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Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 14/09/2010 05:11, Uncontrolled
BRITISH STANDARD BS 594-1:2005
Incorporating
Corrigendum No. 1
ICS 93.080.20
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Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 14/09/2010 05:11, Uncontrolled
BS 594-1:2005
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Introduction 1
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions 2
4 Constituent materials 3
5 Hot rolled asphalt mixtures 4
6 Mixing 12
7 Coated chippings for application to surface course surfaces 13
8 Sampling and testing 13
Annex A (informative) Guidance on the selection of materials and mixtures 15
Annex B (informative) Recommendations for the application of design test
criteria 18
Annex C (informative) Specifying hot rolled asphalt 19
Annex D (informative) Guidance on the selection of performance related
design criteria for surface course mixtures 20
Annex E (normative) Specifying performance-specified hot rolled asphalt 24
Annex F (informative) Factory production control 24
Bibliography 25
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Foreword
The requirements for the composition of all asphalt mixtures are based on
testing the constituents and the mixture by methods described in BS 598 and
other British Standards (see Clause 2). Adjustment values for soluble binder
content and material passing the 0.063 mm test sieve are given in BS 598-102.
Methods of test to determine the condition of the binder on coated chippings and
their rate of spread, the texture of finished surfaces, the density of cores drilled
from asphalt surfacing and a method for assessing the compaction performance
of other rollers by comparison with the performance of a non-vibrating 8 t roller
are included in other parts of BS 598 (see Clause 2).
It has been assumed in the drafting of this part of BS 594 that the execution of
its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not in itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
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Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iii, pages
1 to 25 and a back cover.
blank
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BS 594-1:2005
Introduction
This part of BS 594 specifies the properties of materials used to make hot rolled asphalt and of the mixtures
manufactured from those materials.
Base (roadbase), binder course and regulating course mixtures are specified by conventional recipe
methods in 5.1.
Surface course mixtures are specified in three ways. In 5.2 design mixtures are specified, based on the
mechanical testing of the asphalt mixture to determine a design binder content. This binder content is of
particular value when dealing with aggregates of previously unknown performance. Design mixtures are
recommended for use on heavily trafficked roads.
Since the previous revision of this standard, mixtures have been developed which are suitable for use on
very heavily trafficked sites. These are now specified in 5.4 (performance-specified mixtures). No mix
design method is specified. Instead, the as-laid asphalt mixtures are specified in terms of their resistance
to deformation under varying degrees of traffic stress, from moderate to the most severe.
The recipe type of surface course mixture specified in 5.3 is the conventional mixture which has proved
satisfactory, except under heavy traffic, for most applications for many years.
Where hot rolled asphalt surface course mixtures, of nominal 35 % coarse aggregate content or less, are
used in trafficked areas it is usual to apply coated chippings to provide a suitable level of skidding
resistance to the finished road. The properties of such chippings and the requirements for their
manufacture are specified in Clause 7.
1 Scope
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This part of BS 594 specifies requirements for mixtures of hot rolled asphalt to be laid as surface course,
regulating course, binder course or base (roadbase) on roads and other paved areas, excluding heavy duty
airfield pavements.
It also specifies requirements for coated chippings, but excludes requirements for site-specific properties
such as polished stone values and abrasion values of aggregates.
NOTE The terms base (roadbase), binder course and surface course are used throughout this standard in place of the traditional
terms roadbase, basecourse and wearing course respectively to encourage use of the new terminology which will be used in
European asphalt standards to be introduced in the near future.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this British Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any
of these publications do not apply. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to
applies.
BS 410-1:2000 (ISO 3310-1:2000), Specification for test sieves Technical requirements and testing
Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth.
BS 410-2:2000 (ISO 3310-2:2000), Specification for test sieves Technical requirements and testing
Part 2: Test sieves of perforated metal plate.
BS 594-2:2003, Hot rolled asphalt for roads and other paved areas Part 2: Specification for transport,
laying and compaction of hot asphalt.
BS 598-100:2004, Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas
Part 100: Methods for sampling for analysis.
BS 598-101, Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas
Part 101: Methods for preparatory treatments of samples for analysis.
BS 598-102:2003, Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas
Part 102: Analytical test methods.
BS 598-107:2004, Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas
Part 107: Method of test for the determination of the composition of design wearing course rolled asphalt.
BS 598-108:1990, Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas
Part 108: Methods for determination of the condition of the binder on coated chippings and for measurement
of the rate of spread of coated chippings.
BS 598-109, Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas
Part 109: Methods for the assessment of the compaction performance of a roller and recommended
procedures for the measurement of the temperature of bituminous mixtures.
BS 598-110, Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas
Part 110: Methods of test for the determination of wheel-tracking rate and depth.
BS 812-2, Testing aggregates Part 2: Methods for determination of physical properties.
BS 3690-3, Bitumens for building and civil engineering Part 3: Specification for mixtures of bitumen with
pitch, tar and Trinidad lake asphalt.
BS 6100, Glossary of building and civil engineering terms.
BS EN 58 (BS 2000-474), Bitumen and bituminous binders Sampling bituminous binders.
BS EN 197-1, Cement Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements.
BS EN 932 (all parts), Tests for general properties of aggregates.
BS EN 933 (all parts), Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates.
BS EN 1097 (all parts), Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates.
BS EN 1367 (all parts), Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates.
BS EN 1744 (all parts), Tests for chemical properties of aggregates.
BS EN 12591, Bitumen and bituminous binders Specifications for paving grade bitumens.
BS EN 13043:2002, Aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments for roads, airfields and
other trafficked areas.
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HIGHWAYS AGENCY, Specification for Highway Works (SHW). London: The Stationery Office.
4 Constituent materials
4.1 Binder
The binder used in hot rolled asphalt mixtures shall be one of the binders designated in Table 1. Paving
grade bitumen shall conform to BS EN 12591. Lake asphalt-bitumen mixtures shall conform to BS 3690-3.
NOTE 1 Guidance on the selection and use of different grades of binder is given in Annex A. Improved performance characteristics
may be achieved by the use of modified bitumens but these are outside the scope of this standard. Guidance is available in the Design
Manual for Road and Bridgework, Volume 7 (HD 37/99) [1].
70/100 and 100/150 pen grade bitumen may be produced by blending in the mixer at the asphalt plant. The
grades used for blending shall be no harder than 30/45 pen nor softer than 160/220 pen and shall conform
to BS EN 12591. The producer shall be able to demonstrate that the plant is capable of adequately blending
the bitumens. Measures for ensuring consistency of proportioning of the blend shall be included in plant
quality management systems. These shall include evidence of type tests carried out on a laboratory blend
of the bitumens to demonstrate conformity to BS EN 12591. The quality assurance/management systems
shall also include the steps to be taken to demonstrate the continuing adequacy of the process following
significant changes being made to those parts of the plant involved in the process of bitumen blending.
No grades of bitumen harder than 70/100 pen shall be blended in the mixer.
NOTE 2 Other grades may be in-plant blended provided that the resulting bitumen can be sampled and tested before it is added to
the aggregate and to ensure it conforms to BS EN 12591.
Table 1 Designation of binders and recommended storage temperatures
Binder number Type Grade Recommended storage
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temperature
C
5.1.1 Aggregate
5.1.1.1 Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall conform to 4.2.
5.1.1.2 Fine aggregate
Fine aggregate shall conform to 4.3 and fines category f22 of BS EN 13043.
5.1.1.3 Added filler
When added filler is required to achieve the composition given in Table 2, it shall conform to 4.4.
5.1.2 Binder
The grade and type of binder shall conform to 4.1.
5.2.2 Aggregate
5.2.2.1 Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall conform to 4.2.
5.2.2.2 Fine aggregate
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Table 2 Composition of base (roadbase), binder course and regulating course mixtures
Column number 2/1 2/2a 2/3 2/4 2/5a
5.3.1 General
Only type F mixtures, conforming to 5.2.1, shall be used for recipe mixtures. The values of binder content
shall be those for the soluble binder content on analysis.
5.3.2 Aggregates
5.3.2.1 Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall conform to 4.2.
5.3.2.2 Fine aggregate
Fine aggregate shall conform to 4.3.
Fine aggregate shall be 0/2 mm conforming to grading category GA 90 and fines category f10.
5.3.2.3 Added filler
When added filler is required to achieve the composition given in Table 6 it shall conform to 4.4.
5.3.3 Binder
The grade and type of binder shall conform to 4.1.
NOTE Guidance on the selection and use of different grades of binder is given in Annex A.
5.4.2 Binder
5.4.2.1 General
The binder shall constitute not less than 15.5 % by volume of the mixture at the target binder content.
The binder content by volume (BVol, %) shall be calculated as follows:
mix
B Vol = B mass ---------
-
b
where
Bmass is the binder content as a proportion of the total mixture by mass (%) added at the mixer;
b is the density of the binder at 25 C in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3);
mix is the bulk density of the compacted mixture without pre-coated chippings in kilograms per
cubic metre (kg/m3).
Information concerning bitumen processed during refining to provide a binder with enhanced properties
without the addition of a modifier shall be provided in accordance with the requirements in Annex E
(see E.2), unless it has a British Board of Agrment1) HAPAS (BBA/HAPAS) Roads and Bridges certificate.
This information shall include advice on early trafficking of asphalts made with the binder.
5.4.2.2 Binder modifiers
Binder modifiers, if required, shall either be combined with the base binder prior to mixing or blended with
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the other component materials of the mixture at the mixer. Information concerning binder modifiers or pre-
blended modified binders shall be provided and approved unless they have a BBA/HAPAS Roads and
Bridges certificate1) (see E.2). This information shall include advice on early trafficking of asphalts made
with the binder in accordance with the requirements in Annex E (see E.2).
NOTE Guidance on the information usually provided on the properties of modified binders and mixtures utilizing modified binders
is given in the Notes for Guidance to the Specification for Highway Works [2].
1)
British Board of Agrment, P.O. Box 195, Bucknalls Lane, Garston, Watford, Herts WD25 9BA. www.bbacerts.co.uk.
5.4.3.3 The mixture shall be designated the job standard mixture provided that:
a) the mixture design proposed conforms to 5.4.1;
b) test results submitted demonstrate that the binder content by volume of the mixture compacted
without pre-coated chippings conforms to 5.4.2;
c) information submitted in accordance with 5.4.3.1 on the mixture design proposed is complete;
d) information submitted in accordance with 5.4.3.2 has been provided;
e) when a density gauge is used to monitor compaction rather than cores:
1) test results submitted demonstrate that the density gauge has been calibrated for the compacted
mixture with coated chippings, using sand to fill surface depressions;
2) test results submitted establish the correlation between the air voids content, as measured from
cores in accordance with BS 594-2:2003, 9.2.6, and density determined using the calibrated density
gauge;
f) test results submitted demonstrate conformity to BS 594-2:2003, 9.4.2, 9.4.3 and 9.4.4.
5.4.3.4 If the mix design or constituent materials of a job standard mixture are changed, details of the
revised mixture shall be submitted for approval in accordance with 5.4.3.1 and 5.4.3.2. Although job
mixture trials may be carried out on- or off-site, material laid for a job mixture trial on-site may or may not
be considered unsuitable as part of the surface course in permanent work, depending on the number of core
holes. However, the material may be retained as part of the permanent binder course if laid at a suitable
level.
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NOTE If job mixture trials are carried out off-site, they may be arranged independently or in conjunction with other works.
6 Mixing
6.1 General
Hot rolled asphalt shall be mixed either by the batch process or in a continuous or drum mixer. The
moisture content of the asphalt mixture, measured by the method given in BS 598-102, shall not exceed
1.0 % (m/m) of the mixture. On discharge from the mixer the aggregate shall be completely coated with
binder with no evidence of balling of the fine aggregate.
6.2 Temperature of mixed asphalt
Whichever method of mixing is adopted, the appropriate maximum temperature given in Table 7 shall not
be exceeded, to avoid the risk of undue binder hardening. Temperatures shall be measured in accordance
with BS 598-109.
Table 7 Maximum temperatures of mixed asphalt
Binder number Type Grade Maximum temperature at any stage
Base (roadbase) or binder Surface course
C C
1 Bitumen 30/45 175 195
2 Lake asphalt-bitumen 35 pen 195
3 Bitumen 40/60 170 190
4 Lake asphalt-bitumen 50 pen 190
5 Bitumen 70/100 165 185
6 Lake asphalt-bitumen 70 pen 185
7 Bitumen 100/150 155 175
NOTE Minimum delivery and rolling temperatures given in BS 594-2 should be considered when determining
mixing temperature.
be cooled quickly to ambient temperature by the application of clean water or by spreading in a layer not thicker than 1.0 m.
8.1 Binders
Paving grade bitumens and lake asphalt-bitumen blends shall be sampled and tested in accordance with
BS EN 58 (BS 2000-474), BS EN 12591 and BS 3690-3.
8.2 Aggregates and fillers
Coarse and fine aggregates and fillers shall be sampled and tested in accordance with the appropriate parts
of BS EN 932, BS EN 933, BS EN 1097, BS EN 1367 and BS EN 1744 (see Clause 2).
Annex A (informative)
Guidance on the selection of materials and mixtures
A.1 General
The selection of an asphalt mixture for a particular site depends upon many factors, particularly traffic,
climate and layer thickness.
A.2 Aggregate
As there are no satisfactory tests for determining the amount of deleterious materials in aggregates, any
obviously degraded or dirty stone together with contamination, such as by roots, vegetation or particles of
lignite, should be avoided.
NOTE Where experience indicates that an aggregate is prone to stripping, addition of an adhesion agent or 1 % to 2 % (m/m) of
Portland cement or hydrated lime might be beneficial.
Base (roadbase) mixtures should be selected from Table 2 to suit the nominal layer thickness. A 40/60 pen
bitumen is normally suitable for most applications but the softer 70/100 pen bitumen may be used where
traffic loading is unlikely to be intense.
A.4 Binder course and regulating course mixture
A.4.1 Binder
Reference should be made to Table 1. The use of 40/60 pen grade bitumen is generally satisfactory for most
applications. In areas of intense canalized traffic in southern England, 30/45 pen grade bitumen may
provide greater resistance to deformation. In Scotland and northern England 70/100 pen grade bitumen
may be satisfactory for less heavily trafficked roads.
A.4.2 Thickness
Binder course and regulating course mixtures should be selected from Table 2 to suit the required nominal
layer thickness.
A.4.3 Composition of mixtures
The choice of coarse aggregate content depends largely upon the thickness of material laid. For general
applications, 60 % (m/m) of coarse aggregate is recommended; 50 % (m/m) of coarse aggregate is
recommended when a mixture is to be laid as a regulating course.
A.5 Surface course mixtures
A.5.1 Binder
The physical properties of an asphalt mixture are generally determined by the type of fine aggregate and
bitumen. Traditional mixtures for normal traffic have been made with sand fine aggregate and 40/60 pen
grade bitumen. If crushed fines or harsh sands are used, softer bitumen may be suitable, even on heavily
trafficked roads.
For sites with more intense traffic, the use of harder (e.g. 30/45 pen) grade bitumen or crushed fine
aggregate may be considered. For sites with very intense traffic, modified bitumens may by considered. On
lightly trafficked roads and other lightly stressed areas, softer binders, e.g. 70/100 pen grade or
100/150 pen grade, may be used, even with sand fine aggregate.
A.5.2 Aggregate
The choice of coarse aggregate and of coated chippings depends primarily on their suitability for the traffic
and site conditions. In all circumstances on public roads and in certain off highway applications it is
essential that the required level of skid resistance is maintained. To achieve this an aggregate with suitable
resistance to the polishing effect of traffic should be used.
The resistance to polishing of coarse aggregate should be specified in terms of the appropriate category
from BS EN 13043. In most cases this should be done using the category PSV declared and quoting the
required minimum PSV value.
The rate at which exposed aggregate is abraded by heavy vehicular traffic is important in determining the
retention of texture by the surface course. The resistance to surface abrasion should be specified in terms
of the appropriate category from BS EN 13043. In most cases this should be done using the category AAV
declared and quoting the required maximum AAV value.
NOTE Guidance on the selection of appropriate polished-stone value and aggregate abrasion value for carriageways is published by
the Highways Agency in Departmental Standard HD 36/99 (1999) [2].
range of constituent materials proposed for use has greatly widened, recipe mixtures have generally failed
to perform well, and have been replaced by design mixtures and performance-specified design mixtures.
Purchasers having proven materials sources and experience of the satisfactory use of recipe mixtures under
the conditions applicable to their areas may wish to continue with their use, possibly with the additional
resource of harder binders for roads where deformation may become a problem.
A.5.3.2 Group 2 mixtures: design method
When there is little or no experience of the use of the proposed constituent materials (especially the fine
aggregate), or where severe traffic loadings exist or are anticipated, the design method is more suitable
than the recipe method, particularly for major contracts involving high tonnage of surface course material.
The mixture derived from the laboratory procedure described in BS 598-107 should satisfy the traffic
related criteria given in Table B.1. If the criteria are not met, alternative sources of constituent materials
should be sought; normally a different fine aggregate and/or grade of binder should be chosen.
It is not yet possible to give specific guidance on minimum flow values for each traffic category in Table B.1.
The mixtures derived from the use of the design method in BS 598-107 are the result of tests on laboratory
prepared specimens, undertaken well in advance of the works to determine an agreed composition.
Adequate time should be allowed for this work. The laboratory design mix should be checked using
aggregate from the plant bins, or the aggregate feed in the case of a continuous plant.
In normal circumstances the laboratory design procedure is undertaken whenever a new source of fine
aggregate is used or proposed. It may also need to be carried out if the aggregate grading changes
materially during production. When little or no variation has been indicated, a measure of consistency may
be obtained by testing specimens, using plant-produced mixture compacted in accordance with the
procedure in BS 598-107. As the results obtained using such material are not directly comparable with
those obtained on laboratory prepared specimens, the values given in Table B.1 will not directly apply.
Periodic checks on the design should, therefore, be carried out at mixing plants, even when fine aggregate
known to be reasonably consistent is used, to enable a producer to supply, with confidence, asphalt to a
recent mix design conforming to this British Standard, even when the quantity of asphalt required is too
small to justify the full design procedure being carried out.
Attention is drawn to the limited experience with type C design mixtures. Problems may occur in obtaining
durable material of low permeability because the harshness of this type of mixture makes compaction more
difficult. The problem may be overcome by increasing the binder content by up to 1 % (m/m) of total mixture
above the design binder content, provided the criteria given in Table B.1 are satisfied.
In the case of 55 % 0/10 mm and 55 % 0/14 mm surface course mixtures, which are not chipped,
100/150 pen grade bitumen is normally used where the mixes are laid on secondary roads, housing
estate roads, play areas and similar sites. However, the use of 40/60 pen grade bitumen is advised on high-
stress sites used by heavy goods vehicles; this material may not be suitable for hand laying. Mixtures
containing 100/150 pen grade bitumen have traditionally been known as medium-temperature asphalt
(MTA), in view of their lower handling temperatures compared with mixtures containing 40/60 pen grade
bitumen.
A.5.3.3 Group 3 mixtures: recipe method
As indicated in Clause 5, this British Standard does not cover all suitable aggregates, a few of which
require binder contents other than those given in Clause 5. If there is little experience with a particular
aggregate, and particularly a fine aggregate, the recipe method should be used with caution. If the mixture
obtained using the recommended recipe is unsuitably brittle or soft, the use of either a softer or harder
binder, or the design method (group 2), should be considered. The soluble binder contents used should be
related to the climatic conditions and the volume of traffic at the specific site. In the majority of cases
mixtures conforming to schedules 1A, 2A and 3A should be used. In cold, elevated, wet conditions, or for
more lightly trafficked roads, mixtures conforming to schedules 1B, 2B and 3B are more appropriate.
A.5.3.4 Group 4 mixtures: performance-specified design mixtures
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Performance-specified design mixtures should be considered where severe or very severe traffic conditions
or traffic loadings exist or are anticipated (see Annex D, Table D.1 and Table D.2).
A.6 Cold weather working
The use of some modified binders can facilitate the laying of mixtures in cold weather conditions. The
advice of the asphalt supplier should be sought if laying in these conditions is unavoidable.
A.7 Storage of mixed materials
It is not possible at the present time to give specific guidance on extended storage of bituminous mixtures.
Conditions of storage affect the maximum storage period.
Annex B (informative)
Recommendations for the application of design test criteria
B.1 Consideration of traffic conditions
When a hot rolled asphalt surface course with chippings is specified in accordance with 5.2, the properties
of the asphalt should be suitable for traffic conditions at the site on which it is to be used. Table B.1 gives
suggested test criteria, measured at the target binder content, for various levels of traffic.
Table B.1 Consideration of traffic conditons
Traffic (in commercial vehicles per lane per day) Stability of complete mix
kN
Less than 1 500 3 to 8a
1 500 to 6 000 4 to 8
Over 6 000 6 to 10
NOTE 1 For stabilities up to 8.0 kN the maximum flow value should be 5 mm. For
stabilities in excess of 8.0 kN a maximum flow of 7 mm is permissible.
NOTE 2 The stability values referred to should be obtained on laboratory mixes.
NOTE 3 The stability and flow values are those pertaining to the target binder
content.
a
It may be necessary to restrict the upper limit where difficulties in the compaction
of materials might occur.
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Traffic is categorized in terms of the estimated average number of commercial vehicles per lane per day
during the year of laying.
Where intense canalization of commercial vehicles occurs, such as at approaches to traffic lights, where
heavy vehicles are continually braking and restarting, and where the rate of growth of traffic is expected
to be abnormally high, the design test criteria should be based on the next higher traffic category.
B.2 Verification of design proposals
The routine submission of design proposals required in the previous edition of this standard is not
considered necessary for designs produced in UKAS accredited laboratories. If a purchaser intends to verify
design proposals these should be specified to be submitted in accordance with BS 598-107:2004, Clause 11.
This verification may be done by supervision or by further testing. An exception may be made for small
contracts using material from a particular source where there is sufficient experience of the mixture for
there to be confidence in the design submitted.
Annex C (informative)
Specifying hot rolled asphalt
C.1 Information to be provided by the purchaser with the enquiry or order
When the purchaser wishes to select the constituent materials and mix composition from the options given
in this part of BS 594, the following information should be agreed between the purchaser and the supplier
at the time of the enquiry or order:
a) description of course(s) (see Annex A);
b) thickness of layer (see Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 6);
c) coarse aggregate content for each course (see Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 6);
d) type of coarse aggregate (see 5.2);
e) type of fine aggregate (see 5.3);
f) type and grade of binder for each course (see 5.1);
g) composition for each course and design method, recipe method or performance specified mixture for
surface course (see Table 3, Table 4 and Table 6);
h) any additional requirements, e.g. coated chippings (see Clause 7), minimum polished stone value of
coarse aggregate or chippings;
i) any additional relevant information (see BS 594-2).
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Annex D (informative)
Guidance on the selection of performance related design criteria for surface
course mixtures
D.1 General
Wheel-track rutting in the surface course may result from deformation in the surface course itself but also
in lower pavement layers, particularly the binder course and, to a lesser extent, the base (roadbase). The
purchaser should not consider using these performance related surface course mixtures unless he/she is
satisfied that the binder course and base (roadbase) will provide the necessary support without undue
deformation. To provide adequate resistance to deformation, it may be prudent to specify binder course and
base (roadbase) macadams that are designed in accordance with BS 4987-1:2004, 4.7 using 40/60 pen grade
binder for the sites in Table D.1.
The aim of 5.4.1 of this British Standard is to specify 35 % stone content hot rolled asphalt in terms of:
a) the component materials (other than binder modifiers) conforming to Clause 5 of this British
Standard;
b) a maximum wheel-tracking rate in the laid mat to limit permanent deformation;
c) a maximum wheel-tracking rut depth to avoid mixtures with a tendency for significant early rutting
but whose rutting subsequently stabilizes;
d) a maximum air voids content in the laid mat to ensure durability; and
e) the surface characteristics (such as texture depth and surface profile) to be as required for the
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To calculate the binder content by volume as specified in 5.4.2.1, the bulk density of the 150 mm diameter
cores taken from the unchipped area should be determined in accordance with the procedure in
BS 598-104:2005, Clause 4. The density of the compacted hot rolled asphalt without coated chippings
should be calculated as the mean bulk density of the individual cores.
The material in a job mixture approval trial carried out on site may have too many core holes to be suitable
for retention as part of the permanent surface course, however the material may be retained as part of the
permanent binder course.
D.6 Testing
Although it is preferable to take cores prior to the surfacing being open to traffic, this may not be possible
when the road has to be re-opened by a specific time. If the time during which the site is available is not
sufficient to allow:
a) the preparation for and laying of the mat and its cooling sufficiently for coring;
b) the coring operation; and
c) the reinstatement of the core hole.
There is no requirement to cut cores before trafficking.
After cores have been cut, a diamond shape can be sawn around the core(s) and the material within the
diamond shape removed to leave the core(s) proud and more accessible for removal to minimize damage,
particularly during warm weather. Reinstatement of a larger area may also permit better compaction by
roller to be achieved. Removing cores which have not cooled sufficiently can reduce their density.
For the reinstatement of core-holes the normal practice of using cold-lay 0/20 mm size dense bitumen
macadam binder course for layers more than 50 mm below the surface and cold-lay 0/6 mm size dense
bitumen macadam surface course for the surface course may not be suitable for high stress sites or diamond
shape cut outs.
D.7 Density gauge
It is recommended that the density gauge is used as a monitoring tool to identify if and when the mixture
or its compaction changes and to indicate possible non-conformity to the specification. This method of
screening is intended to keep the use of coring to a minimum. It is a requirement that on motorway and
trunk road sites a density gauge is used.
C mm/h mm
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0 Lightly stressed sites not requiring specific design for Not required Not required Not required
deformation resistance.
1 Moderate to heavily stressed sites requiring high rut 45 2.0 4.0
resistance.
2 Very heavily stressed sites requiring very high rut 60 5.0 7.0
resistance.
Special Site Site definition Traffic at design life (Commercial vehicles per lane per day)
category category
Up to 251 501 1 001 1 501 2 001 2 501 3 001 4 001 5 001 Over
250 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 6 001
I and II A Motorway (main line) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
B Dual carriageway (all purpose) non-event
sections
C Dual carriageway (all purpose) minor junctions
D Single carriageway non-event sections
E Single carriageway minor junctions
IA and IIA As I and II but with contraflow anticipated during
summer months 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
III F Approaches to and across major junctions (all
limbs) 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
G1 Gradient 3 % to 10 %, longer than 50 m:
Dual (uphill and downhill)
Single (uphill and downhill)
L Roundabout
IIIA As III, above, but with contraflow anticipated during
summer months or in a south-facing cutting uphill 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
IV G2 Gradient steeper than 10 %, longer than 50 m: 0 0 1 1 2 2
Dual (uphill and downhill)
Single (uphill and downhill)
IVA As IV but with contraflow anticipated during summer
months or in a south-facing cutting uphill 0 1 1 2 2 2
V J/K Approach to roundabout, traffic signals,
pedestrian crossings, railway level crossings
and similar 0 1 1 2 2 2
BS 594-1:2005
23
Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 14/09/2010 05:11, Uncontrolled
BS 594-1:2005
Annex E (normative)
Specifying performance-specified hot rolled asphalt
E.1 Information to be provided by the purchaser with the enquiry or order
The following information shall be provided by the purchaser:
a) limiting wheel tracking performance (see Table D.1 and Table D.2);
b) any additional requirements, e.g. coated chippings (see Clause 7), polished stone value category of
coarse aggregate or chippings;
c) whether a density gauge is to be used in monitoring the compaction of the as-laid asphalt.
E.2 Information to be provided by the supplier with the quotation
The following information shall be provided by the supplier with the quotation:
a) details of modified bitumens and bitumen modifiers not having BBA HAPAS Roads and Bridges
certificates (see 5.4.2.1 and 5.4.2.2);
b) job mixture approval particulars (see 5.4.3.1);
c) details of alterations to the test method or necessary corrections, supporting data and mix design
(see 5.4.3.2);
d) any additional relevant information, including recommendations for early trafficking (see BS 594-2).
Annex F (informative)
Copy, (c) BSI
D<16 mm DW16 mm
D 8 +5 9 +5
D/2 or Characteristic coarse sieve 7 9
2 mm 5 7
Characteristic fine sieve 4 5
0.063 mm 2 3
Bibliography
Standards publications
BS 598-104:2005, Sampling and examination of bituminous mixtures for roads and other paved areas
Part 104: Methods of test for the determination of density and compaction.
BS EN 12697-5:2002, Bituminous mixtures Test methods for hot mix asphalt Determination of the
maximum density.
PD 6682-2:2003, Aggregates Part 2: Aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments for
roads, airfields and other trafficked areas Guidance on the use of BS EN 13043.
PD 6682-9:2003, Aggregates Part 9: Guidance on the use of European test method standards.
ASTM D 2041:2000, Standard test method for theoretical maximum specific gravity and density of
bituminous paving mixtures.
Other documents
[1] HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Design Manual for Road and Bridgework, Volume 7, (HD 37/99). London: The
Highways Agency.
[2] HIGHWAYS AGENCY. Notes for Guidance to the Specification for Highway Works. London: The
Stationery Office.
Copy, (c) BSI
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