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    ?? Bolivia.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    21 views188 pages

    Bolivia. A Concise Historial Bolivia (Completo)

    Uploaded by

    Ricardo Valenzuela
    ?? Bolivia.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    A Concise History of Bolivia Second Edition HERBERT S. KLEIN Shonford Unisrty rien, Ma Cpe Town, Sap Mobos meses Cy re ol Be, Do ntl bee Pat sme a hl Seo rn capers ofrmasin an hi ‘eM sé 208884 nt Se iceang eee i plc wow twa en eo pat ma ob rarer onl Ce Une Pr pbs 20) Secon ios psd 201. nda he Us See of At “ris yb incor cat ec fort ton ole ram he Br veep ofan Cairn pean on acta ecient sont sas seers oe Tp Hong. Lee TS seeds soroastor are canes Pak So oh fh eine te ira em ad dons orgs eon cate Die Pre CONTENTS: Preface othe Second Edition Preface to the Prat Editon os-18gt ‘i cuss op x srare 1843-1880 ‘hie acts of ven aND TiN, 880-1952 7 bisirugnaion oF tHe SSTANLAHED OnDER, 1932-1952 8 FROM THE NATIONAL REVOLUTION TO THE COLD WAR, igsinigte 19. Chtanne A muLrternte DEMOCRACY, 1982-2008 Pattie! Chrontogy ‘Tebies Biblogranky Inder ge 8 ad 144 178 209 239 264 297 303 309 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ln this fourth version of my history of Bolivia (ovo editions with (Oxford University Pres and two with Cambridge Univesity ret] have been faced with the usual problems of defining pesiods in contemporary history. As eeader of the earlier editions wil ote, hye been constantly chenging the pos-r952 peiodization. What constitutes Key turing point is a cootiwally changing perception ‘mong Bolivian historians end socal scientists, Thus 1 have used the cletion of 2002 as the break Between the lst «wo chapters since national commentators have strested its political significance in presaging the emergence of a new politcal system. It should be recognized that this perodization doesnot work fr the social and ‘economic weads cha clealy saddle this divide and that this break down will mos likely be redefined in the frare also recognize chat ‘Tam making judgments about contemporary tends inthe midst of some very profound changes that are occurring in Bolivian society land polity, and that future historians wil see these changes fom dliferent perspectives. It ig clear that some ofthese contemporary politcal, economic, and social changes wil lead to unanticipated evelopment Although some readers may fel that ti t00 early tw evaluate what has been occurring inthe ls cight yeas, I would simply note that Ihave reached an age when Iwill not be around co see how this all us out. Bur my fascination with Bolivia com- palled me to undertake this latest version since I fle eat I could offer some insights, even a this early stage in the process of change, x Preface to the Second Edition srsed on my reading ofthe past and my lng experience with thit rae gt hae fascinated me for mast of my acndemic caret ee year sce the las edn, a whole new generation oy ttrte nad retearch centers have emerged and have of Spaced an impocant eranare analyzing contemporary cog rode Ago been a subile change i socal defnions within Patan doiey in recent years, wih aslo abandonment of She aoe rel” which i now considered plorativ, fo the moss wort erm of mento, woul thatthe Biv definion of Bene fe consierably from the tore general meaning of ane iveat Latn Aeicaa. n Bolivia the mestza more cosy Gam es with iso her indigenous past than with the Wester Part ine tue and tends co maintain clothing and other symbele cea yen wheo adopting Spanish 8 thie primary langue faethe xm windigena” hes become dhe standard r0 define aay to blenly chemeclves as praising to an Amesindian ‘rou cven they are mexnos. Although V have adopted he 22 rea in the later chapters ofthis book, Uhave lf he oer errrelcny intact inthe pre-r98o chapters since ther coatempo any meanings were then not cUErEnt Sa ye indicate al the curren statistical information inthe comes fom Bolivian government sourees, above al the ae Coanas Breau (INE), the Presidential Panning Commie Na ODAPE), the Cental Bank of Bolivia (BCBY and the elevant set Inment ministre, For comparative Latin American eats! aor ecied on data provided by the UN and its Latin Ames aoe epaeh groups CEPAL and CELADE. In undertaking thi new caer ve bec realy aided by the cescarch asian of Jone Maaetaio eres Gajs. Ax sual, my ends, colleagues 2nd formes aes snd i the ealiee edition have continued t0 provide me swith support and adie. ‘Menlo Park, California June 2010 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION {nd Ayr cl peda avn hen pa rare oli oe inp ln i fs lens bas aap of clad tins oo lighest altitudes of human settlement on earth, the Boli = vera cot hanging ad vial atic sey. Cohn’ dt ng nse nn, zt is, ecologically disperse settlements were converted ctl ig andl and cgon wre acne ‘ef atl igi tae ith hy dy cst wha EN devcopd macht sl via own Sng with elaine sc ln nd oc tnt Ar npn Sa war or s, pre-Columbian belief systems h op that Bliss ply boat of pert erlopng xi Preface to the First Edition sna clara idk in fcuk emironment. For Bolivian ary er he uacecnhcenary Spanish congue 915 a pana scien inwhich che dine were fr MANY a ee clean of worker, The goverment wich cr a eer em ie pons and woke, wae ti a and by ewe” spnishapeing and Wester Sonal ate phenovyiei the Bolin “whites” ok ovine Yan ancestors thei economi oe and coll sod ee egel ih te ca ok of Wes aa ey Educated by Eoropean fo Eapean nomad ee lgion aint fom tefl Catolico he ee ene led over a eplted he pes asa el har lowly izxgeated, a all soe mt ae Su onr the centr there has emerged = io eee pigof mived backgroud, Tes, Bla ie mos Taz hineins has come define race ar 0c Smogpeverm The upoe css rs aaah, wearing Westen des, and consuming Pv a Sere the ite” of stn peasants aed hey ine eine The ures ower and mile casas, an he aoe aoe deters who woreBaropean dss and spoke Spanish La Acdin languages were the mats ote) ane eniacbolos The monlingsl peasants Peng atc apr and consmingredional Andean fds were he da a eens were denied aisstopowes exept abt aber aa isons norms and langages and ineratedint she Fon oto ox whites Thus the more magia am nai Ty these peasants Have constant fd the white and Lowe oa Geman te teadona monolingual pease, cho te alvin between ichand poor hereditary hgh sae sand commoner, onal members of the com da nent impeam although these ihotomis changed munis om apelly sine the ntodutin of mass education ore eve poliseal democracy, Bolivia still contains many of though with afar more povertl Found elsewhere in Amerindian viethnic societies in tacher than # genetic or even the elements ofa racist society. bd aggresive cholo clas than is “America. Preface to the Fat Baition xii “Knynepowerto rh chloro The ned ponenay Esl pte ince che mil clas a wan workers. Bt his Shiny deged fom ihe commen Lan Ansan pean a politcal reforms, while they did not destroy the dual society, ra {Sly enced th level of expletton nod eves opmed tk doo, to an alternative means of acculturatc ro rithont ‘banoning Amerindian caltie a langunges Indians we finally eanicaly sere, Bolv'sevoton i hela several desde, bi sharing the Latin Amecican horeors of military rule, has new. ertheless continued to evolve in x manner distinct from ty ‘the hemisphere. “ from beeen of Bolivia sands somewhere at he extreme as an almost clasicease of lows world market condi a = nena va sarin Latin America), « national industrial structure is aa ‘recladed fe oping except under the most extreme condi- ce zor ernonal eration Bia ths ile ore Ge dvloing wo a fyay tote eno De had an unusual soe od Bolan enseprenas made pf whics 2nd 0, ‘poen immune co the machinations of is neighbors o of more i ct ea inthe West enispere Yet een ee {Seen psd normals the pas couple decade, samara uo many ays Biv forme an inate pst af thetcammon history of mankind, fom its development 26 = Slate consent soit co contemporary Sec 28 re thas unde-gone profound soca and politcal cheng. it ris fecnating interaction of Wester pateros and pre-Cu ra tees of ls orgenzaion and dual social systems, of poverty aaesretation and vigorous independence and social teat eTrelatempt ro explore inthe pgsethe fallow. Tondertaking harvey of Blin ior, [haved dil sone ory years of reading, esearch, and participant observa Preface to the First Edition x» fon this subject. Although ose not born into 2 culture will mise many of is auances, hope that ray distance from the subject will compensate for potential distortions. Equally, as » member of sa ‘advanced industrial sociery, Ihave tied to resin a8 objective ae possible without suspending my own moral or intellectual judg. ‘ments or going tothe exteeme of being ptroniing. Tn my long educetion as « “Bolivian” which began in the late 19505, I have had the advice, instruction, and content suppact of 1 lege number ofscholace and fiends, Bernardo Manco-Gonealez and Teresa Gisbere introduced me tothe subjec informal courses, fand Gunnar Mendoza and Alberto Crespo guided me in my researches when I arrived in Bolivia in 2939. Antonio Mitr, @ longterm fiend and former student, has consanty challenged ty sssumptions, and Tm also indebred for guidance, ercism, and support to Silva Rivera, Xavier Albé, Josep Barnadas, Philip Bai ‘Therese Bouysse-Casengne, Tristan Platt, Testy Sages, Karen Spalding, Encique Tandets, and Nathan Wachtel. Av inllectual inentors and close friends, Marcello Caemagnaai and Nicholas ‘Sinchez-Albomoz have been of inestimable valve to me on thie project. At various times dhs manuscript has been critically read by Stanley Eagerman, Harriet Manele Klein, Richaed Wortman, and Maria Ligia Coelho Prado. In underaking the revisions from ealie versions ofthis work," 1 have continued co receive the support and criticism of fiende and scholaes including Ricardo Godoy, Erwin Greshaber, and Erie Langer. also would like to thank my former stents Brooke Larson, Claca Loper Belén, Manual Contrera, Mary Money, and ‘Ann Zilawski for sharing their ideas and research with me. Manuel ‘Contreras hasbeen especially helpfl to me in geting access to che Jaret social and economic data on Bolivia and ritclly examining, iy interpretations of this material. In torn, Clare Lépex Beta has beea my constant soure of cuttent information oa the atest in Iistorieal studies Finally, Judith Schifiner made thie whole process of writing @ wonderful experience, ny plied a Bain The Evolution of «Malt ee Soci Ost Unt en tase even 92 wi Preface othe Fires Edition or ad Nine iin UDAPE ene de Bot ona el th nied Neos sod he a cel woe and he Wot a afr peo en BD “as ovis re et um.” Aan, ESC 93 (2978) ae ees) aE By ene on ME tt he of er apr ey Yo reac Pahing Groups and map 3-3 adopted Kon Re Grend Psihng Gry elf A Coy id ‘int Co aa Reh in sa ee. Fal gs of Aaa and Quechoan Tin ure tough ecm a hae sm a pe em se SUR QO ne a etre ea Tain noble uhan ten dn Menlo Park California ‘August 2003 | Chapter 1 Geography and Pre-Columbian Civili: ation Bolivian society evolved in a highly complex and unusual environ ment. Although sisted in tropical latitude, it was in fact an un ‘sual high alitade society only comparable to those few simalae Societies found in the Himalayas. From the ealiest man stl rent 10 the peetent day, a good part of is people have lived ae tlrtades over five thousand fet above sea level, withthe majority Of the population and ats most advanced cultures being found at twelve thousand fet or above. While nota totally prohbisive env ronment, the highlands have poorer soils and much colder and drier climates, and face constraints that do not hinder the lowlands, This cology fequired the domestication of plants and animals unigue to ‘the highlands and even hed a dramatic impacton human physiology, as highland populations were forced wo adapt to the limited supply ‘of oxygen and quite diferent degrees of sie pressure, Although some two-tieds of Bolivia's teretory consists of topi cal and semitopical lowlands, fom the Pacific coast deserts of the ‘Atacama region (uti this past century) in che west, to the vast streches of eastern lowlands and floodplains forming parts ofthe Amazonian and Pileomayo sivee basins inthe east, homanity has been concentrate inthe highlands fom remotes times until ody, But che highlands end ther associated inteamountain valleys (20 Map 3-1 formed bu a small part ofthe otl Bolivian landscape ‘While the lowlands may have offered beer soils and the poten: tial fora sicher lif, their inaccessibility ntl modern fimes rendered ‘them useless ro all but a small numberof seminamadiz hunters and Geography and Pre-Columbian Ciilization 3 A Gonciee History of Bolivia a7 te mo nce sees 12 Topography of Bolivia ‘of crops and life in general, the broad expanse ofits arable lands, its potential as a major grating zone, and ite deposits of accesible ‘minerals made the Bolivian highlands the logical eater for human reclement ‘The Bolivian highlands, known tothe Spaniards as the aliplano (or high plateau), consisted of an enormous level tnbeland at an txtemely high atte (se Map 1-2. Beginning ust aorth of Lake contact with the major centers Titicaca, thes highlands extend some fve handed miles tothe south Tra Map a Bala gatherers isolated from significant OT ————————__—=_—_—_— farce cian BY NSE ce ase atest pening ft Stan And nwo ine Nota rg eld wh he dene on nas Waa ie og oe Epo espa oe ioe plten i the Aes ‘Sain ange ee eri Two Fe be uzaqure mies thatconsine eal threaten ores of Bo. : eager tho dese she alan contin a Fe eam eect bach sown athe Cod i ancy nro and welded rang Cat oer sng rigs pnt 2.200 ft see eee vl otal peas nd forme 2? Ca igh neu fo ny acres 0 ae io ‘Although formed from volcanic activ sin ell ew neal Mouchig on the plan, (desert ofthe Atncams Coat Sty and highly subject 10 erosion, i 0 wt i isona enrol as hoe Up Be svete on Se Doriore secessible routes to the sea, encouraging Bolivia's inte- This western mouncain range offers few attractions for human ee Sale win or nea its borers and so define he oral Ccaplanoauthe most opr eed are ofthe "Oui Jf mountains known vari Sr coleman he wexter Cover the Roya! Cvdise anaes fel lin andes valleys a asides fom the Conilere Rea ace uit complex bya nd censon, The es ays fo the ose Dae Rav 8 fe oa ‘water, although relatively Geography and Pre-Coluobian Civlction 5 dry sla, and average about cighty-two hundred fet above 505 level. They ae ually long open pains with relatively easy access bility from the higher altiplano; the mest densely inhabited are the valleys0f Cochabamba and Chuquissa, the western pare of Poti, andthe region of Tania. These broad middle alte valleys were Insjor zones of pre-and post Conquest prodction and settlement ‘Best exemplified by the Cochabamba Valley system, these valleys were the peitmary producers of maize in the pre-Columbian period find of wheat ater the Spanish Conquest. Tey also were the major ‘manafaccrers of chic, the aleoholie beverage made from mae. Given the importance of all these crops these subpuna valleys were in constant contact with the core highland populations. Her, t00, would develop cate production after the conquest, while the al plano became the center of Spansh-intoduced sheep. Below the subpena valleys or jus off che skiplano itself were the steep river valleys in the contal part of the Cordilera known generally asthe Yungas. At anywhere from thirty-two hundeed co ghey two hundred fee in altitude, these valleys are characterized by high humidity beeause of the Amazonian winds and thus have intensive cultivation of tropical and semitropical cops. The mort important ofthese Yanga are those located close ro the altiplano city of La Paz and called the Nor and Sud (or North and South) “Yungas, the regions of Larecaj, Mates, and Inquisivi, Hisrori- cally these valleys were the center of maize and coca production, ‘wo fundamental products in high demand onthe sltiplano and inca. able of beng cultivated there They also were che 2088 af intensive ‘crus, fruit, and coffe producion inthe post-Conguest period, snd ‘hus were complementary tothe highland centers. Another sce of semitopical valleys were the more isolated ones to be found inthe provinces of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. Capable of producing the same cropsasthe Yanges valley, they eemained largely unetled and inaccessible until he twentieth century. ‘Before reaching the at plains ofthe Amazonian and Chaco low- lands, the eastera Cordillera turns into a series of small hills and mountains called che montaiaazes. Passing these one enters the ‘open sea level plains. These are divided int wo quite distinct zone, Inthe north are the Llanos de (ox plains of) Mojos, sometimes called the Nowthern Humid lanos or those of che Ben. These tropical ‘ ‘A Concise History of Bolivia snvannas aural eal Hooded isthe December sm a et dr ces the Ro Mamore, which ors re nonin basin sie To the vou of he Moje a ereetans ofthe Maco Chuputan, ane ater Bing a utensils eleven, hiaree “Sine uete jensen trope Se opt Then othe south ve he yA OF rae hing Hasna rs svn othe Basi, aos del Cots aguan borer and beyond, hte snd) ee ci the Pkoayo er ba fe coveted hac a fort and fons age par of they of sri acne oma olyonah ofits popstar. rn eet and huh seasonal vanaions chee eae ee anglred and expe ual cece tins. While eer edn nd cre ng were evel elo a mt eer montana egz of the lowlands in tose ai li of arn Coan ka Pst ws oly with wild robes in he $e 1oSonent of commercial production of wid oer cytherea exptation gan Oni he rad ony i etwenth cetry Sly | td crepmentot conser cara prodscon in Fat ypennsunicce nd ticemplavon the reo08 a ees dpa Itty cal rasing become ere aoa pin rons ojos and Bei, Even wh all ot orion, re loan eon ony conan NS of he nna population Hi tae anor of human selma in Bl hea ea cle vse valleys emai te ac 208 Pe ny te alla core of eye. But de aoa the dest at poplato,e lane Wes sable for va tent ove ete Fe enorm fll spina conained fw mineral eg n- see a exon ey iat centers al Bow se a cenaty lle sl, eno mine! depos a ae ree aid and war climate fn om te Pr aaa rs dnce Whi thuyfve undead equate mes, re ata eee tn eam nner over te eal lima se ky and relive warmth wavalale 0 | i {Geograp ry and Pre-Columbian Civilization ? ofthe aliplano, As a cesul, intensive agriculture and herding be ‘came essential occupations ofthe peoples suerounding the lake and provided che ecological suppor for the cretion of am important food surplus. Tht in tur provided che incentive for che creation fof more complex cultural systems. The setlement around the lake took place in a serie of open plains defined by foothill, known, ts cteneas, which suetch south tothe great ever valley that wos become the city of La Pas, some fifty-six mies south ofthe lke. The ‘ienca onthe shores ofthe lake and the one of Jesus de Machaca fare dhe most valuable in terms of soils and humidity an ae inked bythe Desaguadero River, This in earn binds together the two lakes, Tacaca tothe north and Poopstothesouth, end also pases thcough the two southern exencas of Onuto and Uytini, The Oru cuenca is smoderately populated, while Uyuni~ the driest zone all Bolivia ~ iedhe cate of sal at and largely uninhabited Iewas on the altiplano thatthe domeccation of the staple prod: ues of Andean civilization took place. Inthe Lake Titicaca cegion the potato was domenicsted ~ a development that was to have @ ‘profound impact onthe populations of Europe —as wll as quinos fad a host of nutitional root crops Prozen and dehyisted, these ‘omerous roots have been fundamental staples in the Bolivian det. “The alplano also was the scene of the domestication of the Amsrican cameloids: the lama, alpaca, and viewla. Beasts of bur den, producers of wool, and sources of ment, fertilizer, and hes, these cameloids were to play s fundamental role inthe Andean cology end cconony From the remotest times, these animals were found in close contact with homan populations on the akiplano, although it was durin the epoch ofthe historic Aymara kingdom thar the domestication and we of these animals reached is fullest development So importan wete cei hecds tha in ll hee freed seclements the pee-lncan Aymacas provided space for their animale aswell a heir people, An excellent grazing zone of natural and artificial pastes, che sltiplano also became the home of the European domesticated sheep afer the Spanish Conquest. While ually incompatible with other grazing stoce, sheep wccessully integrated wih the Ametican fameloids, andthe to today zeman incegral parts of the Amerindian herding economy. Thos, between the great herds end 8 ‘A Concise History of Bolivia the intensive root erop agriculture, the aiplane Indian populations aacaeplewe produce both sufcen foodstuls and wookns for thet ‘Mi survival and replacement, as well as surplases to xchange for ak fot, condiment, mast, and coct, which could nox be pro duced inthe highlands, "The altiplane also contains a wealth of minera deposits that have been exploied from pre-Columbian times to the present and that aac cue ropion ns one ofthe great mineral zones ofthe world aa prribuon ofthese minetale closely parallels the primary 2 ciyaral seat of the alplano. Justa che best sols were in the caer ide ofthe akplano sme Bo percent of Bolivia’ as cepts ate tobe found in the same area. Concentrated in 8 sere tea has been given the general name of the fia estnifers ‘ert ele more of Bolivia's mineral are found i the Cordillera (eat and ity associated plains and upper valleys, ening from just reslhenat of Lake Tvicaa, though the easten Cordillera ro robe Argentine frontier in southern Bolivia. Going from north tO eh he minerals bet is divided int several oughly defined area. From southern Per to about he level of Mucuraa isthe oldest logealseetion, which contains ll he gold deposits, taken mostly Seen slacer mining since pre-Columbian tte, 28 well a8 wo eee ad ether metals, From Morurata south 10 Ororo are ore {epost of wlfram and the frst important deposits oft, Bur the arrestin discs appear in the third zo0e heading vt so ee ‘Rglon from Ouro through Potos tothe southern froniex Known a epolt metal peovinee”becsuse ofits unique association of in

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