Ecg353 Week 11

PROJECT ASSIGNMENT [10%]
START ON WEEK 12 WEEK 15

ECG353/ECG213 SOIL ENGINEERING : PART 5
WEEK 11 ~ CHAP. 4
INTRODUCTION TO SLOPE STABILITY
TEACHING LECTURER ;
PM. IR. BAHARDIN BAHAROM
HJH. FAUZILAH ISMAIL
HAIROL ANUAR HARON
DIANA CHE LAT
HAH, FKA Level 5-49, 07-3818345

CHAP 4 : INTRODUCTION TO SLOPE STABILITY
ACTIVITY : Week 11 ~ CHAP. 4

Lecture ~ 83 slides
Tutorial
Independent learning activities
3
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Week 11 :Coverage ~ Total stress analysis for short term stability.
Learning outcomes:
At the end of this lecture/week the students would
be able to:
i. Analyse slope stability based on total stress (for short

term stability)
4
OUTLINE of PRESENTATION
4.1 Introduction & Overview
4.2 Slope Failure Mechanisms
4.3 Slope Protection Works
4.4 Contd.... Total Stress Analysis
4.5 Effective Stress Analysis
5
TOOLS THAT YOU MUST

HAVE DURING CLASS
Graph papers
Geometry set
(Protractor, Compass and etc)
6
6
TYPES OF STABILITY ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
4.4 Total Stress Analyses UNDRAINED STABILITY

4.4.1 Two (2) major classes/methods:
1. Mass procedure : In this case, the mass of the soil above
the surface of sliding is taken as a unit. This procedure is
useful when the soil that forms the slope is assumed to be
homogeneous, although this is not the case in most natural
slopes
2. Method of slices : in this procedure, the soil above the

surface of sliding is divided into a number of vertical
parallel slices. The stability of each slice is calculated
separately. This is a versatile technique in which the non-
homogeneity of the soil and pore water pressure can be
taken into consideration. It also accounts for the variation of
the normal stress along the potential failure surface. 7
COMMON FEATURES OF SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS METHODS
Common Features Of Slope Stability Analysis Methods;

Safety Factor ~ FOS = f /m
where f = shear strength resistance and
m = mobilized disturbing.
FOS = 1 ~ failure, however FOS > 1 ~ safe
however safe FOS may ranging from 1.2-1.5
depends on the several factors.
Shape and location of failure is not known but
assumed (trial and error to find minimum F)
Static equilibrium (equilibrium of forces and
moments on a sliding mass)
8
4.4.2
Undrained Stability -
Homogeneous Slopes
9
UNDRAINED STABILITY ~ TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS
4.4.2 Homogeneous slopes
4.4.2.1 Critical slip circle

A total stress analysis may
be applied to the case of a
newly cut or newly
constructed slope in a fully
saturated clay.
The critical circle is the

one along which a failure is
most likely to occur and for
Figure above shows slip circles at different radii and
which the factor of safety centres. A number of trial circles are chosen and the
is the lowest. analyses repeated for each until lowest FOS is
obtained..
10
Consider a trial slip circle of radius R and centre O

below ;
Instability tends to be caused due to the moment of the

soil body weight W of the portion above the slip circle;
The tendency to move is

resisted by the moment
of the mobilised shear
strength acting along the
circular arc AB
Consider as
Thus, a unit body
mass
Disturbing moment = Wd
11
Length of arc, L =AB R

where is measured in radian
Shear resistance along, f = AB cu R
Thus shear resistance moment, MR (cu R ) * R cu R

2
Disturbing moment, MD = Wd
shear resistance moment, M R
Then factor of safety, FOS
disturbing moment, M D
cu R 2

Wd
12
TENSION CRACKS
4.4.2.2 Tension cracks

In cohesive soils, a tension cracks tends to form near the
top of the slope as the condition of limiting equilibrium
develops.
Depth of tension crack
2cu
zo

as Ka = 1
Consider as a unit body mass

(deduct crack area at the back)
13
TENSION CRACKS
Tension cracks .
No shear strength can be developed in the tension
crack, but, if it can fill with water, allowance must be
made for the hydrostatic force Pw which acts
horizontally adding to the disturbing moment.
1
Pw w zo2
2
The expression for the factor of
safety becomes :
cu R 2 c
FOS
Wd Pw yc
14
SLIP FAILURE MECHANISM IN

COHESIVE SOIL
In calculating the FOS for the slope, we are going to
look into two types of stability :
Undrained stability - Total stress analysis (Cu, u=0, Ka=1)

No tension crack
With tension crack
Layered soil
Drained stability - Effective stress analysis (Cd, d, Ka)

(ordinary method of slice)
No tension crack
With tension crack
Layered soil
15
EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

Example 1 : Undrained stability - Total stress

analysis [MASS PROCEDURE]
Refer to the cross section of the slope given below. *The
relevant properties concerning the calculation and analysis
of the slope are given in the question. Calculate the FOS of
the slope in the following condition :
(a) Ignoring the presence of a tension crack.
(b) With the presence of a dry tension crack.
(c) With the presence of a wet tension crack.
16
Example 1
Undrained stability - Total
stress analysis
[MASS PROCEDURE
METHOD]
17

Example 1 :
Data provided :
Dimensions of slope to refer diagram given.
C = 40 kPa
u = 0O
Radius of slip circle, R = 17.43 m
Angle of slip circle, = 84.06O
Area of slip mass, A = 102.1 m2
Bulk unit weight of soil within the slope, = 18.5
kN/m3
Centroid distance from O, d = 6.54 m
18

Example 1
6.7 m
10 m
19

Example 1 :
Solution (a) :
Calculate the FOS with this equation :
FOS = c R2 REMEMBER !
Wd
= (c) (R)2 () Change to radian
(A x ) (d)
= (40) (17.43)2 (84.06 x /180)
(102.2 x 18.5) (6.54)
= 1.44
20

Example 1 :
Solution (b) :With the presence of a dry tension crack
With the occurrence of a dry tension crack, the
length of the slip arc will be reduce.
This will effect the angle of slip circle.
It will also effect the area of the slip mass.
First, we need to calculate the depth of tension
crack.
zc = 2c = 2(40) = 80 = 4.32 m
18.5 18.5
21

Example 1 :
Solution (b) :
dC
WC
22

Example 1 :
Solution (b) :
The changes of the length of slip arc, the angle of slip
circle and the depth of tension crack have to be shown in
the diagram.
In this example, the value of changes in the parameters
have already being calculated.
In certain cases, the changes have to be shown in the
diagram that has to be drawn to scale.
New angle of slip circle, c = 67.44O
New area of slip mass, Ac = 71.64 m2
New centroid distance from O, dc = 5.86 m
In a dry tension crack, the Pw = 0
23

Example 1 :
Solution (b) :
FOS = c R2 c REMEMBER !
Wc dc
Change to radian
= (c) (R)2 (c)
(Ac x ) (dc)
= (40) (17.43)2 (67.44 x /180)
(71.64 x 18.5) (5.86)
= 1.84
24

Example 1 :
Solution (c) :With the presence of a wet tension
crack.
With the occurrence of a wet tension crack, the
dimensions and parameters will be similar with
(b) with an addition of a lever arm of Pw about
O and the hydrostatic pressure acting upon the
slope.
Lever arm of Pw is calculated at a vertical
distance from O, until it reaches 2/3 of the
depth in the tension crack (Refer to diagram).
25

Example 1 :
Solution (c) : yC = X + 2/3 zc
X = 6.7 m
yc = 9.58 m
dC
10 m
WC
26

Example 1 :
Solution (c) :
Follow the dimensions and changes obtain in
(b).
As in (b) New angle of slip circle, c = 67.44O
As in (b) New area of slip mass, Ac = 71.64 m2
As in (b) New centroid distance from O, dc =
5.86 m
In a wet tension crack situation, the Pw 0 ,
Where :
Pw = x w x zc2
= x 9.81 x 4.322
= 91.54 kN/m 27

Example 1 :
Solution (c) :
FOS = c R2 c
Wc d c + P w y c
= (c) (R)2 (c)

(Ac x ) (dc) + (Pw) (yc)
= (40) (17.43)2 (67.44 x /180)

(71.64 x 18.5) (5.86) + (91.54) (9.58)
= 1.65
28
4.4.3 TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS METHOD OF SLICES
4.3.3.1 Single Layer (cohesive soil, u = 0 )

4.3.3.2 Multi-layer (cohesive soil, u = 0 )
4.3.3.3 Cohesion~frictional soils (c~ soils)
29
Example 2
Undrained stability - Total
stress analysis
[METHOD OF SLICES FOR
SINGLE LAYER]
30

(Slices Method)
analysis (Slices Method)
Refer to the cross section of the slope given below.
*The relevant properties concerning the dimensions the slope are
given in the question.
Redraw the slope using an appropriate scale.
Divide the slope into 5 equal width of strips.
Calculate the FOS of the slope using the Total
Stress Analysis - Slices Method for the
following condition :
31

(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
Data provided :
Dimensions of slope to refer diagram
given (Refer to given diagram).
C = 20 kPa
u = 0O
Radius of slip circle, R = 12 m
Bulk unit weight of soil within the slope,
= 18.5 kN/m3
32

(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
O
R = 12 m

2.0 6m
1.0
4m 16 m
Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

33

(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
Solution :
Select an appropriate scale.
1 cm to 1 m
Follow the steps given in the
slides.
34
34

(Slices Method)
O
R = 12 m

4
2.0 3 6m
1.0
1 2
4m

35
Example 2
Mark the important points
Solution
Draw the slope gradient
4
3
1 2
36
(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
7 O
Solution R = 12 m

6
2.0 6m
1.0
5
4m

37
Example 2
Solution
7
Use the compass to obtain the centroid, O
38

(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
O
Solution R = 12 m
10

9
2.0 6m
1.0
4m
8
39
Use the compass to draw the slip arc
Example 2
Solution
O
10
40
Divide the slope area within the slip arc into 5 equal
width
Example 2
Solution
O
20 m
41
Divide the slope area within the slip arc into 5 equal width
20 m 5 = 4 m width for each slice

Example 3
Solution
O
Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
11
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
42
Measure the height of each strip.
The height of each strip is taken from the middle section of the
strip. But for ended strip [strip 1 & 5], the height of strip is taken
1/3 section (from toe and top slope) of the strip
Strip 1 : h1 = 2.1 m O
h5
Strip 1 h4
h3
h2
Example 3
h1
Solution
13
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
43
The height of each strip is taken from the
middle section of the strip. Example 3
Strip 2 : h2 = 4.2 m Solution
O
h5
Strip 2
h4
h3
h2
h1
14
44
O
Strip 3
h5
h4
h3
h2
h1
15
45
O
Strip 4
h5
h4
h3
h2
h1
16
46
But for ended strip [strip 1 & 5], the height of strip
is taken 1/3 section of the strip Example 3
O
Strip 5
h5
h4
h3
h2
16
h1
47
Draw a vertical line through point O.
Example 2
Solution
O
18 Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
O
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
48
Measure the distance of x1 from the middle
point of the strip till it meets the O-O line.
x1 = 1/3(b1) + O-O line
Example 2
O
Negative x value !!! Solution
19
x1 = - 5.73 m
Strip 1
O
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
49
Example 2
O Solution
Negative x value !!!
20
x2 = - 2.4 m
Strip 2
O
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
50
O Positive x value !!!
x3 = + 1.6 m
Example 2
21
Solution
Strip 3
O
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
51
x4 = + 5.6 m
Example 2
Strip 4 Solution
22
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
52
x5 = 1/3(b5) + O-O line
x5 = + 8.93 m
Strip 5
23
Example 2
Solution
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
53
Measure the sector angle. Example 2

Solution
= 121O
24
Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
Strip 1 Strip 2
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
54
Calculate the length of slip arc, length of C-C.
CC =R
= 12 x (121 x /180) Example 2
= 25.32 m Solution
O
= 121O
C
Strip 5
Strip 4
Strip 3
C Strip 1 Strip 2
25
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
55

(Graphical Method)
Example 2 :
Solution (a) :Ignoring the
presence of a tension crack.
Create a table for all the
data that has been
calculated in the previous
slides.
56

(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
Solution (a) :
Strip Width, b Height of Weight X Moment
(m) strip, haverage (kN/m)
Distance (kN)
(m) W=Ax
=bxhx (m) MX = W x
Xn
1 4 2.1 *4*2.1*18.5 - 5.73 - 445.22
=77.7
2 4 4.2 310.8 - 2.4 - 745.92
3 4 6.4 473.6 + 1.6 757.76
4 4 6.8 503.2 + 5.6 2817.92
5 4 5.3 *4*5.3*18.5 + 8.93 1751.17

=196.1
Total 4134.71
57
(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
Solution (a) :
FOS = c (R x Length of arc CC)

Total Mx
= (c) (R x CC)
Total Mx
= (20) (12 x 25.32)
4134.71
= 1.47
58

(Slices Method)
59
(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
Solution (b) :
With the occurrence of a dry tension crack, the
length of the slip arc will be reduce.
This will effect the angle of slip circle.
It will also effect the area of the slip mass in strip 5.
First, we need to calculate the depth of tension
crack.
zc = 2c = 2(20) = 40 = 2.16 m
18.5 18.5
60
Example 2
Show the location of tension crack.
Solution
zc = 2.16 m
h4 26
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
61
Example 2
Recalculate the area for strip 5.
Solution
zc = 2.16 m
h4 26
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
62
Realculate the area for strip 5

Strip 5 @ Area 5 = Value from (a) Area Occupied by Tension Crack
Area of Triangle Occupied

By Tension Crack
0.8 m = x 0.8 x 2.16
= 0.86 m2
Area of Strip 5 @ Area 5

= 10.6 0.86
= 9.74 m2
Example 2
Solution
63
Remeasure the distance of x5 from the middle
point of the new strip 5 till it meets the O-O
line.
zc = 2.16 m
Example 2 X5 = + 9.5 m
Solution
27
h4
h3
h2
h1 O
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
64
Example 2
The reduction of the slip arc angle.
Solution
zc = 2.16 m
c = 110O
28
h4
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
65
The reduction of the slip arc length. Example 2
CC = R c Solution
= 12 x (110O x /180O)
= 23.05 m
O
zc = 2.16 m
c = 110O
C
h4
h3
C h2
h1
29
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
66
(Slices Method)
Strip Area Weight X Moment
Example 2 :(m2) (kN/m) Distance (kN)
Solution (b) : W=Ax (m) MX = W x Xn
1 4.20 77.7 - 5.73 - 445.22
2 16.80 310.8 - 2.4 - 745.92
3 25.60 473.6 + 1.6 757.76

(a)
4 27.20 503.2 + 5.6 2817.92
5 10.6 196.1 + 8.93 1751.17
Total 4134.71
5 9.74 180.19 + 9.5 1711.81
(b)
Total 4095.35
67
(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
Solution (b) :

Total Mx
= (c) (R x CC)
Total Mx
= (20) (12 x 23.05)
4095.35
= 1.35
68

(Slices Method)
69

(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
Solution (c) :
With the occurrence of a wet tension crack, the
dimensions and parameters will be similar with (b)
with an addition of a lever arm of Pw about O and
the hydrostatic pressure acting upon the slope.
Lever arm of Pw is calculated at a vertical distance
from O, until it reaches 2/3 of the depth in the
tension crack (Refer to diagram).
yC = X + 2/3 zc
Pw = w zc2
70
Calculate the value of yc. Example 2
X = 2.6 m Solution
2/3 zc = 2/3 (2.16) Therefore,
= 1.44 m yc = 2.6 + 1.44 = 4.04 m
O
2.6 m zc = 2.16 m
c
2/3 zc
h4
h3
h2
h1
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 29
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
71

(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
Solution (c) :
Follow the dimensions and changes obtain in (b).
As in (b) New angle of slip circle, c = 110O
As in (b) New slip arc length, CC = 23.05 m2
As in (b) New total moment, Mx = 2572.4 kNm
In a wet tension crack situation, the Pw 0 ,
Where :
Pw = x w x zc2
= x 9.81 x 2.162
= 22.88 kN/m
72
(Slices Method)
Example 2 :
Solution (c) :

Total Mx + Pw yc
= (c) (R x CC)
Total Wx + Pw yc
= (20) (12 x 23.05)
4095.35 + (22.88)(4.04)
= 1.32
73
4.4.3
Undrained Stability-
non-homogeneous slopes
74
4.4.2 Undrained non-homogeneous slopes

4.4.2.1 Multi-layer problem
Embankment of tip Cutting in stratified deposits
Ref : BSW, Fig. 9.11, Pg 366
75

4.4.2 Undrained non-homogeneous slopes
4.4.2.2 Effect of a hard layer
When the underlying layer has a much greater strength,
the critical slip circle is constrained to develop only in
the weaker layer above :
Effect of an underlying hard layer

76
4.4.2.1 Multi-layer problem
(MASS PROCEDURE)
Consider as a unit body

mass of Soil A
Consider as a unit body mass

of Soil B
Ref : BSW, Fig. 9.12, Pg 366

GEOTECHNIQUES (ECG433) ARM - 200777
For undrained non-homogeneous slopes ~

multi layer problem (Mass Procedure)
Factor of safety is given by :
R 2 (cuA A cuB B .....)

FOS
(WA d A WB d B ....)
78
4.4.2.1 TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS METHOD OF SLICES FOR MULTI LAYERS
3A
3B
W1
79
TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS ~ Method of Slices

4.4.2.1 Multi layers ~ Cohesive soil (u = 0)
Table 4.2 : Tabulation of data for cohesive soil ~ multi layers
Height, h (m) W = A = (AhA + BhB) b Lever
Slice Width, Disturbing moment,
arm, d
No b (m) hA hB (kN/m) MD = Wd (kNm/m)
(m)
1 - -ve -ve
2
3
6 -
MD
Factor of safety for cohesive soil is given by :

shear resistance moment, M R R 2 cuA A cuB B ....
FOS
disturbing moment, M D (WA d A WB d B ....)
** where determination of W is by slice and
calculated as tabulated in Table 4.2
80
END OF WEEK 11
W12
CHAPTER 4
(sub-topic 4.5)
Drained Stability Effective Stress Analysis
81
TOOLS THAT YOU MUST

HAVE DURING CLASS [W12]
Graph papers
Geometry set
(Protractor, Compass and etc)
82
82
REFERENCES
1. Whitlow, R ~ Basic Soil Mechanics, 2001.

2. Craig, R.F. & Knappett J.A. ~ Craigs Soil Mechanics, 2012.
3. Das, B.M., ~ Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 2010.
4. Lecturers notes** ~ Kamarudin, F., Hashim, K.A., Abdullah,
N.H.H., Che Lat, D., Mohd Noor, S.N.A., and Nabi Khan, I.
**Some extractions were made especially on the photos and schematic diagrams. Many
thanks for sharing the notes and references.
83

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Ecg353 Week 11

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PROJECT ASSIGNMENT [10%]

START ON WEEK 12 WEEK 15

HAH, FKA Level 5-49, 07-3818345

ACTIVITY : Week 11 ~ CHAP. 4

i. Analyse slope stability based on total stress (for short

TOOLS THAT YOU MUST

TYPES OF STABILITY ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

4.4 Total Stress Analyses UNDRAINED STABILITY

2. Method of slices : in this procedure, the soil above the

Common Features Of Slope Stability Analysis Methods;

UNDRAINED STABILITY ~ TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS

4.4 Total Stress Analyses UNDRAINED STABILITY

4.4.2 Homogeneous slopes

4.4.2.1 Critical slip circle

The critical circle is the

UNDRAINED STABILITY ~ TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS

Consider a trial slip circle of radius R and centre O

Instability tends to be caused due to the moment of the

The tendency to move is

UNDRAINED STABILITY ~ TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS

Length of arc, L =AB R

Shear resistance along, f = AB cu R

Thus shear resistance moment, MR (cu R ) * R cu R

4.4.2.2 Tension cracks

Consider as a unit body mass

SLIP FAILURE MECHANISM IN

Undrained stability - Total stress analysis (Cu, u=0, Ka=1)

Drained stability - Effective stress analysis (Cd, d, Ka)

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

Example 1 : Undrained stability - Total stress

4.4 Total Stress Analyses UNDRAINED STABILITY

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

= (c) (R)2 (c)

= (40) (17.43)2 (67.44 x /180)

UNDRAINED STABILITY ~ TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS

4.4.3 TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS METHOD OF SLICES

4.3.3.1 Single Layer (cohesive soil, u = 0 )

4.4 Total Stress Analyses UNDRAINED STABILITY

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

Given diagram, Note to Scale (NTS)

Use the compass to obtain the centroid, O

EXAMPLE SLOPE ANALYSIS

20 m 5 = 4 m width for each slice

Draw a vertical line through point O.

O Positive x value !!!

O Positive x value !!!

O Positive x value !!!

Measure the sector angle. Example 2

5 4 5.3 45.3*18.5 + 8.93 1751.17