Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Paint and Coatings

SBEQ1822
MATERIAL & SPECIFICATIONS
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

The Colour Wheel

 Lecture Outline
Deni&on
Purpose of paint
Proper&es of paint
Classica&on of Paint and Coa&ngs
Paint nishes
Types of paint
Applying paint system and process
Common defects in pain&ng
Innova&on in pain&ng
Deni.on
Paint is a coloured substance which is spread
over a surface and dries by a variety of
chemical process to a solid and thin state as
decora&ve or protec&ve coa&ng.

Synonym name such as colouring, colourant,

&nt, dye, stain, pigment, wash, colour and
vanish.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Purpose of Paint
Purpose of paint as:
Decora&on
Protec&on
Iden&ca&on
Sanita&on
Pain&ng is used to prevent deteriora&on of
interior & exterior wall coa&ngs, metals, &mber,
roof and &les coa&ngs
Pain&ng is expensive, but the cost of lost
performance and consequent repairs greater.
Sample of Paint Manufacturer
The application of paint in
various industry
1. Buildings
2. Road marking
1. BUILDINGS
3. Automo&ve paint
2. ROAD MARKING
4. AircraM industry
3. AUTOMATIVE PAINT
5. Marine industry
4. AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY
6. Furniture & wood
5. MARINE INDUSTRY
7. Bridges & structural steel works
6. FURNITURE & WOOD
8. Heavy duty coa&ng
7. BRIDGES & STRUCTURAL STEEL WORKS
8. HEAVY DUTY COATING
 Paint proper.es

Binder
Solvent
Solvents (Liquids)
Pigment
Addi&ves Pigments
Additives

Resins (Binder)
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Proper.es of Paint
Paint usually consists of pigments and a binder
(oil or water-based)

That is why, long-term storage will cause the two

cons&tuents of the paint to separate in the can;

When you want to reuse it, the contents of the

can must be well s&rred to ensure that the
pigments and the binder are uniformly mixed.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Proper.es of Paint
Properties of Paint
1. Pigments
These are colouring agents, providing also opacity
and to some extent strength.
Pigments are divided into 2 groups
1) Prime pigment Titanium Dioxide, Zinc Oxide
as base provide brightness, whiteness, opacity
2) Extender or ller pigment Calcite, Talc, Mica
serve to thicken the lm, support its structure
Special pigments are used to give metallic
nishes or as hard wearing nishes (road
marking)
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Proper.es of Paint
Properties of Paint
2. Solvent
- To act as carrier for the pigments and resin
- Ease the applica&on of paint
- Act same eect as thinner
- For emulsion paint, the solvent is simply
water; for resin-based paint use
turpen&ne as solvent
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Proper.es of Paint
Properties of Paint
3. Binder
- That part of paint that holds together the
pigments and other chemicals (addi&ves)
- Categorised by Oil based or Water based
- Become harden to produce thin paint lm .
- This is aected by:
Temperature
Humidity
3- Binder


Oil-based
ADVANTAGES
binder DISADVANTAGES

It goes on smoother Easy to crack, fade
Covers more and yellow over
thoroughly in one &me
coat
The fumes can be
Shrinks less
overwhelming
Takes longer to dry Cleanup solvents
so you have more
working &me
like mineral spirits
Holds up well in high-
and turpen&ne are
trac areas necessary for
washing brushes

 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Proper.es of Paint
4. Addi.ves
To enhance paint performance on certain
proper&es such as ease of brushing, drying,
sag resistance etc.
These include:
Extender
Driers
Plasticisers
Light stabilisers.
Insec&cides and fungicides.
 4 - Addi.ves

 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Paint: How Its Made

Video
Classica.on of Paint
 Guideline for paint applica.on
according to classica.on of paint
For Interior usage
WATER-BASED (LATEX, ACRYLIC) OIL-BASED (ALKYD)

Easily applied and touched up Becer surface penetra&on

Less odour Becer adhesion
Breathable Durability
Non-ammable Becer ow and levelling
Soap and water clean up Dries to a smoother nish with
Quicker drying fewer brush/roller marks
Becer colour reten&on Helps prevent bleed through
 Guideline for paint applica.on
according to classica.on of paint
For exterior usage
Type Characteristics/Use

Easy clean up, durability, and fast drying make latex the choice for amateurs; can be
Latex applied even over damp surfaces; naturally mildew-proof; may be incompa&ble with a
previous oil-based nish.
Actually a type of latex; a water-thinned paint that dries even faster than most and will
Acrylic
cover just about any building material, including masonry and properly primed metal.

Solvent-thinned, synthe&c-resin paint; has most of the same proper&es as oil-based types,
Alkyd
but dries more rapidly; good over old oil- or alkyd-based coa&ngs; excellent hiding power.

Slow drying &mes (12 to 48 hours), strong odors, and messy cleanup; some professionals
Oil
s&ll swear by its durability.
Seal new wood and metal with a recommended primer; generally, one coat of primer and
Primers one of nish is more durable than two nish coats; nish not to be used as primer or vice
versa.

Solvent- or water-thinned types provide transparent, semit-ransparent, and solid nishes

Stains
for natural wood siding and trim; some include preserva&ves or oer a weathered look.
Classica.on of Coa.ngs
There are 4 coa&ngs needed to give nish
surface for pain&ng:
Primer
Sealer
Undercoat
Finishing coat
Applica.on for coa.ngs
Applica.on for coa.ngs
Applica.on for coa.ngs
Paint Finishes and its features
1- Mace or Flat nish
- concealing
2- Eggshell and Sa&n nish
- easy maintenance
3- Semi gloss nish
- durability
4- Gloss nish
- highlight
 Paint Finishes
Ma_e or Flat nish:
is the least reec&ve sheen
available
helps hides imperfec&ons in walls
and ceilings
oers great depth of color
is generally considered the
standard sheen for walls
ideal choice for the dining room,
living room or bedrooms.
 Paint Finishes
Eggshell and sa.n nish
have some reec&vity (shine)
Acrac&ve, long-las&ng, and
prac&cal, a sa&n nish is easy to
maintain. Just wipe up those
licle ngerprints with a damp
cloth.
 Paint Finishes
Semi-gloss and gloss nish:
Semi gloss and gloss are
very durable and washable
and give most reec&ve
sheens (shine; brightness)
are highly durable and stand
up to mul&ple cleanings
are tradi&onally used on
woodwork, trim surface
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Main types of paint

Emulsion Paint

Enamel Paint

Stain & Varnish

 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Emulsion Paint
Modern emulsion paint is a mixture of two substances that do not
mix. It is water-based and due to the vinyl or acrylic resins added

Emulsion paints are normally used for walls and ceilings.

There are three such types of emulsions:

vinyl mac,
vinyl satin (used on areas that can be washed or sponged)
vinyl silk emulsion (specic to kitchens and bathrooms)

Emulsion paints may contain certain substances like llers, catalysts,

stabilizers, emulsiers, adhesion enhancers, acens or texturizes
which produce dierent results: thicken the lm, support the
structure of the emulsion paint or increase its volume.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Enamel Paint
Enamel paint usually refers to any
hard, glossy, opaque nish.

Tradi&onally, enamel paints were

dened as oil-based enamel, but since
water- based paints have become so
common, the term is usually used for
any glossy paint used on trim, kitchens,
bathrooms or anywhere a durable, shiny
nish is desired.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Stain & Varnish

Stains ( oil based, not clear but

transparent)

Staining and Varnishing wood is an excellent way

to produce high quality woodwork for a home or
other wood project.

Not only does staining add colors and &nts to the

wood, but varnishing also seals the wood from
moisture damage.
This ensures long las&ng beauty to your
woodwork.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Applying a Paint System

Choose the right paint
Prepare the substrate correctly
Use a suitable method by:
Paint brush
Paint roller
Paint sprayer
Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Schedule of Paint Finish (JKR Specification)

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Schedule of Paint Finish (JKR Specification)

 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Painting process for plastered surfaces

1-Primer
Dries to provide key for
next layer of paint.
Sometimes protects metal
surfaces from corrosion.
Others seal porous
materials, which might
otherwise absorb too
much of the binder of
subsequent coats.
Example of primer on Wall
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Painting process for plastered surfaces

2- Undercoat
Masks any discolourations on surface
Provides a at, even surface (may be sanded if
necessary)
Generally dries to a mac finish to promote
bond with final coat.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Painting process for plastered surfaces

3- Top coat
Provides required colour
Provides required texture
Provides required protection.
Time between coa.ng drying .me
Most manufacturers specify a minimum time between coats.
Maximum time between coats is also important.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Painting process for timber surfaces

Preparation & Typical Paint Systems
Timber
Preserva&ve treatment
Knolng
Primer
Stopping and lling
One or two undercoats
One or two alkyd gloss or semi-gloss top coats
Primer applied on wood
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Painting process for:

Cement-based substrates
Alkali resis&ng primer, or base coat
recommended by manufacturer
Finish with alkyd, emulsion, masonry paint or
cement paint
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Painting process
Preparation for:
& Typical Paint Systems
Gypsum plaster
All plasterwork should be fully dry before
applying any paint.
Most paint lms are compa&ble with plaster
For alkyd gloss nishes an alkali resis&ng
primer is needed. For porous surfaces a
thinned emulsion coat can be used
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Painting process for:

Steel
Prepara&on of surface is cri&cal
Ini&al protec&on must be carried out less than
four hours aMer cleaning, or the paint is
adhering to an oxide coa&ng and not steel
Remove millscale by blast cleaning or pickling in
acid
The surface needs to be above the ambient
dew point to avoid condensa&on
Primer > Undercoat >Topcoat
Pain&ng Tips #1
Pain&ng Tips #2
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Common Defects during storage

1. SETTLING
Pigment settled to the bocom and
difficult to be re-dispersed.

Possible Cause :-
Too long storage.
Excessively warm storage.
Excessive thinning causing reduction of the
specific gravity and viscosity of the paint
medium so that pigment cannot remain in
suspension.
Thinning with unsuitable materials.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Common Defects during storage

1. SETTLING

Solution :-
Avoid warm and long storage.
Store in accordance to specica&on.
Thin only with appropriate thinners as recommended.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Common Defects
Common Defects during storage
2. SKINNING
Formation of skin on the container.

Possible Cause :-
Container not air-tight.
Poor formulation e.g. lack of anti-skinning agent.
Storage under very warm conditions.

Solu.on :-
Avoid unnecessary re-opening of can.
Ensure container is air-tight.
Store in appropriate conditions as recommended.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Common Defects during application

1. FLASHING
Occurrence of glossier patches compared to the
general finish.

Possible Cause :-
Uneven lm thickness especially at laps or joints in large
area paintwork.
Too fast drying of paint.
Poor ventilation leading to uneven rate of drying.

Solu.on :-
Proper surface preparation and application of sealer.
Roller or spraying application may achieve becer result
that brushing.
Adjust the working of large areas to achieve quicker
joining up of gaps.
Common Defects during application
2. POOR COVERAGE
The subsurface colour shows through the newly painted surface,
giving an uneven blotchy look or a slight discolouration.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Possible Cause :-
Overstreching of paint, trying to cover 50m2 with a 40m2 can.
The pigment is simply too thin to provide proper coverage.
Over thinning the paint has the same effect.
Using poor quality brushes or roller that can't lay down a good
coating.
Improper mixing of paint.
Application of paint that is much lighter in colour that the surface
below.
Painting a surface that is very smooth or slick.

Solution :-
Use a good grade of paint and equipment.
Use correct amount of paint and thinners for the job.
Plan on more that one coat for bright colours, white, semi-gloss or
full gloss paints.
To recoat with correct application of good quality paint.
Prime the surface before painting, if possible, have the primer tinted
toward the colour of the paint.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Common Defects during application

3. PROLONGED DRYING TIME
Film looses its ability to dry after being applied.
Possible Cause :-
Incorrect mixing of base paint and hardener for two
component paint.
Defective paint.
Poor ventilation.

Solu.on :-
Follow the paint specication when mixing two
component paint.
Discard paint if it is defective.
Apply paint at good ventilated areas.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Common Defects during application

4. BUBBLES AND CRATERS
Small bubbles, including some that have burst to form craters,
appear on the surface of the painted surface.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Possible Cause :-
The material is too thick.
Air is entrapped in the brush or roller cover.
Stirring or shaking a full-gloss type coating.
Applying coating at elevated temperatures.

Solu.on :-
For the first coat, thin the coating material to suitable viscosity so
it flows easier and trapped air can escape before skinning forms.
Remove excess paint from the brush, allow the paint to drip
o the brush, or dab it on the lip of the can.
Don't over-mix or machine-mix with high speed the emulsion paints for
long time.
During application and before setup, burst any bubbles with the tip of
the brush.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Common Defects during application

5. SAGGING
Downward "dropping" movement of the paint film
immediately after application, resul&ng in an uneven coating.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Possible Cause :-
Application of a heavy coat of paint.
Application in excessively humid and/or cool conditions.
Application of over-thinned paint.
Airless spraying with the gun too close to the substrate being
painted.
Application on smooth vertical surfaces.

Solution :-
If the paint is still wet, immediately brush out the re-roll to
redistribute the excess evenly. If the paint has dried, sand, and
reapply a new coat of top quality paint.
Do not thin the paint, avoid cool or humid conditions, sand glossy
surfaces. Paint should be applied at its recommended spread rate.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Common Defects during service life

1. PEELING
Loss of paint due to poor adhesion. Where there is a primer
and topcoat, or multiple coats of paint, peeling may involve
some or all coats.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Possible Cause :-
Seepage of moisture through uncaulked joints, worn caulk or leak in roof
or walls.
Excess moisture escaping through the exterior walls.
Inadequate surface preparation.
Use of lower quality paint.
Applying an oil-based paint over a wet surface.
Earlier blistering of paint.
Apply paint on new and uncured substrate with strong alkaline
level and humidity.

Solu.on :-
Try to identify and eliminate source or moisture. Prepare surface by
removing all loose paint with scraper or sti wire brush, sand rough
edges, and apply appropriate primer. Repaint with a top quality acrylic
latex exterior paint for best adhesion and water resistance.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Common Defects during service life

2. WRINKLING / CRACKING
A rough, crinkled paint surface, which occurs when uncured paint
forms a "skin".
Possible Cause :-
Paint applied too thick.
Painting is done during extremely hot weather or cool damp weather,
which causes the paint film to dry faster on top than on the bocom.
Exposing uncured paint to high humidity levels.
Painting over a contaminated surface (e.g., dirt or wax).

Solu.on :-
Scrape or sand substrate to remove wrinkled coating. If using a primer,
allow it to dry completely before applying top coat.
Repaint it avoiding extreme temperature with top quality paint.
 Muzani Mustapa, JUB

Other Defects and Failures with Coatings

Blistering
Chalking, powdering
Colour defects (fading, staining, bleeding)
Cracking
Damage to coa&ng
Detachment of millscale from steel
Rust staining or spolng
Organic growths
Innova.on in Paint and
Coa.ngs
EXPECTATION ON WHAT FUTURE PAINTS CAN DO
 Innova.on in paint technology
Idea Paint easy
wipe o paint
Can be applied to
any at surface to
turn it into a
reusable whiteboard
 Innova.on in paint technology

An. s.ck paint

Road Marking paint
Use Acrylic Paint. Features:-
Diculty of cleaning
Ability to resist water aMer drying
Can provide either gloss or mace nish
Tends to dry quickly
No strong chemical smell
 Innova.on in paint technology
Thermo plas&c road marking paints
 Epoxy Floor Coating
A two-part formula&on which is thoroughly mixed
just before use.
Epoxy nishes are extremely hard and durable and
excellent for demanding applica&ons.
Can be used for protec&ng materials such as steel,
aluminum and ber glass.
The paint lm dries to a brilliant gloss. The &le-like
nish is smooth, easy to clean and lasts for years
under the most severe condi&ons.
 Epoxy Floor Coating

BEFORE AFTER
Epoxy Floor Coating
Warehouse Before & AMer using Epoxy Floor Coa&ng
Applica&on:

BEFORE AFTER
Solar Paint
Water and alcohol based
paint compound.
Contains electricity-
genera&ng &tanium dioxide
par&cles coated in either
cadmium sulde or cadmium selenide.
When it is applied onto a conduc&ve, transparent surface, it
generates electricity.
Although it can only generate just a licle of electricity at one
&me but it is aordable as the price are much more cheaper
than the solar panel.
Eco-Paint
Eco friendly paints always score over the tradi&onal
paints that use a great deal of chemical components.
Some of the primary ill eects of these chemical based
paints are burning eyes, nose and throat, irritated
skin, minor skin burns, headaches, dizziness, etc.
At the secondary level they can be the cause of
migraine, skin cancer, asthma, kidney damage, etc.
Therefore, a safer alterna&ve is eco friendly paints that
are composed of natural ingredients.
Eco-Paint (contd)
Advantages:-
Minimal environmental impact mostly water based &
biodegradable.
No or Low Vola&le Organic Compound (VOC) this
emiced when manufacturing / used them onto wall.
Health benets No VOC.
Naturally produced Dont have unsafe emission
during manufacture.
Low odor or Odourless Paint
Cost ecient because they safeguard your health
protect the environment from pollu&on.
Eco-Paint: Low VOC Paint
Paints contain VOC that can
damages our health.
High VOC can bring to health
issues such as breathing
problems, headache, burning,
watery eyes and nausea.
Some VOC have been linked
cancer, as well as kidney and
liver damage.
Therefore this paint is invented
to reduce the VOC contain in the
paint and improve our health.
What is VOC?

Vola&le organic compounds (VOCs)
are organic chemicals that have a
high vapor pressure at ordinary room
temperature.

Their high vapor pressure results
from a low boiling point, which
causes large numbers of molecules to
evaporate or sublimate from the
liquid or solid form of the compound
and enter the surrounding air

Eco-Paint: Odourless Paint
A premium alkyd based, stain
blocking primer that is virtually
odourless.
Formulated with Plioway resins,
which eliminates odours commonly
found in alkyd, stain blocking
primers and helps to speed up the
primers drying &me.
Use over plaster, exis&ng latex or
alkyd paints, drywall, paintable
caulking, wood and varnished
surfaces.
Heat Resistance Paint
Provide resistance to heat
on roof &les caused by UV
rays.
Helps to reect heat and
reduce surface temperature
up to 5which plays a role in
helping to save energy and
gives more comfortable
feeling indoors.
Peel-able Paint
Use for vehicles.
The paint that applied can be peel of
without damaging the real body paint
of the vehicles.
Enhanced the stealthiness of a
camouaged vehicle.
Also use to protects newly
manufactures vehicles during
transport and storage.
Also been used by gra& ar&st as it
can be peeled away and they can
create a new gra& at the same place.
 An.-climb paint
Class of paint consis&ng of a thick oily coa&ng that is
applied with a s& brush, trowel or by hand using a
protec&ve glove.
It is similar to smooth gloss paint when applied but it
remains slippery indenitely thereby preven&ng any
intruder from gaining a foothold.
Used to prevent climbing on objects such as lamp posts,
walls and fences
It leaves its mark on the person touching it and hence
makes it possible for intruders to be iden&ed.
Eec&ve life&me of around three years, aMer which a fresh
coat is recommended depending on local factors.
Can be used on most building materials.
 An.-climb
paint
An&-climb
paint is a
non-drying
paint that
appears
normal but is
extremely
slippery. It is
useful on
Anti-graffiti coating
A coa&ng that prevents gra& paint from bonding to
surfaces.
Two dierent categories of an&-gra& coa&ngs
1) sacricial coa&ngs, are applied to a surface and then
removed when gra& is applied. The surface
underneath will be leM clean and a new sacricial
coa&ng can be applied.
2) permanent coa&ngs that prevent gra& from
adhering to a surface in the rst place.
Most important characteris.cs of an.-gra. coa.ngs are:
1) Sucient adherence without damage to substrates[cita&on needed]
2) Hydrophobicity (water-repellance)
3) Environmentally friendly composi&on and processing
4) Resistance to UV aging and weathering
5) Good Cleaning Eciency

POWDER COATING PAINTS
Powder coa.ng is a type of coa.ng that is applied as a
free-owing, dry powder.
The main dierence between a conven&onal liquid paint
and a powder coa.ng is that the powder coa.ng does not
require a solvent to keep the binder and ller parts in a
liquid suspension form.
is an advanced method of applying a decora&ve and
protec&ve nish
to virtually any type of metal that can be used both by
industry and consumers.
Powder Coa&ng used Appliances, Automo&ve, Building
POWDER COATING PAINTS
Color changing paint
Color changing paint
The technology works by running a electric current
through a special polymer applied to the vehicle before
pain&ng.
This polymer contains par&cles of paramagne&c iron
oxide. With the applica&on of an electric current, the
spacing of the oxides crystals is adjusted, aec&ng their
level of light reec&on and thus our colour percep&on.
Cars, being rather conduc&ve metal objects, are
therefore the perfect medium for such a technology,
with the small current maintaining a par&cular colour.