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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Introduction - Water Quality Modeling
Water quality models simulate the fate of pollutants &
state of selected water quality variables in water
bodies
Incorporates variety of physical, chemical, &
biological processes which control the transport and
transformation of these variables
Temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, pH, and
light attenuation coefficients important parameters
Watershed pollutant loading
Each water quality model has its own set of
characteristics and requirements- ( some models can
be applied to several types of water bodies and some
models only y for particular
p water bodies))
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Types of Water Quality Modeling
Water quality is modeled by one or more of the
following
g formulations:
Advective transport formulations;
Dispersive transport formulation;
Heat budget formulation;
Di
Dissolved
l d oxygen saturation;
t ti R
Reaeration
ti
Carbonaceous deoxygenation, Sediment, BOD,
pH, Alkalinity, Nutrients, Algae, Microorganism
etc
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water Quality Hydrological Cycle
Emissions: (Ex = out of) from the users point of view
(community, factory, etc. )
Avoidance and reduction of pollution into the
environment - sanitary engineering
Immissions: (In = into) - from the water body
bodyss point
of view: consequences of pollution, injections, etc.
Environmental fluid mechanics: flow and transport in
surface
f waters
t (rivers
( i and
d lakes);
l k ) flow
fl andd transport
t t
in soil and groundwater; flow & transport in the
atmosphere Overland Precipitation
Evaporation
River
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Flow towards Ocean
Water Quality Modeling Water Cycle
Industry
Process
engineering
Laws
Trade
Laws
Domestic
Stormwater
overflow Laws
Waste Laws
water Drinking &
treatment industrial water
Water Substances -
Water Substances
Governing laws -
Conservation Laws
CV Macro scale
Elementary CV - Micro
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water Quality Modeling - Hydrodynamics
Conservation of Mass:
Mass balance in a CV
Incompressible fluids
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water Quality Modeling - Hydrodynamics
Conservation of Momentum
Navier-Stokes equations
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water QM-
QM- Hydrodynamics & Transport
Diffusive processes: Molecular diffusion; Turbulent
diffusion & dispersion
Molecular diffusion is a transport process that
originates from molecular activity (Brownian
movement). The driving force for molecular diffusion
is a concentration gradient.
The molecular diffusion is described by the molecular
diffusion coefficient Dm.
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water QM Hydrodynamics & Transport
Turbulent fluctuation
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water QM
QM-- Hydrodynamics & Transport
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Ref: Lecture notes on Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Prof. H. Kobus,
Dept. Civil Engg., Uni. Stuttgart, Germany
Water Quality Modeling
Diff i
Diffusion
Dispersion in a River
Turbulence
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Ref: Lecture notes on Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Prof. H. Kobus,
Dept. Civil Engg., Uni. Stuttgart, Germany
WQM-- Transport in Rivers & Canals
WQM
One dimensional transport:
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Ref: Lecture notes on Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Prof. H. Kobus,
Dept. Civil Engg., Uni. Stuttgart, Germany
WQM-- Transport in Rivers & Canals
WQM
One dimensional transport equation
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Ref: Lecture notes on Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Prof. H. Kobus,
Dept. Civil Engg., Uni. Stuttgart, Germany
WQM-- Oxygen regime of Rivers
WQM
Streeter- Phelps Equation for oxygen regime
O2 content in mg/l
Time in days
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Ref: Lecture notes on Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Prof. H. Kobus,
Dept. Civil Engg., Uni. Stuttgart, Germany
Groundwater Transport Modeling
h h h
Tx T y S Qw ( x xi )( y y i ) q s
2D non-homogeneous x x y y t
confined aquifer-Flow
aquifer Flow
Equation
h h h
2D non homogeneous x x y y t Q ( x x )( y y ) q
non-homogeneous K K Sx y y w i i s
unconfined aquifer-
Flow Equation
q h h
vx K x v K
x y
y y
2D Transport equation
c c c c'W
R D D
xx yy ( x ) ( y )
V c V c Rc
t x x y y x y nb
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Water Quality Numerical Modeling
Numerical procedures- approx. sol. to most of field problems.
Transform a complex practical problem into a simple discrete
form of mathematical description
Recreate & solve the problem on a computer, & finally reveal
phenomena virtually according to requirements of analysts.
analysts
Numerical or approximate solution for a complex problem
efficiently, as long as proper numerical method is used.
Numerical methods are used to analyze these phenomena like
Finite Difference Method (FDM)
Finite Element Method (FEM)
Finite Volume Method (FVM)
Method of Characteristics (MoC)
Boundary
B d El
Element Method
M h d (BEM)
Meshfree Method (MFree) 21
Surface Water Quality Models
WASP Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, US
EPA: Interpret & predict water quality responses to natural
phenomena and manmade pollution for various pollution
management decisions
QUAL2K - river and stream water quality model
Aquatox- simulation model for aquatic systems;
predicts the fate of various pollutants, such as
nutrients & organic chemicals, & effects on ecosystem
EPD-RIV1- Riverine Hydrodynamic and Water
Quality Model, a system of programs to perform 1D
dynamic hydraulic & water quality simulations
SWMM Storm Water Management Model
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Groundwater Quality Models
7000
6000
Zone I
5000 L Factor
Kekti 1 2y
Y (m)
4000 Zone II Yamunanag
Markandey ar
a River Gundv Nehrunag
3000
Zone ad ar
2000 III
1,2 Red
L
MudLagoon
1000
0 24
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200 7800 8400 9000
X (m)
Case study..
Watershed area-
area 72 sq
sq. km
km, basaltic
terrain on northern side of Belgaum. Parameter Value
Watershed is drained by Markandeya
river in the north y
Hydraulic
Red mud- hydrous silt muddy, highly Conductivity
alkaline solid waste produced by (m/day)
physical
p y and chemical treatments of Zone I 0.5
bauxite in alumina production. Zone II 1
Red mud is harmful to the ecological Zone III 2
environment, safety of its storage has
b
become an environmental
i l problem
bl off Longitudinal
i di l 50
0
concern. dispersivity (m)
Natural recharge of 65 mm/yr is given
as input to the flow model.
model Transverse 5
The seepage from red mud ponds is dispersivity (m)
simulated as additional recharge (130 Specific Yield 0.2
mm/yr) from the ponds.
ponds
Case study.. Mategaonkar, Meenal, (2012). Ph.D. Thesis,
Dept. Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
4 1
8000
0
7500
1 6 7 9 10 12
7000 6 8 1 6 1
1 6 9
6500 0
2 4 5 7
6000 0 5 6
5 1 2 3 3 6 6 8
5500 3 5 1 7 3 8
3 5 102
5000 02 3
1 1 4 5 7 12
4500 9 3 3 9
1 7 2
Y(m)
3 6 100
4000
Y
4 0
2 3 5 5
3500 1 33 0 9
2 4 4 7 113
3000 2 0 0
6 9
Support
2500
Nodes 4 5 9 D
Domain
i
3
2000 7 6 6 Mategaonkar Meenal, Eldho T.I. (2011).
Pumping 8 6 Simulation of groundwater flow &
1500 wells
Observation 7
wells 7 122 contaminant transport in unconfined
1000 9 aquifer using Meshfree Point Collocation
500 Method. IPWE -2011, Jan. 3-7, 2011-
9 107 NUS, Singapore.
0 2 84009000
0 600120018002400300036004200480054006000660072007800
X (m)
8000
8000
7500
7000
7000 0.0025
6500 m/d
6000
6000
5500
755
5000 750 5000
4500 745
Y(m)
( )
740
4000 4000
735
3500
730
3000 3000
2500
2000 2000
1500
1000 1000
500
0 0
0 600 12001800 2400300036004200 480054006000 66007200780084009000 0 900 1800 2700 3600 4500 5400 6300 7200 8100 9000
X (m) X (m)
7500
7000 7000
6500
6000 6000
5500
Y (m)
5000 5000
4500
Y (m)
4000 4000
3500
3000 3000
2500
2000 2000
1500
1000 1000
500
0 0
0 600 12001800240030003600420048005400600066007200780084009000 0 600 12001800240030003600420048005400600066007200780084009000
X (m) X (m)
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Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Unsolved Problem!.