic Principles conditioning design and achievement of
a good indoor climate..
In anticipation of the predicted energy scarcity Prevailing winds can in some cases
in the future, not only must the Government be harnessed to reduce cooling and
make an effort to develop renewable energy but ventilation needs and are therefore
industries must also adopt energy conservation important to take into consideration
measures. It is important for building owners
and developers to integrate energy efficiency d. Operations. A Guide for Building Operations
strategies at the initial design stages to be and Maintenance focussing on energy efficiency
implemented at the construction, procurement measures is essential to achieve and maintain
and operational stages of a building. the energy performance targeted through
the building design. Furthermore, Building
To be able to set up and guide the energy Automation, and Building Energy Management
efficient design and construction processes Systems (BAS and BEMS) are especially for
needed to achieve an energy efficient end- large buildings powerful tools to achieve and
product, developers should understand the maintain efficient building operations.
main elements of Energy Efficiency which are:
e. Behaviors. An awareness and attentiveness on
a. Integrated Design Process. An integrated energy and indoor environment from everyone
design process encompassing both site using the building is important. Education and
characteristics and building design, which training can strengthen the building occupants
incorporates architectural, structural, mechanical understanding of the importance of, and ability
and electrical options with the aim of minimizing to assist, building managements effort to
energy consumption. To achieve its aim, this maintain and enhance the energy efficiency of
integrated approach requires close collaboration the building.
between the architect, mechanical, structural
and electrical engineers as well as the contractor 2.3 Benefits
in both the design and construction phases.
In response to climate change, dwindling global
b. Material and technology choice. All materials energy resources and the associated rise in
and technology used in or on the facade and energy prices, it is imperative that property
glazing of the building envelope, for water owners and developers seek ways to create
conservation, electrical fittings (lamps, etc.) and energy efficient buildings by way of better and
air conditioning systems, need to be accurately more concientious design. The main benefits for
designed to minimize the resulting energy the owner and the occupants are in general: To be able to set up
consumption, while at the same time fulfilling and guide the energy
the functional and other requirements of the Lower utility costs, efficient design and
building. Higer property value, construction processes
Enhanced technical life of structures and needed to achieve an
c. Climate. As most of the energy in buildings equipment, energy efficient end-
is used to insure human comfort it is clear Improved indoor environment and better product, developers
that the surrounding climate has a big impact performance by the occupants, and should understand
on building performance and thus energy Reduced GHG emissions the main elements
consumption: of Energy Efficiency
Solar radiation (heat and light) affects
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 15
In general however, building owners and
developers tend to be mainly concerned
2.4 Pitfalls
with the capital expenditures and return on The biggest pitfall for any developer is the
investment from their building projects. misconception that capital expenditures are
more important than the lifecycle cost of a
Therefore, in order to harness the substantial building. The majority of building owners and
benefits that can be obtained through energy developers concern themselves primarily with
efficient and environmentally conscious design, initial costs without realizing that initial costs
it is important to understand the differences correlate closely with a buildings operational
between a Conventional Building and an Energy costs. The use of uninformed designers,
Efficient Building. This guide aims at providing improper and less durable construction
a foundation for making good decisions and materials and mechanical and electrical
choosing effective implementation strategies equipment will over time have impacts on the
when embarking on a new construction project. operational and maintenance costs of a building
as shown in the Figure 5.
The Green Building Council of Indonesia,
through its Greenship rating tool, also provides
guidance for the design, construction, and
operational stages of buildings. Among other
things they provide a comparison of energy
savings between energy efficient and more
conventional Buildings (also called Baseline
Buildings). The number of points available for
energy efficiency and conservation (EEC) in the
Greenship Rating Tools is around 26% of the
available points in their assessment.
16 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
Good decisions made in the early stages of the
building design process using an integrated
2.5 Arguments for Energy Efficiency
design process to achieve energy efficiency will Constructing an energy efficienct building
provide benefits in terms of capital investment entails lower life-cycle costs that can be
costs as well as overall operational costs. achieved with a limited increase in the initial
capital investment. In many cases designing
2.4.1 Reasons why many buildings are not energy an energy efficient building will be more
efficient expensive than a conventional building;
however these costs can be limited through
Oversizing an integrated design process and careful
planning. The additional construction costs
Oversizing starts with safe design assumptions associated with an energy efficient building will
regarding items such as cooling load, which can be compensated by the savings produced on
be reduced by 30% using detailed simulations. energy consumption. In most cases they will be
Even after using safe design assumptions, recouped within a short period of time because
most engineers will include safety factors. On the overall operational costs of the building will
top of these safe design assumptions and be lower.
safety factors, there are times where equipment
availability is a problem, which can lead to a up- For example, a conventional building with
sized equipment. a single layer clear glass faade has a low
investment cost, but a high energy cost because
Lack of attention to supervisory, commissioning and it requires a higher cooling effort to achieve a
handover procedures comfortable indoor climate inside the building.
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 17
BCA Singapore has issued data regarding the
increased investment and annual pay backs for
certain Greenmark category buildings.
Platinum Up to 8 % Up to 8 years
Gold Up to 2 % Up to 6 years
Certified Up to 1 % Up to 5 years
18 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
3. The Design Brief
The design brief is the building owner /
developers first line of defence against rising TYPICAL DESIGN BRIEF STRUCTURE
capital investment costs as well as insuring
that he benefits completely from the lower Project Background and Physical information
operational costs of a well-designed energy Project Objectives
efficient building. Project Requirements
Schedule of accommodation
The Design Brief is a description of the project Indoor Environment Requirements
options which have been approved in principle, Aesthetic considerations
detailing the objectives and parameters to be Opportunities and Constraints
considered by the project consultants when Siting
designing the project. The design brief should Climate
be designed for project consultants as a Terms Finance
of Reference to set out the clients objectives, Time
requirements, constraints, targets and the Performance Targets
design approach to be implemented for new Financial
buildings or major building renovation projects. Energy
Design and Construction Approach
As a minimum requirement the Design Brief Procurement strategy
should assist the client and consultants to Integrated design approach
understand the opportunities and associated Planning and landscape
potential benefits that exist in a project if they Envelope and structural design
improve the efficiency of the building. Further Lighting and electrical design
it should give everyone involved a background HVAC design
on the key issues to be addressed during design Operations and maintenance
and implementation. requirements
Decommissioning considerations
A well-prepared Design Brief can be used
throughout the project as a reference
to ensure that the developers original The more competitive the procurement process
requirements and objectives are achieved. It for consultants, contractors and suppliers is, the
should be understood that the design brief more pressure there will be on them to reduce
is a live document which should be revised as costs, and hence the need to verify performance
necessary to reflect any changes in the design against an agreed upon scope of work. A well-
criteria, requirements and/or objectives. prepared and detailed Design Brief is a valuable
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 19
component of the contract between a client and A general statement could be included here
his consultant. relating to the energy efficiency of the building
such as:
The Owners Project Requirements (OPR) provide
the foundation for successful delivery of a The development shall be designed to achieve
project. It is defined by the owner and users who an appropriate level of energy efficiency, with
deliver their mission through the completed regards to life cycle costs and also considering
project. As defined in ASHRAE/NIBS Guideline 0 the escalation of energy costs relative to other
2005, The Commissioning Process: costs over the design life of the building.
The Owners Project Requirements (OPR) Similar statements could be included for other
form the basis for evaluating all activities environmental considerations such as water
and products during pre-design, design, management and waste management.
construction, acceptance, and operational
decisions are made... The Commissioning
Process is a quality-based method that is
3.3 Project Requirements
adopted by an Owner to achieve successful This section contains the specifications for the
construction projects. It is not an additional building and other developments. The actual
layer of construction or project management. structure and content will vary depending on
In fact, its purpose is to reduce the cost of the type of development that is required.
delivering construction projects and increase
value to owners, occupants and users. 3.3.1 Spatial planning
The OPR includes all general aspects of the Spatial planning takes into consideration the
project while leaving out the details. main types of spaces required, the size, and
any other particular requirements related to
3.1 Project Background the use of each space. It is also beneficial to
define the way in which different spaces should
The design brief should start with the back- relate to each other from a functional as well as
ground information of the project focusing organisational point of view.
on a description of the clients vision for the
project. Further it should indicate the physical 3.3.2 Indoor environment specifications.
information of the project such as where
the project is located, property size, zoning Specifications for comfort conditions will be
(including height restrictions), allowed floor described in more detail in Part 2 Section 4,
space ratios, coverage, etc. Human Comfort Levels & Indoor Environment.
It is important however to understand that
3.2 Project Objectives the specifications as set out in this section will
greatly affect the energy efficiency and costs of
Any good design brief should have a clear set a building.
of objectives. A description of the background
for the project should be followed by general To successfully instruct the design team
statements regarding the project objectives to regarding the indoor environment one must
indicate what is required from the project, and understand that thermal comfort conditions
To successfully what is important to the client. depend on several factors, including air
instruct the design temperature, relative humidity, air movement
team regarding the This will include the direct objectives that have and the temperature of surrounding surfaces.
indoor environment motivated the client to initiate the project, e.g. Therefore, several methods for maintaining
one must understand the need for additional office space, a building thermal comfort are possible, and these have
that thermal that is needed to implement a business plan to be agreed to during the design phase. One
comfort conditions for example. It can also include indirect or should always aim for the lowest energy options
depend on several secondary objectives that relate to the clients first (natural ventilation) before considering
factors, including air overall philosophy or mission statement. These HVAC and other mechanical systems. These
temperature, relative could include an emphasis on environmental specifications should always consider the types
humidity, air movement sustainability, a desire to promote the local of activities for which the space and building is
and the temperature of economy, or the wish to communicate a intended.
surrounding surfaces particular corporate identity.
20 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
With regards to energy efficiency, it is important but would allow using a smaller capacity HVAC
that the specifications are appropriate to system compared to designing the HVAC system Natural ventilation
the actual needs of the building. An unduly to never exceed the comfort zone. This will bring should be considered
restrictive specification may result in higher savings in both energy consumption, and capital in all spaces
capital and recurrent cost as well as increased and recurrent costs. Requirements for air quality without special
energy consumption. From an energy efficiency should also be considered, as these will affect indoor environment
and air quality perspective, natural ventilation the need for ventilation. Again, unnecessarily constraints. However
is usually the best choice. Natural ventilation demanding specifications will lead to increased the feasibility of
should be considered in all spaces without costs and energy consumption. natural ventilation
special indoor environment constraints. depends heavily on the
However the feasibility of natural ventilation 3.3.3 Lighting requirements climatic conditions,
depends heavily on the climatic conditions, building functions and
building functions and building location. It Lighting requirements should be specified and building location.
must also be understood that only meeting elaborated on in the design brief along with
the requirements of the SNI codes will not some indications of the approach to be taken in
necessarily result in an energy efficient the design of lighting.
building. In most cases it will yield the most
benefit for developers if they strive towards Lighting levels in different areas or rooms should
international best practices when specifying conform to the intended use of these spaces. See
design criteria. Part 2 Section 8.1, Electrical Lighting. Artificial
and daylighting should relate to specifications
Dry bulb 25.5 oC 1.5 oC (1) for lighting levels for different activities, as well
Relative humidity 60 % 5 % (1) as refer to standards and codes that provide
Minimum ventilation rate more detailed information.
Office 0.15 m3/min/person (2)
Hotel 0.21 m3/min/person (2) Office, work room 350 lux
1) SNI 6390_2011 Hotel, bedroom 150 lux
2) SNI 03_6572_2001 Educational faciliies, drawing room 750 lux
Industry, warehouse 100 lux
Table 3. Indoor Environment Recommendation by SNI Mall, clothes shop 500 lux
SNI_6197_2011
The specifications may also indicate the period
of time for which they could be exceeded. For Table 4. Indoor Lighting Recommendation by SNI
example, HVAC system design could allow for
a total of one week where the temperature Table 5 can be used to consider the type of
exceeds the comfort zone, since this will not lighting that will be used by wattage, lumens,
cause significant problems for the occupants life time and the initial cost.
Incandescent Linear Compact LED Mercury Metal High Pressure Low Pressure
fluorescent fluorescent Halide sodium sodium
Output (Lumens) 210-2700 1000-7500 1000-3200 200-1000 1000-45000 7000-150000 2000-140000 1800-40000
Efficiency (lm/watt) 8-18 5-79 75-81 40-60 30-35 60-95 60-125 80-180
Lumen Maintenance 90% (85%) 85% (80%) 85% (80%) 75% (65%) 90% (70%) 100% (100%)
Lamp Life 750-2000 10000-20000 10000 35000-50000 18000-24000 10000-20000 18000-24000 16000
Wattage and Output refers to the common available lamp rating for outdoor lightins.
Efficiency refers to luminous efficiency taken at 50% mean lifetime and at end of lifetime (parenthesis).
Lamp Life refers to the approximate mean lifetime of a lamp.
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 21
Again it must also be understood that only November to March, the dry season from April
Lifecycle cost analysis meeting the requirements of the SNI codes will to October. Rainfall in lowland areas averages
performed at the not necessarily result in efficiency. 180320 cm (70125 in) annually, increasing
initial design stage with elevation to an average of 610 cm (240 in)
most effectively allows 3.3.4 Aesthetic considerations in some mountain areas. In the lowlands of
for opportunities to Sumatra and Kalimantan, the rainfall range is
refine the design to The greatest challenges in improving energy 305370 cm (120145 in); the amount lessens
ensure a reduction in efficiency in public and commercial buildings southward, closer to the northwest Australian
overall lifecycle costs is to develop an architecture that is both desert. Average humidity is 82%.
aesthetically satisfying and meets the technical
requirements determined by the local climate Further details are included in Part 2, Section 3 -
and available material options. Indonesian Climate.
22 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
achievable. Unrealistic timeframes can severly In addition to this, an estimate of energy
affect the project budget as well as quality. consumption should be prepared as carefully
as possible by considering the energy unit
3.4.5 Availability of materials / technology tariff set by the government. These Guidelines
assumes electricity as the main energy source in
To produce an energy efficient building, the buildings.
materials should be selected taking into
consideration specifications such as performance, The adjusted unit cost of the electricity tariff is
price, availability, aesthetics and sustainability. set by PLN and is divided into two classifications;
business and industrial.
As part of the design brief the developer should
clearly indicate the quality of the development Numbers for specific energy consumption
and associated construction materials. This (energy consumption per unit area) as indicated
could be a general statement about the intent in the Figure 3 may be used for comparison. The
regarding the development quality. It could Directorate General of New Energy, Renewable
also go further and indicate the desire of the Energy and Conservation strives to continiously
developer to use only local materials or materials update and develop such benchmarks for
sourced from a specific area. Indonesia.
It is important for designers to ensure that the 3.5.3 Environmental performance targets
materials used for the project meet with the
clients requirements. The selection of material In the early stages of building design, objectives
suppliers is based on detailed information about and targets for environmental performance
the performance of their products. should be established and agreed upon in
advance by the building stakeholders along with
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are a useful the consultant.
tool for eliminating building materials that
may be hazardous to the environment and The objective of environmental performance
subsequently endorsing products that are is to improve the environmental sustainability
environmentally prefereable. of the building through reducing the buildings
greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing the
3.5 Performance Targets volume of potable water being consumed and
minimizing the use of resources and waste.
3.5.1 Financial
Issues such as legal requirements, the availability
Building construction is costly and a long-term of technology, and financial constraints/
investment. The owner has a target as to when opportunities should be taken into account for
the investment might yield returns and has an each environmental aspect.
estimated cash flow of the project.
3.5.4 Maintenance and lifecycle performance
The first step is to establish financial targets
which include detailed expenditure and revenue The objective of building maintenance is to
plans. These should be closely linked to the preserve not only the physical condition of
project timeframes. Only then can one estimate the building but also the performance of its
and incorporate the changes in cost that will systems so they continue to function effectively
occur during the design and construction throughout their lifecycle. Generally there
stages. Financial performance targets should is a strong correlation between effective To produce an energy
be categorized into capital costs, expenses, and maintenance and energy efficiency, as efficient building,
income. This method is useful for developing a poor maintenance tends to result in lower the materials should
lifecycle cost performance model. efficiency, and hence a higher cost in relation to be selected taking
performance and operations. into consideration
3.5.2 Energy specifications such
To effectively manage a building over its as equipment
Energy cost is an important element in the lifetime it is important to include in the design performance, price,
financial performance of a building. Setting opportunities for equipment monitoring for all availability, aesthetics
realistic and achievable energy performance of the different performance criteria. This should and sustainability.
targets could greatly improve the energy include meters for electricity and water usage,
efficiency of a building during operation. but could also include temperature, humidity
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 23
and CO2 monitors. The use of an integrated materials; land use and ecology; emissions; and
The GREENSHIP rating Building Mangement system is highly advised innovation.
system is an Indonesian to insure that the performance of the integrated
rating tool used in building systems are easily managed from a The GREENSHIP rating system is an Indonesian
the building industry central system. rating tool used in the building industry
by entrepreneurs, by entrepreneurs, engineers, and other
engineers, and 3.6 Environmental Rating Schemes stakeholders to implement best practices and
other stakeholders achieve measurable standards that can be
to implement best A green building rating tool sets standards and understood by the general public, especially
practices and achieve benchmarks for green buildings, and enables the tenants and building users. GREENSHIP
measurable standards an objective assessment to be made as to how assessment standards cover the areas of
that can be understood green a building is. The rating system sets planning, construction, operation and daily
by the general public, out a menu of all the measures that can be maintenance. Assessment criteria are grouped
especially the tenants incorporated into a building to make it green. into six categories, namely:
and building users. Upon assessment of a building, design points
are awarded according to the sustainability 1. ASD - Appropriate site development (Tepat
measures that have been incorporated into the Guna Lahan)
design. After appropriate weighting, a total 2. EEC - Energy efficiency and conservation
score is arrived at, which determines the final (Efisiensi dan Konservasi Energi)
rating of the building or design. In most cases 3. WAC - Water conservation (Konservasi Air)
green building rating tools have certifications for 4. MRC - Material resources and cycling (Sum-
designs as well as completed buildings. ber dan Siklus Material)
5. IHC - Indoor air health and comfort (Kualitas
It is important for developers wanting to do Udara dan Kenyamanan Ruangan)
energy efficient buildings to consider these tools 6. BEM - Building and environment manage-
since, on average, around a third of these rating ment (Manajemen Lingkungan Bangunan).
tools assessments are based on the energy
performance of the building. 3.7 Design Approach
Well known rating tools include BREEAM 3.7.1 Procurement strategy
(Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method), LEED (Leadership in There are a number of procurement strategies
Energy and Environmental Design) and Green that can be used to appoint a professional team
Star. and contractors for a building project. These can
have implications for the energy performance of
The BREEAM rating system is from the United the building, which are discussed in more detail
Kingdom and consists of 9 categories, namely: in Part 2 Section 9.2 - Construction Process.
management; energy use; health and well-
being; pollution; transport; land use; ecology; The most appropriate approach for a particular
materials; and water. project should be determined based on the
priorities and resources of the owner.
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) program of the U.S. Green 3.7.2 Integrated design approach
Building Council is a rating system for buildings
that assesses energy and environmental
Basic Design
performance. LEED addresses 6 categories,
namely: sustainable sites; water efficiency; Structure Calculation
energy and atmosphere; materials and
Mechanical and Electrical System Design
resources; indoor environmental quality; and
innovation in design. The LEED Green Building Operations and Maintenance
Rating Systems are consensus-based, market-
driven programs that are intended to be
voluntary. Figure 8. Conventional Design Approach
24 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
may be unable to support adequate design
Building
optimizing efforts during individual decoupled manager
design exercises.
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 25
3.7.4 Envelope and structural design etc. The use and success of these depend on
the orientation of the spaces and windows,
The materials of a buildings construction, such the availability of daylight and the use and
as walls, floor, ceiling, windows and roof have a occupancy of the room.
significant role in the thermal performance of
the building. The heat and moisture behavior of Efficient electric lighting systems also reduce
the building envelope is an important aspect in internal heat gain, which can save air
the overall performance of a building. conditioning energy consumption, increase the
potential for natural ventilation, and improve
Energy codes and standards for buildings thermal comfort. To achieve energy savings
typically specify the performance requirements in daylit spaces, electric lighting must be
for the building envelope in terms of an Overall integrated with the daylighting.
Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) to indicate the
amount of heat that flows between the building The specification of certain lighting technologies
and the surrounding environment. In some can have a huge effect on energy efficiency and
cases, the standard defines the requirements should be considered carefully. Efficient design
for the thermal properties of different building strategies, power distribution systems and
Efficient design elements. electrical equipment can increase the energy
strategies, power efficiency of a building and reduce energy
distribution systems A building envelope has an OTTV and Roof consumption and associated costs.
and electrical Thermal Transfer Value (RTTV). To reduce energy
equipment can increase consumption, Indonesia National Standardization 3.7.6 HVAC design
the energy efficiency of Agency has established a standard value of OTTV.
a building and reduce OTTV can be calculated either manually or using Air conditioning (AC) systems are intended
energy consumption software by combining the OTTV on each side of to provide adequate cooling comfort,
and associated costs. the building. dehumidification, and ventilation to an occupied
space. AC sizing, together with zoning and
It is important to define the intended system layout, is an important aspect of AC
performance of the building envelope and to design. AC sizing is a complex issue that needs
set minimum and maximum standards for this to be approached systematically. Appropriate
aspect. It must again be understood that only size depends on many factors, including climate,
meeting the requirements of the SNI codes building configuration, space usage, system
will not necessarily result in an energy efficient zoning and layout. Many factors can lead to
building. It is recommended that developers oversizing an air conditioning system and its
target international best practice when components. When this is done, it is a significant
specifying the desired performance and design contributor to higher energy use.
criteria.
The cooling load calculation is usually set for
3.7.5 Lighting and electrical design the hottest design day. The calculated results
provide no more than the peak load during a
Daylighting can be provided through an 24-hour profile. While the design cooling load
opening in the wall, roof or ceiling via is adequate to determine the total cooling
transparent or translucent panels such as capacity of the AC equipment, optimal selection
windows, glazed doors, skylights or other of AC equipment may need an annual cooling
sources. These glazed apertures are referred to load profile, which can help decide the number
as fenestration. and size of chillers that should be selected to
achieve the most energy efficient operation.
The need for electrical lighting, especially during
daytime, will depend on the size and placement 3.7.7 Computer simulation program
of a buildings windows, the buildings location
and orientation, combined with the use of Computer simulation programs are a powerful
each particular space. The first priority in any tool for energy efficienct building design. The
design should be to maximise the use of natural use of a computer simulation program can be:
daylight before electrical lights are used.The
need for electrical lighting and the associated For existing buildings to understand their
energy consumption can also be reduced by energy performance and how to improve it.
the use of automatic controls such as automatic For new buildings at the design stage:
louvres, daylight sensors, day-night switches, to find the best possible designs that
26 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
explore all possible potentials for creating
a sustainable building (low energy).
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 27
Figure 13. Lighting exposure
28 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
4. Integrated Design Process (IDP)
4.1 Definition of the Integrated Design cross-disciplinary decision-making relative to
building orientation, configuration, building
Process envelope and the overall systems.
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 29
Integrated Design Process performance during the design process, as well
as having a set of parameters against which
the design can be measured throughout the
lifecycle of the building.
30 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
Conventional Design Process
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 31
5. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
5.1 Overview is calculated using life-cycle cost analysis
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is essentially a principles. There are two ways to indicate the
design process for controlling the initial and benefit-to-cost ratio of energy savings:
future costs of property ownership. LCCA can be
implemented at any level of the design process One is the ratio of the total value of
and can also be an effective tool for evaluating British thermal units (BTUs) or kilowatt
existing building systems. LCCA can be used hours (kWh) saved during the lifetime of
to evaluate the cost of a full range of projects, the system compared to the total system
from an entire site complex to a specific building cost (initial cost, operating, maintenance
system component. and repair; and replacement cost).
The other way uses the value of yearly
The importance of energy efficiency as a net energy savings (i.e. the difference
component of the life-cycle cost of a building between the energy saved and
is clear when the energy cost of a building the energy used for operation and
maintenance) divided by the annual
levelized cost of the capital equipment.
Contingency Renovation
Insurance/
Interest Residual
Singapore has been promoting Green Building
Architectural Art/Dcor/Equipt.
Systems Interest/Taxes designs since 1993. There are now more than
(about 40%) Admin/Legal
Survey
1000 certified Greenmark buildings in Singapore.
(Site Invest.) Maintenance
Prof. Fee & Repair
(CM, Tech.) 5.2 Benefits and Uses of Life-Cycle Cost
Structural
Systems Land Acquisition Analysis
(about 25 %)
Operational
The main benefit of life-cycle cost analysis is
that it can be used to understand the economic
Mechanical & Construction Other Costs
Electrical Costs impact of an up-front building design decision
Systems
(about 35 %)
over the entire life of a building. That is, what
Construction
Costs the implementation of a decision now will
cost the building owner over the 30 years of
the buildings operation. Usage of life-cycle
Construction Costs Investment Costs Life-Cycle Costs
cost analyses has been widely implemented
in the construction industry and in product
Figure 18. LCCA for Buildings
manufacturing.
32 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
Conventional Buildings Life-Cycle Costs
16,00
Building Value (in million rupiahs) per m2 floor area
Operation & Maintenance Cost of
Conventional Building
10,50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Figure 19. The Comparison of Conventional and Green Building Life Cycle Costs
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 33
OPERATIONS &
DESIGN CONSTRUCTION
MAINTENANCE
CPR
CONTRACT
ADMINISTRATION
COMMISSIONING
DESIGN CONCEPT
MATERIAL
SAVING OPERATION
BUILDING
PRE DESIGN MAINTENANCE
ENERGY
TECHNICAL
DOCUMENTATION
CONSTRUCTION
DESIGN
AUDIT
DEVELOPMENT
QUALITY POST
DETAIL
CONTROL COMMISSIONING
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
RETROFIT &
REFURBISHMENT
BUILDING MODEL &
SIMULATION
$$$ $$ $
Operational Costs can be saved
by commissioning alone
Figure 20. Energy Saving Phases based on the experience of the panel of experts of this guidelines on building construction.
Repair costs are unanticipated expenditures Facility location, age of the building systems,
needed to prolong the life of a building and variations in the exterior envelope area are
system without replacing the system. An just a few factors that should be considered
example is the repair of a broken window. This when estimating maintenance and repair costs
is an unscheduled event that does not entail for project alternatives. Credible explanations of
replacement of the entire window unit, merely evaluation assumptions should be included in
the replacement of the broken pane. the LCCA.
Some maintenance costs are incurred annually 3) Replacement Cost (scheduled replacement of
and others less frequently. Repair costs are building system components)
by definition unforeseen so it is impossible to
predict when they will occur. For simplicity, The third step in the completion of the
maintenance and repair costs should be treated LCCA for a project alternative is to define all
as annual costs. All maintenance and repair costs future replacement costs of the alternative.
are to be discounted to their present value prior Replacement costs are anticipated expenditures
to addition to the LCCA total. to major building system components that are
required to maintain the operation of a facility.
It is important to note that all options are not All replacement costs are to be discounted to
created equal. At first glance, maintenance and their present value prior to addition to the LCCA
repair costs could be judged to be equal for all total.
alternatives. However, it must be asked if it is
possible that one alternative is more susceptible Replacement costs are typically generated
to damage than another. by replacement of a building system or
component that has reached the end of its
34 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
useful life. An example of a replacement cost The residual value of a project alternative can be
is the replacement of a boiler. A boiler has a established in several different ways depending The residual value of
life expectancy that is shorter than that of on the extent of details available. However, a facility or building
the facility it serves. At some point it will fail project solutions that opt for a new replacement system is especially
and require replacement to keep the facility facility in lieu of a renovation or addition to the important when
operational. existing facility should establish residual value evaluating project
on a building system basis. alternatives that
4) Residual Value (value of facility at end of project have different life
period) 5.4 Cost vs. savings, as it relates to effort expectancies.
The fourth step in the completion of the LCCA To achieve these savings requires a three
of a project alternative is to define the residual pronged approach, as shown in the Figure 21.
value of the alternative. Residual value is the net
worth of a building or building system at the end a. Reorganizing housekeeping: without any ad-
of the LCCA building period. This is the only cost ditional investment, changing the behaviour of
staff and occupants could save about 5 10% of
category in a LCCA where a negative value, one
energy costs.
that reduces cost, is acceptable.
b. Modifying equipment: with minor investments
The residual value of a facility or building system such as key tags (in hotel) or thermal / movement
is especially important when evaluating project and daylight sensors, could save about 7 15%.
alternatives that have different life expectancies.
An example is the evaluation of two roofing c. Modifying processes: with a major investment
alternatives, a metal roof and a composition in process and plant modification, such as a gas
shingle roof. absorption chiller, ice bank storage or capacitor
bank, could save about 15 30%.
The shingle roof has a life span of 20 years
whereas the metal roof is expected to last 40 Table 7, on the next 2 pages, presents the
years. In a LCCA over a 30-year building period energy saving opportunities in several building
the shingle roof will have to be replaced, thus components based on experience in the field.
incurring replacement costs. The metal roof will
not require replacement; thus no replacement The table is derived from the Technical Manual
costs will be incurred. The residual value of each of the SNI - Energy Audit Procedures in Buildings
option is to be calculated as follows: (2000). This handbook has never been updated
but is still considered relevant to the state of
Metal Roof Residual Value = buildings, especially existing buildings. To
(Initial Cost) x (Age of Metal Roof/Metal Roof Life - 1) this table has been added several items in
connection with the development of more
Shingle Roof Residual Value = sophisticated technologies after the year 2000.
(Initial Cost) x (Age of Shingle Roof/Shingle Roof Life - 1)
30%
E x is Sav
tin in g
Ener g
gy
Cost
Hou
F u tu se k
eepi
E n e re Equ
i
ng
Cos y
rg M od pm ent
t ific a
tio n
P ro c
Mod e s
ific a s
tio n
Figure 21. Energy Saving Phases. Source: Industrial Sector Energy Audit DJLEB, Jakarta 1986
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 35
Items Average Saving
I. Electrical Systems
36 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
Items Average Saving
28 Reduce the area of glazing and install thermal shutter **) 0.5-5.0
VI. Elevators/Lifts
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 37
By utilising this
From Table 7, it can be seen that better energy
efficiency can be achieved in most buildings by:
5.5 Conclusion
approach it is possible Using life-cycle analysis, property owners and
to better understand Increasing the room temperature from developers have a chance to assess the benefits
and create more 22oC to 25oC to reduce the cooling load. as well as the financial implications of fitting,
certainty around the Operating a fan in AHU (Air Handling replacing, retrofitting, and changing building
potential savings Unit) from 10 to 9,5 hours to save energy materials, building components, and mechanical
that are achievable consumption. and electrical components for energy efficient
in a project. Replacing ordinary light bulbs with solutions before any decisions are made. It also
energy efficient ones to increase lumen allows a fair comparison of the full financial
and reduce energy consumption. impact of different systems over the entire
Reducing air leaks to prevent loss of lifetime of the building.
cooled air and the infiltration of hot air.
5.5.1 Summation
These actions could save about 3.2 14.1 %
energy cost for a building. There are great benefits to property owners and
developers that use the tools available to them,
Furthermore, using different types of air such as life-cycle cost analysis, to maximise the
conditioning systems could impact energy cost energy conservation opportunities that are
(see Table 8). Compared to the conventional available for their buildings.
water-cooled refrigerant chiller used in
most constructions, the following savings These tools enable decision makers to make
are achievable by replacing this system with more informed and better decisions in building
different technology. development. By utilising this approach it is
possible to better understand and create more
certainty around the potential savings that are
Type of Chiller % Saving Operation Cost achievable in a project.
(examples)
- Air cooled gas It is clear that Indonesian standards, codes, and
absorption chiller 38% Rp. 23.864.040, regulations are not keeping up with the fast
-Air cooled development of building and energy efficiency
reciprocating chiller 50% Rp. 31.315.200, requirements and technology. As a result
-Water cooled gas some of these should be revised and renewed.
absorption chiller 74% Rp. 46.190.400,- Adopting international best practices could
accelerate this process by filling the gap of
- technical requirements with regards to energy
Table 8. Saving Cost on Chiller efficiency building standards.
Most additional capital costs for existing 5.5.2 International Energy Efficiency Trends
buildings are usually caused by the requirement
to provide an integrated building system A lot of energy efficiency standards which have
which will meet and fulfill regulations, codes, already been applied around the world can,
and technical standards along with other with slight modification and arrangement,
requirements needed to achieve an energy be implemented in Indonesia, especially the
efficient building. methods used for reducing carbon footprint.
The opportunites for energy savings, during New codes and regulations related to renewable
the operational stages of the building is best energy could also become an important
realised by replacing or retrofitting conventional consideration in energy efficient and green
systems with integrated energy efficient building design.
building systems.
38 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
6. Operations and Maintenance
6.1 Warning Signs of Inefficient Energy 6.2 Understanding the Existing Building
Use in Existing Buildings
Understanding the Existing Building
A few warning signs that building managers and
building owners can look out for are: Building Energy Audit Energy Human Behavior
Modeling Management
Increase in electricity/energy usage and System
water usage in the building. - Owner Project - Historical Energy - HVAC - Building
Tenant complaints regarding uncomfor- Consider Requirement Consumption - Lighting Systems policy for
table temperatures and humidity, loud - Design - Weather data - Proper Sensor energy efficient
noise from air diffusers, (poor occupant Parameters - Occupancy/ Maintenance appliances
comfort typically means inefficient air- - Cooling Load People Traffic - Proper Control - Observe actual
conditioning, but it can also be caused - Dry Bulb/Wet - Energy end use - Proper operation
by other factors such as higher thermal Bulb Temp. breakdown Commissioning procedure
loads from the sun or equipment; than the - Target Indoor - Hourly Simulation - Periodic - Observe actual
AC was designed to cope with whereas Temp. & RH recalibration maintenance
loud noise from air diffusers may mean an - Artificial Lighting for optimum procedure
inefficient air handling unit). performance - Behavior that
For buildings using chillers, monitor the allows outside
approach temperature on the condenser air infiltration
and evaporator side and look out for - Educate tenants
changes. on energy
Compare the actual energy consumption efficiency
of the building against the design To understand To compare To automate To understand
parameters or available standard data for Goals energy actual energy control and impact human
similar building types. consumption consumptions monitoring of on energy use
according to design and find lectromechanical
These warning signs are easily tracked by design opportunities to equipments
measurements and the recording of electricity/ be more efficient
energy usage, water usage, temperature Documentation on Audit report on Lower energy - Update
and relative humidity. Tracking these simple Result building model energy use and use of building building policy
parameters and tackling the issues early will be suggestions on - Education
more cost efficient. energy saving campaign
measures for tenants
Table 9. Understanding Existing Building
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 39
6.2.1 Existing building modeling Energy benchmarking uses the actual
building energy consumption and compares
To know if a device is inefficient, it needs to be it with a similar building (or with itself). With
compared with a standard (baseline). Likewise, a benchmarking, the building efficiency can be
buildings efficiency is relative to a standard and compared; however there are no detailed and
is typically addressed in the design phase. When regurlarly updated energy usage benchmarks
the building is in operation, the standard is the currently available for Indonesia.
building design.
Building Energy Modelling will produce an
estimated electricity consumption, and also
a simulation of energy use patterns. This
technology can be used to assist in making
decisions about the replacement and retrofitting
of building systems by modeling the energy
usage of the equipment that will be installed.
Oce equipment
Tenant lighting
Common area lighting
Air conditioning
Lifts
Figure 22. Building Energy Modeling compared to other methods (From http:// Hot water
images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/rem_icf_report.pdf)
Figure 24. Example of Energy usage simulation for a Building Red is actual, black is simulated (Source:
Calibration of a detailed simulation model to energy monitoring system data: a methodology and case study,
Raftery et al, 2009)
40 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
On every project, the auditors aim is to identify simulation tools to accurately evaluate
health, safety and energy problems and figure the selected energy retrofits. Operations
out the best ways to solve them cost-effectively. and Maintenance changes may also be
The scope of the energy audit, complexity of the part of the recommendation.
calculations, and economic evaluation varies on Level III Investment-Grade audit:
each audit and should be discussed thoroughly Detailed Survey and Analysis of
with the energy auditor. Capital-Intensive Modifications
focusing on potentially costly ECMs/
Indonesia also has a Standard Audit Energy ECOs requiring rigorous engineering
Procedure for Buiding (SNI 6196:2011). study which stresses the return of
Depending on the purpose there are four levels investment (ROI) of the modifications.
of auditing: walk through, preliminary, and Additional measurements such as hourly
detailed audit. simulations can be part of the audit.
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 41
Figure 26. Continuous cost reduction with energy management (Source: DIN EN 160001: EMS in Practice, Federal Ministry
for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany, 2010)
Figure 27. Plan-Do-Act-Check Cycle. (Source: DIN EN 160001: EMS in Practice, Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany, 2010)
42 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
A functioning energy management system A framework for promoting energy
enables organizations to continuously and efficiency throughout the supply chain. Up to 5% of total
systematically improve its energy performance. building energy usage
The energy management system in ISO 50001 can be saved as a
Setting up an effective energy management follows the PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) cycle. result of educating
system in an enterprise must be a top-to- The PDCA cycle provides a framework for tenants and changing
bottom process. An enterprise structure and the continuous improvement of processes or energy consuming
policy that supports the energy management systems. It is a dynamic model - the results of behaviors to energy
activities is the most important component for a one cycle form the basis for the next one. This saving behaviors.
successful energy management system. Another structure enables the ability to continuously
important component is an energy manager reassess and optimize the current energy
within the company structure who drives the consumption and to gradually reduce costs.
processes to reach energy management goals.
With greater focus on energy efficiency from the
The ISO 50001 standard is based on the government in Indonesia, commercial buildings
common elements found in other ISOs using 6000kVA of power and above will be
management system standards, assuring a high required to have an energy manager in the near
level of compatibility with ISO 9001 (quality future.
management) and ISO 14001 (environmental
management). ISO 50001 prescribes the 6.2.4 Human behavior
following processes:
Human behavior can also greatly impact
A framework for integrating energy energy efficiency. Behavior such as turning off
efficiency into management practices. equipment when not in use, choosing energy
Making better use of existing energy- efficient equipment, and changing behaviors
consuming assets. that increase building loads, such as opening
Benchmarking, measuring, documenting, windows to allow outside air in, leaving doors
and reporting energy intensity improve- or barriers open to non-air conditioned areas
ments and their projected impact on etc., will impact overall building efficiency.
reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) Education, incentives and policies can inspire
emissions. tenants and staff to save energy. Up to 5% of
Transparency and communication re- total building energy usage can be saved as
garding the management of energy a result of educating tenants and changing
resources. energy consuming behaviors to energy saving
Energy management best practices and behaviors.
good energy management behaviors.
Evaluating and prioritizing the imple- The following results have been obtained after
mentation of new energy efficient providing training awareness in a hotel in Jakarta
technologies. as shown in the Table 10.
2 Occupant rate % 77 70 93 96
7 % Electrical vs Revenue % 19 17 18 11
Table 10. The influence of energy consumption and revenue for Energy Efficiency awareness training results
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 43
To encourage behavior changes, the building to save 60kWh on pump running costs for the
manager should include energy efficient policies entire life span of the building. Note: Oversizing
in the tenancy agreement. One example would is a common practice in the industry to provide safety
be having a policy that only allows equipment margins to calculated requirements. However, the pump
that meets a minimum energy star rating to be in this example is significantly oversized.
used in the building.
6.4 What is commissioning?
6.3 Commissioning and Building Tuning
A commissioning plan consists of:
Commissioning is a quality assurance oriented
process for achieving, verifying and documenting Commissioning Procedures
that the performance of facilities, systems and Commissioning Checklist sheets and
assemblies which were planned, designed, installed, forms
tested, operated and maintained meets defined Commissioning Schedule
objectives and criteria. (ASHRAE Guideline O). Data to be recorded
6.3.1 Why proper commissioning and tuning is The term commissioning comes from
worth doing? shipbuilding. A commissioned ship is one
deemed ready for service. However, before
A real-life example of how commissioning being awarded this title, a ship must pass
can be beneficial is evident in a commercial several key stages. Equipment is installed and
building in Jakarta that was running a big tested, problems are identified and corrected,
pump for its chilled-water loop. Before and the prospective crew is extensively trained.
commissioning the pump was measured to be A commissioned ship is one whose materials,
using 75kWh of energy for its operations. After systems, and staff have successfully completed a
proper commissioning, the same pump was thorough quality assurance process.
measured to be using 15kWh of energy with
no performance shortcomings to the building. Building commissioning is the process of
This simple commissioning step required NO verifying that all the subsystems such as
additional capital investment, yet managed electrical, fire/safety, HVAC, plumbing, building
Proper O&M
Test and Commissioning not as BAU
Design Verification
44 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
envelopes, interior systems, backup systems, The realization of long term performance in
lighting, wastewater, controls, and building a building is dependent on the continuous
security achieve the project requirements successful operation of its various systems. Thus
intended by the building owner and designed it is essential that the operators of the buildings
by the building architects and engineers. systems have a thorough understanding of
the relevant aspects of the system for which
The commissioning process consists of 5 they are responsible. This is achieved through a
components: comprehensive commissioning process.
Commisioning
Goal -Equipement working -Configure setting -Transfer knowledge Collect performance -Rightsizing
as designed & optimize -Train to operate data equipment
-Simulation Test -Compare to properly -Repeat -Optimum result with
(smoke test, etc.) design & OPR -Train to troubleshoot selected System minimum energy
-Interoperability of performance test
equipments -Review energy bills
Result -Test documents -Commisioning report -Operations and -Monitoring report -System tuning report
(Checklist of test, -Report of system Maintenance Manuel -Report of system -System performance
result, etc) deficiency & -Training documents deficiency & report
-QA Documents corrective actions -Checklists corrective actions -Report of system
-Simulation test report -System performance -System performance deficiency &
- Report of report report corrective actions
corrective actions
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 45
6.4.2 Commissioning in operational and maintenance procedures.
The goal is to optimize the equipment and
Commissioning includes configuring, setting, subsystems to operate as efficiently as
and optimizing all equipment and subsystems designed. In most cases, the systems installed
of a building. Ideally this should be done by a are oversized (pumps, fan, AHU), therefore
third party, a commisioning agent that operates rightsizing the operation of all related energy
as an independent consultant. A report with any consuming equipment may reduce energy
past system deficiencies identified and how they consumption quite significantly.
were resolved, including any outstanding issues
or seasonal testings scheduled for later during
the warranty phase, is typically produced. So
6.5 Retro-commissioning, Retrofit &
is a report on system performance test results Refurbishment
and evaluations. The Commissioning Agent also
have to evaluate if each of the systems meet the Retro-commissioning is the execution of the
Owners Project Requirements (OPR) and design. commissioning process to existing buildings.
Retro-commissioning is a process that seeks
6.4.3 Training to improve building equipment, system
performance, and inter-operability. Depending
Testing and Commissioning organizes the on the age of the building, retrocommissioning
training for all operators (chiller, pump, cooling can often resolve problems that occurred during
tower, elevator, generator) in a proper sequence the design or construction phase, or address
to allow the operators to get a complete and problems that have developed during its life.
logical overview and understand how to operate More simply, retro-commissioning a building
the utilities properly, safely and efficiently. improves its operations and maintenance (O&M)
procedures in order to enhance overall building
This should be done after the Post Construction performance.
Evaluation meeting, attended by representatives
from MK, Quantity Surveyor, Architect, Owners For older buildings, energy audits or retro-
Engineer, Mechanical Engineer and Operations commissioning may recommend a retrofit
& Maintenance. During the meeting an asset list and refurbishment of systems or equipment.
is handed over and a training schedule is made Though some retrofits/refurbishments are
along with a discussion on how the building often associated with high costs, they can also
actually compares to OPR and the building provide significant savings. Thus there is a need
concept. Building concept discussions can also to evaluate cost vs. savings and the benefits of
address matters such as whether the 9th floor retrofits and refurbishments.
of a particualr building can be converted from
office space into a restaurant. The energy weakness of a 20 or 30 year old
building may include:
6.4.4 Monitoring
Wear and tear on equipment, especially
During the warranty phase, the commissioning motors, will reduce energy efficiency of a
agent, staff, and representatives of the architect, device, thus increasing operational costs.
engineer and contractor teams shall verify the Insulation most likely needs to be
Testing and on-going system performance by repeating repaired or completely refurbished
Commissioning selected System Performance Tests and by especially for chilled water risers.
organizes the training reviewing energy bills and other performance- State-of-the-art equipment may run
for all operators (chiller, related documentation. The commissioning efficiently with only 30% of the energy
pump, cooling tower, agent shall prepare a report to the building use of older equipment, thus saving
elevator, generator) manager stipulating any issues with the on- 70% on the operational costs of the
in a proper sequence going system performance and/or confirming equipment. (Example: most 20 year old
to allow the operators that the systems are functioning as designed. chillers in the market may run at 1.5kW/
to get a complete and TR; nowadays chillers are available that
logical overview and 6.4.5 Tuning run at 0.5kW/TR)
understand how to
operate the utilities If equipment and subsystems are not Conducting an energy audit or retro-
properly, safely performing as designed during any of the commissioning on a building can help to
and efficiently. tests, tuning must be undertaken, typically evaluate whether a capital investment is worth it
by configuring settings or making changes or not. Sometimes a simple retro-commissioning
46 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
can reveal ways of optimizing equipment, thus
reducing operational costs without additional
6.6 Energy Efficient Appliances Equipment
capital investment. Over time equipment and appliances installed maintenance and
in a building by the tenants may contribute to system tuning, which
6.5.1 Cost vs. savings significant energy use if they are not efficient. can generate savings
Furthermore, tenants must be educated on without retrofitting
The most important factor of any capital energy efficient appliances and their impact and refurbishing should
expenses is cost compared to real savings, which on overall building operational costs. Tenants also be considered.
is calculated as return on investment (ROI). Some must abide by building policies that only allow Some maintenance
retrofits may provide significant savings, such equipment and appliances with a minimum and system tuning
as replacing old chillers that use old technology energy efficiency rating in the building. can lower the energy
with new more efficient chillers. This could use of a system
also provide an opportunity to replace an old Example and also optimize
oversized chiller with a new smaller capacity performance systems.
chiller. A more accurate appreciation of what size
is really needed can be obtained by analyzing CRT Monitor LCD Monitor
the log-sheet and results of the energy audit. 17 inch 15 inch (equivalent viewing area)
A lifecycle cost analysis of equipment may also 80W 25W (operational)
offer better insight into whether or not the
investment into new equipment is a feasible This is a 55 Watt savings per monitor or 69%
choice. lower energy use. When there are 1,000 monitors
in a building, this can result in a savings of 55kW.
6.5.2 Benefits of retrofit and refurbishment for
energy efficiency
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 47
7. Extract from the Technical Design Guide 2
To encourage and promote energy efficient design for buildings and their services, the following key factors need to be
considered based on a summary of the more detailed discussion in Part II of these guidelines.
Aspect Description Impact to Capital Cost Impact to Operation Cost Best Practice Remark Refer to
Consideration
Climate Temperature Higher cost for Higher cost for higher - 34oC DB and Part 2
higher temperature temperature 28oC WB Chapter 3
and
Relative Humidity Higher cost for Higher cost for - 55% - 97% Part 3
higher humidity higher humidity
Thermal Temperature The lower chiller Increase of 1oC = 25,5 + 1,5 oC SNI 6390 - 2011 Part 2
Comfort capacity, the lower reduce total energy Chapter 4
capital cost consumption 5%
Relative Humidity The lower chiller Increasing RH will decrease 60 + 5% SNI 6390 -2011 Part 2 Chapter 4
capacity, the lower operational cost and Part 3
capital cost
Air Movement Slightly additional Increasing air movement Combination AC 0, 25 m/sec Part 2 Chapter
cost for ceiling fan from 0,25 m/s to 0,8 m/s system and ceiling fan (ASHRAE) 4&5
could increase room
temperature from 25oC to
27oC reduce total energy
consumption 10%
Ventilation Rates Higher cost Higher cost with higher 2.5 L/s/person ASHRAE Part 2 Chapter 4
with higher ventilation rates 0.3 L/s/m2 of
ventilation rates outside air
48 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
Aspect Description Impact to Capital Cost Impact to Operation Cost Best Practice Remark Refer to
Consideration
Lighting Day Light No cost Saving more than 50% 300 lux (room depth GBCI Part 2 Chapter 4&5
lighting energy cost equal to twice
window height)
Light Power Density T5 no additional cost Replace by T5 reduced 8-12 Watt/m2 SNI 6197-2011 Part 2 Chapter
for new building, lighting energy 4.8.1
high potential for consumption up to 30%
retrofitting 2 year PP
LED Additional cost Replace by LED reduced 8-12 Watt/m2 SNI 6197-2011 Part 2 Chapter
for new building, lighting energy 4.8.1
have max years consumption up to 50%
payback period
Building envelope Lower cost WWR lower The lower WWR the lower *)Hypotetic Building - Part 2 Chapter
- WWR constrction cost energy consumption Singapore 6.1, 6.2
Building envelope Higher insulation cost Higher insulation cost Reduce heat gain SNI 6389-2011 Part 2 Chapter
- insulation save chiller investment lower energy consumption by calculating 6.1, 6.2
OTTV 35 W/m2
Cross ventilation No cost Significantly reduced Opening area 5/10% Suitable for low Part 2 Chapter
operational cost of floor area rise building only 4.4, 5.6
Energy Modeling for Consultant cost Significantly reduced energy Involving the energy EEI 250 kWh/m2/y Part 2 Chapter
Simulation optimization consumption around 50% expert from the 7.1, 7.2
initial design stage
Building System Integrated Expertise cost Significantly reduced energy Involving the energy EEI 250 kWh/m2/y Part 2 Chapters
approach to consumption around 50% expert from the 8 and 9
pursue an energy initial design state
building system
Procurement LCC analysis Higher cost for Lower operation Quality assurance NPV approach Part 2 Chapter 10
quality materials maitenance and repair and certification
and equipment
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 49
8. Conclusion
By considering various aspects which affect c. Passive cooling
building design, construction, and operational Site location and orientation of a building
such as climate, thermal comfort, passive where the wall opening faces in a North-South
cooling, energy simulation, and building systems direction will not add to capital costs and will
and procurement, the target of an energy give a substantial savings on operational costs.
efficient building can be accomplished. Furthermore, a building form and building
configuration which has less perimeter wall will
8.1 Summation give lower capital costs.
Building parameters which affect the use of Building envelope covering window-wall-ratio
energy are: (WWR) and wall insulation will impact energy
consumption while cross-ventilation could
a. Climate reduce operational costs significantly.
Locations where the temperature, relative
humidity, and radiation are quite high will d. Energy simulation
impact capital costs. Wind flow has no effect Using modeling simulation by involving experts
on initial costs but with some modification and computer software at the early design
to building designs, it can result in lower stage will not only give a better building design
operational costs. solution, but also the opportunity to reduce
energy consumption during building occupancy.
b. Thermal comfort
The internal building environment, where e. Building systems
the temperature and relative humidity can be Using an integrated building system approach
controlled, can lower the capital and operational by involving experts from the early design stage
costs. However, controlling air movement could will create a more energy efficient building
result in additional capital costs but would still system.
reduce total energy consumption, which could
therefore reduce operational costs. f. Procurement
The owner should consider life-cycle costs more
Ventilation rates will result in both capital and than focusing on initial costs. The lower initial
operational costs; and daylight will impact costs will usually result in higher operational and
capital costs and saving opportunities for maintenance costs.
lighting energy costs. Furthermore, replacing the
type of lamp will impact light power density and
give opportunities to reduce plug loads.
50 Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners
8.2 Indonesian Standards, Regulations
and Codes
To provide an energy efficient building the
building owners and developers should
always try to exceed the requirements of
existing regulations, technical standards
and requirements, and other building codes
pertinent to energy efficiency.
Energy Efficiency Guidelines for Building Design in Indonesia - 1 Developers and Buildings Owners 51
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Printed in Jakarta, Indonesia.