Porosity determination

Porosity is defined as the ratio of the pore volume to the bulk volume of material.
The pore volume is available for the accumulation and storage of oil, gas and
water in hydrocarbon reservoir.

The density tool is selected to calculate the porosity in a good borehole condition.
The density log is used as porosity method.
The equation to calculate the porosity based on the density log is as follows:

Where: D= density porosity, fraction m = matrix density, g/cc

b = density reading from log, g/cc f = fluid density, g/cc

The effective porosity was corrected by using shale volume as following equation:

Where: e = effective porosity, fraction d = total porosity, fraction

Vsh = volume of shale, fraction sh = shale porosity, fraction

Formation water resistivity determination

Formation factor can obtain Rw. When a given zone is water bearing that Rt reverts
to the water bearing resistivity (Ro). Therefore, a number of water zones can be
plotted depth versus Rw from calculation by Eq. 3.5.
Where: Rw = water resisitivity, m Ro = formation of uninvaded zone
resistivity, m
= porosity (fraction) m = cementation exponent
a = empirical constant (turtosity)

Water saturation determination

Fluid saturation is the ratio of the volume occupied by specific fluid to the total
pore volume. The fraction of the pore volume occupied by formation water is
called water saturation, Sw, the complementary fraction, (1-Sw), is occupied by
hydrocarbon, Sh

(1)
Where: Sw = water saturation of the rock, fraction
Vw = water volume, cm3 Vp = pore volume, cm3

For determination of water saturation of a clean sand formation Eq. (2) was used
and for shaly sand formation Eqs. 3 and 4 were used.

Archies formula has been widely used by log analysis especially when dealing
with clean sand reservoir. This empirical formula provided the early basis of the
quantitative petrophysical reservoir evaluation. (Archie, 1942)
 (2)

Where: Sw = water saturation, fraction n = saturation exponent

m = cementation exponent Rw = water resistivity, m
Rt = true resistivity, m a = turtosity constant
= porosity (fraction)

Simondoux (1963) proposed this equation based on an experiment with

mixtures of sand and montmorillonite. Shale volume does not correspond to the
wetted shale, because the natural calcium montmorillonite was not in the fully
wetted state. Simondouxs proposed shaly sand equation for water formation and
hydrocarbon formation as follows;

Where: Rt = true resistivity, m
Sw = water saturation, fraction
Vsh = volume of shale, fraction
n = saturation exponent
(3)
e= effective porosity, fraction
Rw = water resistivity, m
Rsh = resistivity of adjacent shale, m
m = cementation exponent