CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

15. SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FRAMED BUILDINGS

15.1 Recommended Reading

1. Paulay, T. and Priestley, M. J. N., Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry
Buildings, Wiley, Section 3.6.

2. ATC, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Report ATC-40, Applied
Technology Council, Redwood City, California.

3. FEMA, Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Report
FEMA 356, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C

15.2 Practice of Seismic Analysis and Design Per ACI 318

The key steps in the IBC force-based seismic analysis of reinforced concrete framed buildings are
enumerated below:

1. Develop trial sizes of beams and columns using hand calculations; estimate the reactive weight at
each floor level

2. Develop a mathematical model of the building frame using the sizes of step 1

3. Analyze the model of step 2 for frequencies and mode shapes

4. Calculate the design base shear V using the first mode period from step 3 (as modified by the
IBC) as

PSa (T , )W
V=
R

5. Distribute the base shear force over the height of the building using

wx hxk
Cvx = n
k
wi hi
i =1

where k is equal to 1 for periods less than or equal to 0.5 second and 2 for periods greater than 2.5
seconds, and

Fx = CvxV

where Fx is the lateral force at level x. Is this reasonable?

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

6. Apply the lateral forces Fi in conjunction with the gravity loads and (after using load factors)
calculate design actions (forces) in all components.

7. Check displacements and drifts in frame by multiplying calculated elastic displacements, s , by

the displacement amplification factor, Cd . If the frame is too flexible, revise member sizes and
return to step 2.

8. Design components for the actions of step 6 and apply prescriptive details of ACI 318.

Values for R and Cd from the IBC for reinforced concrete frames are presented below. In CIE 525,
attention is focused on the special reinforced concrete moment frame.

R 0 Cd

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

15.3 Chapter 21 of ACI 318

Chapter 21 of ACI 318 provides guidance for the design and detailing of components (beams, columns,
joints, and walls) in seismic lateral-force-resisting systems.

Design forces are calculated elsewhere in such documents as

2000 International Building Code

2000 NEHRP Recommended Provisions

ACI 318 writes rules regarding acceptable concrete strengths and rebar types for earthquake-resisting
construction, namely,

f c 3000 psi

Rebar shall conform with ASTM A706 unless tight quality control on ASTM A615 such that:

f yact f ynom + 18000 psi; and

fuact 1.25 funom

Type 2 splices in regions of high (yield) rebar stress

No welded splices in the critical regions (twice member depth from column or beam face)

15.4 Design and Detailing of SMRF Beams

15.4.1 Rules of ACI 318

ACI 318 writes rules for beams in SMRFS. What are beams?

Flexure dominated components

Low axial loads: Pu 0.1Ag f c

ln 4d for shear; if span is less:

b / d 0.3 for stability

3
b 10; bcol + 2( db ) for good moment transfer to the column
4

Prescriptive detailing requirements are used in lieu of requiring calculations for determining deformation
capacity in critical regions.

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

Limits are set on the amount of longitudinal reinforcement, namely,

200
0.025
fy

Ductility is provided through compression rebar and confinement. The limit of 0.025 is to avoid rebar
congestion and recognizes that balanced failure cannot be defined once members undergo inelastic load
reversals.

Consider now the generic beam below

ACI writes the following rules

At least two bars continuous top and bottom of the beam. Why?

At the face of the joint, M n+ 0.5M n

Everywhere else, M n 0.25M n / + at face of joint

No lap splices within 2d either side of a section where hinging can occur or in joints. Where in
the above beam?

If lap splice in a beam, splice must be enclosed in hoops or spirals with a maximum spacing of 4
in. or d/4.

Mechanical splices are permitted (and preferred)

Limits are also set on the placement of transverse reinforcement. What is the purpose of the transverse
reinforcement?

Shear reinforcement

Confinement

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

In the region a distance 2h either side of a plastic hinge region, except only on one side at joints,

1st hoop at 2 in. maximum from joint face

smax d / 4
8d b
24dtie
12

Seismic hoops shall restrain the beam bars as for columns

Elsewhere throughout the span,

smax d / 2

Acceptable seismic hooks are shown below.

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

The design shear force in a beam is calculated as the sum of

Factored gravity load shears: 0.75(1.4VD + 1.7VL )

Plastic shears: shear due to development of nominal moment capacities at member ends and
f s 1.25 f y

In a plastic hinge zone, the contribution of the concrete to the shear resistance, vc , is set equal to 0.

Indirect way of requiring more shear reinforcement in regions subjected to cyclic nonlinear
deformations

Confined core still largely intact

15.4.2 Plastic Hinge Zones and Rotation Capacities

Reinforced concrete SMRFs are expected to form plastic hinges during design earthquake shaking. In the
frame below, plastic hinges are shown at the ends of the beams and at the column bases. If we also
assume that all of the frame deformation during an earthquake is plastic deformation

e << p and t = e + p p

then the plastic rotation at each hinge ( p ) can be related to the total displacement t as

p h = t

and so, if the maximum roof displacement is known in the design earthquake, the maximum beam plastic
rotation can be estimated.

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

Consider first the actual and idealized moment-curvature relationships shown in the figure below. How
can this information be used to calculate maximum rotation capacities of critical connections?

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

Consider now the cantilever beam shown below for which the moment and curvature diagrams are shown.

The idealized curvature distribution is shown below.

The shaded area represents the plastic rotation that occurs in addition to the elastic rotation at the ultimate
stage of the beam. The inelastic area at the ultimate stage can be replaced by an equivalent rectangle of
height ( u y ) and width l p , having the same area as the actual inelastic curvature distribution.

l p is the plastic hinge length over which the plastic curvature is assumed to be constant

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

The plastic rotation to the left of the fixed end can be calculated as

p = (u y )l p

So, if the plastic hinge length is known (see below), the maximum roof displacement t has been
estimated, and the moment-curvature relationships established for the beams and columns (including the
effects of confinement), the maximum curvature demand on the cross sections can be established. The
task then is to ensure that max u for each hinging component.

The subject of plastic hinge length has been studied (and studied and studied). The concept of a plastic
hinge is introduced to simplify calculations and nothing else. Values and expressions for l p have been
back calculated from experimental data.

Presentation materials and summary by Professor Dawn Lehman (UW)

For typical beam and column proportions, use

l p = 0.5h

where h is the member depth. Such an assumption should be used for calculating rotation capacities but
not for the length over which confinement reinforcement is to be placed.

What length should be used for the extent of confinement reinforcement?

What does ACI 318 assume?

15.5 Design and Detailing of SMRF Columns

15.5.1 Rules of ACI 318

ACI 318 writes rules for columns in SMRFS. What are columns?

Modest to high axial loads: Pu > 0.1Ag f c

bmin 12

bmin
0.4
bmax

As
0.01 g = 0.06
Ag

Lower limit (0.01) is to control time-dependent deformations (creep) and to have M y > M cr

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

Upper limit (0.06) is to limit rebar congestion and plastic shears in columns

To limit inelastic flexural deformation in columns, the sum of the column nominal flexural strengths shall
exceed the sum of the beam nominal flexural strengths (in the plane of the beam) at a beam-column
connection, that is,

M nc > M nb

ACI 318 writes M c 1.2 M g

Column axial load that gives the minimum column-moment strength. How to calculate? See
below.

No account of strain hardening in beam rebar

Should include an appropriate slab width to calculate beam strengths.

What effective width? For interior beams, ACI 318 writes beff b + 16t f ; l2

If the above rule is not satisfied, ACI writes that special transverse reinforcement is required
over the full height of the column

ACI 352 writes M c 1.4 M g

Column axial load that gives the minimum column-moment strength. How to calculate?

No (explicit) account of strain hardening in beam

Should include an appropriate slab width to calculate beam strengths.

No guidance given on slab width but consider the data of Kurose et al. (SP-123, p 39)

Kurose et al: effective width is dependent on level of deformation

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

94
At 2% drift for J2, beff = b + 2(0.7 )t = b + 26t f
5 f

94
At 4% drift for J2, beff = b + 2(0.9 )t = b + 34t f
5 f

NZ codes requires even larger multiplier than 1.4

How are columns designed for strength?

Using interaction curves based on design material properties

Confinement effects are ignored.

Consider now the generic column below (different details may be required if the column serves as a
boundary element)

How about the joint regions?

Locate lap splices in middle third of column

between floors; design as tension splices;
enclose in transverse reinforcement

l0

Avoid lap splices in the first story;

M mechanical and welded splices
okay anywhere
Mn
ln
?
1.25M n 4

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

ACI writes the following rules

Special transverse reinforcement is required along length l0 from each joint face, where

l0 hmax
ln

6
18

Special transverse reinforcement should be provided over a longer height at the bases of the first story
columns as shown above

Perhaps 0.2 or 0.25 times the clear height of the column, ln

Special transverse reinforcement is intended to

Increase strain capacity

Restrain buckling of longitudinal rebar

Increase shear strength

Secondary role is to increase axial and flexural strength

Transverse reinforcement should also be provided to resist shear forces

Calculate the plastic shear assuming nominal flexural strengths at ends of columns

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

The ACI rules for special transverse rebar are To ensure that post-spalling
strength exceeds pre-spalling
strength
Ag f c f c
For spirals, s 0.45( 1) 0.12
Ac fy fy

Equations govern for large

f c Ag f c
For hoop ties, Ash 0.3( shc )[ 1] 0.09 shc diameter columns
f yh Ac f yh

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

Spacing of transverse rebar is as follows

s 0.25bmin
6db
14 hx
sx = 4 + ( );4 s x 6
3

15.6 Response of Reinforced Beam-Column Joints (per ACI)

ACI Committee 352 provides information to the code-writing committees on the design of beam-column
joints for gravity and seismic actions. The report ACI 352R-91, Recommendations for the Design of
Beam-Column Joints in Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Structures, is the current ACI report on the
beam-column joints.

ACI 352 classifies joints by type and geometry:

Type 1 for non-seismic applications: joint connects members designed to satisfy ACI 318
requirements and in which no significant inelastic deformations are expected

Type 2 for seismic applications: joint which connects members designated to have sustained
strength under deformation reversals into the inelastic range

and

Interior: horizontal members framing into all four sides

Exterior: at least two horizontal members framing into opposite sides of the joint

Corner: all others

To count as confinement as an exterior or exterior joint, a beam framing into a face must cover at least
75% of the column width. Sketches of the three joint geometries follow:

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

The basis steps in the design and detailing of beam-column joints follow the same general approach,
namely,

Classify joints according to type and geometry

Define joint demands

Define joint capacity

Provide joint confinement

Provide reinforcement development

Provide adequate strength in columns

Experimental observations indicate that joint shear strength is fairly independent of the volume of
transverse reinforcement if minimum amounts are provided. This is the basis of the detailing procedures
in US codes. Consider the data from Kitayama et al. in SP-123 for interior joints:

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

These data suggest that there is no increase in joint shear strength for substantial increases in the joint
lateral reinforcement ratio, beyond 0.4%.

Gravity and lateral-load demands on beam-column joints differ as noted below.

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

How are joint demands calculated? Consider the interior beam-column joint shown below:

Vcol
1.25 As f y

?????

Vj

The horizontal joint shear force is calculated as

V j = T1 + T2 Vcol = ( As [1.25 f y ] + ????? Vcol )

Should slab contributions to the strengths of the beams be considered to estimate the demand on a beam-
column joint?

What effective width should be adopted?

Should the vertical joint shear force be calculated also?

ACI 318 assumes that if the column rebar is correctly designed, stresses in the vertical
reinforcement should be less than f y and that the reserve strength in the reinforcement can serve
the function of vertical joint shear reinforcement.

ACI 318 and ACI 352 provide equations for the strength of beam column joints as follows:

Vu = Vn = 0.85[ f cb j h]

where values for are given in the table below, h is the depth of the column in the direction under
consideration, and b j is the joint width, which is defined below.

Type Interior Exterior Corner

1 24 20 15

2 20 15 12

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

The joint width is also defined in ACI 318 as follows below:

For Type 2 joints, the special transverse reinforcement in the column ends must be continued through the
beam-column joint as shown below. No specific calculation for the volume of joint shear reinforcement is
needed.

For interior joints meeting specific requirements, special transverse reinforcement can be reduced
by 50% from that in column ends

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

ACI 318 also writes rules for anchorage of beam reinforcement in a Type 2 beam-column joint, namely,

The diameter of straight bars in a beam-column joint should be smaller than 5 percent of the
column dimension in the direction, that is,

h
20
db

Note that this will not prevent slip of the beam bars in the joint. To prevent such slip,
h / db 32 , which would result in very large joints.

For hooked bars, the required development length ldh for a bar with a standard 90-degree hook
must be provided

Where is this distance measured from?

db

ldh

15.7 Notes on the Design of Beam-Column Joints

A number of models have been developed for force transfer in beam-column joints. The two most popular
models are the

Truss model: assumes perfect bond of rebar in joint and assumes all forces are transmitted to the
joint by longitudinal reinforcement.

Diagonal strut model: assumes no bond of rebar in joint; force is applied as a compression force
in concrete on opposite side of joint.

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

Truss model

Diagonal strut model

Forces are transferred across the joint for the two models as shown below in a figure from the text of
Paulay and Priestley:

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CIE 525 Reinforced Concrete Structures Instructor: Andrew Whittaker

An alternate model is the strut-and-tie model shown below. This approach permits the user to select the
load path: one approach is to assign all forces in longitudinal reinforcement to a truss mechanism, and all
compression in the flexural compression zone to a single strut.

Which approach is correct? No single load-transfer mechanism is correct for all levels of applied load.
True mechanism is likely a combination of the diagonal strut and truss models (or the strut-and-tie model)
shown above.

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