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RADIO AND TV 11
ANTENNA
RACHNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA
RADIO AND TV 22
ANTENNA
OVER-CURRENT
PROTECTION
PRESENTED BY:
HAMID GULZAR 06-RCET-EE-32
Generator
T.L
Load
Transmission Line
1) Distribution
Generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage and
frequency
3) Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect
conductor
5) Load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive value
55
PROTECTION SYSTEM
66
FAULT IN POWER SYSTEM
Fault is defined as any abnormal condition that
effects the basic requirements of normal power
system.
When any fault occurs in any power system, then:
– Current increases
– Voltage decreases
– Frequency varies
– Phase difference created
77
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS WHEN
DESIGN PROTECTION SYSTEM
99
Type of protection
Ø Over current.
Ø Directional over current.
Ø Distance.
Ø Over voltage.
Ø Differential.
Ø Reverse power.
Ø Other.
1010
HAMID GULZAR
2006-RCET-EE-32
1111
PROTECTION RELAY
Relay is a device which detects the defective lines or
apparatus in a power system and initiates an appropriate
control action.
OR
1212
FUNCTION OF RELAY:
PURPOSE:
-control
-protection
-regulation
1313
Fault Clearing Time
It is the time between the instant of fault and instant of final are
interruption.
It is the sum of relay-time and circuit breaker-time.
Fault clearing time = Relay time + breaker time
Relay time:
1515
TYPES OF RELAYS
1616
OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION
-The protection in which the relay picks up when the magnitude of current exceeds the
pickup level.
-over current includes short-circuit protection.
-Short circuits can be
-Phase faults
-Earth faults
-Winding faults
Short-circuit currents are generally several
times (5 to 20) full load current. Hence fast
fault clearance is always desirable on short
-circuits.
1717
PRIMARY REQUIREMENT OF
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Primary requirements of over-current protection are:
-The protection should not operate for starting currents,
permissible over current, current surges. To achieve this,
the time delay is provided (in case of inverse relays).
-The protection should be co-ordinated with neighboring
over current protection.
-over current relay is a basic element of over current
protection.
1818
Setting Rules
Ø Pickup Setting
a. It should be above normal currents & below minimum fault
currents.
b. If possible, it may provide a backup-role.
c. The setting is calculated using max load current and
minimum fault current.
Ø Time-Delay Setting
a. A time dial provides relative positions between the moving
and fixed contacts.
b. Dial setting from ½ (fastest) to 10 (slowest)
APPLICATIONS OF
OVERCURRENT RELAYS
MOTOR PROTECTION:
-used against overloads and short-circuits in stator windings of motor.
-Inverse time and instantaneous over current phase and ground
over current relays used for motors above 1000kW.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:
-used only when the cost of over current relays are not justified
-extensively also at power-transformer locations for external-fault back-up protection.
LINE PROTECTION:
-on some sub transmission lines where the cost of distance relaying cannot be justified.
-primary ground-fault protection on most transmission lines where distance relays are used
for phase faults
-for ground back-up protection on most lines having pilot relaying for primary protection.
FATIMA TASEER
2006-RCET-EE-21
2121
OVERCURRENT RELAY
RATINGS
In order for an over current protective device to operate properly,
over current protective device ratings must be properly selected.
These ratings include
voltage, ampere and interrupting rating.
Of the three of the ratings, perhaps the most important and most often overlooked
is the interrupting rating. If the interrupting rating is not properly.
selected, a serious hazard for equipment and personnel will exist.
Current limiting can be considered as another over current protective
device rating, although not all over current protective devices are
required to have this characteristic.
2222
VOLTAGE RATING
2323
AMPERE RATING
2424
INTERRUPTING CURRENT
RATING
Interrupting rating is defined as
the highest current at rated voltage that a device is intended to
interrupt
under standard test conditions.
An over current protective device must be able to withstand the
destructive energy of short-circuit currents.
If a fault current exceeds the interrupting rating of the over current
protective device, the device may actually rupture, causing additional
damage.
2525
SETTINGS IN OVER
CURRENT RELAY
There are two types of settings
1) Current Setting
2) Time Setting
CURRENT SETTING:
INVERSE DEFINITE
TIME TIME
3737
EXTREMELY INVERSE
OVERCURRENT RELAY
-it has more inverse characteristics than that
of IDMT and very inverse overcurrent relay.
-suitable for the protection of machines
against overheating
-for the protection of alternators,
transformers.expensive cables,etc.
TIME- CURRENT
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF
TIME OVERCURRENT RELAYS
References
Protective Relay Application Guide
4242