Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Part A: Write a short note on any four of the following questions. (Each question carries 5
marks)
Q1. Write a note on the importance of water and impact of waste water on environment.
Q2. What is the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of water?
Primary treatment: It is the removal of floating solid from waste water. Eg screening.
Secondary treatment : Water leaving primary clarifier still contains high energy molecules
creating BOD. Eg aeration, filtration.
Tertiary treatment: Depends on the nature of problem.
This treatment is designed depending on the nature of pollutant. For example if heavy metal
salts, like chromium, are present in water, they require special treatment for removal.
Chromium salts are sometimes used in dyeing to improve fastness properties. They pollute
effluent water from dyeing process.
Q3. Why standardization of water for human consumption is of prime importance?
Q4. How textile manufacturing contributes to the air, water and land pollution?
Q5. How human activity pollutes the atmosphere?
Cars Leaving lights on, plantations, dust, Noise pollution (sounds of factories
running),smoking, Not recycling.
Q6. What is greenhouse effect and how it is produced in atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide and some other gases in air produce greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect is
responsible for global warming.
Q7. What is the role of ozone layer in protecting the earth and how it is being damaged?
Ozone layer is found in stratosphere and it protects earth surface from UV radiations and high
energy that comes from sun. it is harmful for human being as it damages living tissue
CFCs can damage ozone that contains chlorine and fluorine. They are found in aerosols, air
conditioners, and refrigerator. Other compounds that destroy ozone include
fire retardants, pesticide, industrial solvents and burning of fossil fuels
(particularly coal).
Q8. What is acid rain and how it damages the ecosystem?
Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen in atmosphere form sulfuric and nitric acids.
These oxides in atmosphere are responsible for acid rain.
The consequences of acid rain are deforestation.
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By introducing new energy efficient processes
Thermal insulation
Ventilation
Solar energy
Wind energy
Hydro energy
Geothermal energy
Q10. What are direct and indirect uses of solar energy, explain with examples?
Direct:
Heating buildings and water
Indirect:
Solar energy is also useful indirectly.
Employees responsibilities
Governments duties
Governments duties:
National policy on OHS
National law, labor law and regulations
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Operational measures:
Legislation
Enforcement
Labor inspection
Understand and comply with legislation and workplace health and safety requirements;
Follow safe work procedures;
Use safety equipment, machine guards, safety devices, and personal protective equipment;
Report unsafe acts and workplace hazards;
Report incidents (meaning accidents and dangerous occurrences), injuries, or illnesses immediately;
Work and act safely and helping others to work and act safely;
Co-operate with the occupational health committee and others on health and safety issues; and
Refrain from causing or participating in the harassment of another worker.
Part B: Write short answers of any sixteen (16) of the following questions. (Each question carries 1.25
marks)
Because it contains dissolved gases from atmosphere and dissolves minerals salt from land.
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10. How stream water pollution differ from lake water pollution?
Because stream water is not still and it flows and lake water is still so due to this the pollutants
are more in lake water and bacterial activity increases.
16. What are the main pollutants in bleaching water waste of textile?
78.1% nitrogen, 21.0% oxygen, 0.9% orgon and 0.03% carbon dioxide. In addition to gases
atmosphere also contains 1-3% of water vapors.
19. Which of the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere has greatest impact
on biosphere?
Sun heats the earth surface. Heat is transferred to air, we get regions of hot and cold air which
turn into region of low and high pressure. Due to difference in pressure the wind blows.
Natural sources of pollution, such as forest fire, volcanic activity, release of gases from earth.
22. What are primary and secondary air pollutants; give one example of each?
Primary air pollutants are those which enter atmosphere from source unchanged.
Secondary air pollutants are those which are produced from primary pollutants by chemical
reaction.
Gases
Aerosols
Dust
Fumes
Smoke
Mist
Fog
Smog
Carbon dioxide and some other gases in air produce green house effect.
The depletion of ozone layer is responsible for the entry of UV rays in the troposhere.
UV rays in low concentration in atmosphere kills harmful bacteria and viruses but in high
concentration it is harmful for human being as it damages living tissue
Oxides of sulfur and nitrogen in atmosphere form sulfuric and nitric acids.These oxides in
atmosphere are responsible for acid rain. The consequences of acid rain are deforestation.
Co2 emission, cfcs, other hazardous gases like so3, oxides of nitrogen.
31. Write down the classification of air pollutants from textile industry.
Gaseous pollutants
Thermal pollution
Chemicals
Noise pollution
Monocarbon etc
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Irritation of skin and eyes.
Solar energy is a renewable source of energy which can be used directly or indirectly.
34. What is the difference between energy conservation and energy efficiency?
Energy conservation
Energy efficiency
Adopting new technology or methods which require less energy to perform the same work.
35. Why the domestic energy consumption in developed countries is much more than the less
developed countries?
36. Why overall energy consumption in developed countries is much more than the less
developed countries?
L 18.
37. What are the main energy resources required by textile industry?
Electrical energy
Natural gas
oil
38. How energy efficiency and energy conservation effect the product cost?
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40. What is environmental risk assessment?
risk assessment: The quantitative and qualitative characterization of risks so that they can
be compared, contrasted and managed.or process of identifying, assessing and reducing
risks.
Problem formulation
Identify hazard
Release assessment
Exposure assessment
Risk categorization
Risk management
Information about dose response and exposure are combined to provide a detailed
description and extent of adverse health effects.
45. What health risks are associated with textile ginning process?
Fine fibers spread in air, can cause respiratory organ disease.
46. What health risks are associated with textile fabric formation process?
Fabric changes fibers into carbonaceous material which goes into air may form colloidal
solution with air and cause respiratory diseases.
47. What health risks are associated with textile pre-treatment process?
Bleaching process will cause pollution of air with compounds of chlorine.
48. What health risks are associated with textile dyeing process?
By-products of dyes and auxiliaries which may vaporize go into atmosphere cause air
pollution.
49. What health risks are associated with textile finishing process?
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50. Identify the following caution marks:
b. Codes of practice
d. Dissemination of information
55. How human activities affect the environment. Explain with the help of examples.
All human activities have more or less effect on environment. The simplest example is the
use of energy for heating which is achieved by burning fuel like natural gas. In industrial
manufacturing, depending on the type of industry, a variety of pollutants are added to
environment which changes its composition. The automobiles running on the roads are
continuously producing carbon dioxide and pumping into air. Hence all human use of
resources produce more or less waste which pollutes the environment various extents.
56. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources giving two examples of each.
All those resources which reproduce again and again are called renewable resources, for
example trees which grow again and again from seeds or in some other way are renewable
resource. On the other hand fossil fuel (petroleum and natural gas) once produced in the
history of earth is not producing again is a non-renewable resource.
All those materials which change the composition of environment and are harmful for living or
non-living things constitute the pollution.
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58. Differentiate between people over population and consumption over population.
By people over population we mean the increased number of human being living in a
particular geographic region, while consumption over population is the unnecessary excessive
use of resources by relatively small number of people.
59. In which three sectors the pollution is divided, comment on any one of them.
The pollution on earth is divided in three distinct areas i.e. land (solid waste), water (liquid
waste) and air (gaseous waste).
The goal of environmental studies is to achieve sustainable environmental so that the future of
the earth may be protected.
Preventing luxurious use of resources and fulfilling need only so that the resources may last
longer. In case of non-renewable resources the resource will last longer and future
generations may use these resources and in case of renewable resources the resource may
replenish. If the renewable resource is used at a rate higher than they are replenished, the
resource will ultimately end up.
64. What is the difference between sustainable development and sustainable consumption?
A simple life requires to fulfil only needs and resources are not wasted so that resources
sustain, hence, it is an example of sustainable consumption.
It is self-respect for environmental protection for the sake of contemporary world and future
generations. For example in our country there is a severe shortage of electric power and
many areas are facing heavy load shedding. In such a condition if we minimize our use of
electricity and prevent wastage so that it may be provided to more deprived ones is the ethical
use of electricity.
It is the legal right of every citizen to adequate protection from environmental hazards. For
example the industrial areas usually have more polluted environment and we see that most
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poor populations are established in vicinity of such areas. These people have the same legal
right of protection from environmental pollution as the people living in posh areas.
The consequence of greenhouse effect is global warming. The greenhouse effect is the rise
of temperature due to carbon dioxide inside the greenhouse. If the level of such gases in the
atmosphere rise excessively, the temperature of atmosphere rises like a greenhouse. The
consequence of greenhouse effect is the excessive melting of ice caps on the poles and rise
in sea level.
Any environmental problem face commonly by the whole world is a global environmental
issue while an environmental problem limited to a geographic region is regional environmental
issue.
The extensive use of automobiles in the word is causing rise in carbon dioxide level resulting
in global warming.
The use of energy resources produces one or other type of waste. All gaseous waste is
added to the atmosphere which if creates imbalance results in change in atmospheric
conditions. For example increasing carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere due burning of
fuel by automobile is creating greenhouse effect resulting in global warming.
Social, economic and environmental factors are important for sustainable development.
Land cover may change to various human activities like cutting of forest and changing it to
agriculture land, urbanization, mining for minerals etc. The land cover may also change due
natural phenomena like draught, floods and climatic changes.
Forest is habitat for a variety of animals; deforestation destroys the ecosystem. It is a source
of wood to fulfil human needs. It cleans atmosphere by removing carbon dioxide from it and
adding oxygen to it. They prevent soil erosion and stop strong wind.
77. How human behaviour is effecting the replenishment of natural resources like forests?
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If we consume natural resources at a higher rate than they are produced, the resources will
deplete. For example if we do not grow forests at a rate we are cutting them, this resource
will deplete.
79. What was the major cause of development of environmental management system?
The major cause of development of environmental management system was various disasters
that happened in history like the disaster of pesticide production plant of Union Carbide in
Bhopal, India and Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Russia.
80. Why legislation and financial penalties are important for environmental protection?
This is important so that all strictly follow the rules and protect the environment.
81. What is the concept of stakeholders and how it was helpful in the development of EMS?
The stakeholders are all those, whose interest is, in one way or the other, concerned with that
industry. They may be consumers, sellers, manufacturers, employees etc.
82. How market encouragement measures can improve the quality of environment?
83. Explain any disaster in history which greatly increases human awareness about sustainable
environment.
84. List any two issues of sustainability and explain how they affect sustainability.
For example population and global atmosphere (you may explain the effects of growing
population and the global warming)
It is the study of interaction among the organisms and the organisms and their abiotic
environment.
87. What are biotic and abiotic factors? Give examples of each.
Decomposers consume dead materials and convert them into simpler materials like carbon
dioxide and other materials.
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92. Why energy in ecosystem cannot be recycled?
Energy ultimately changes into heat, which moves into atmosphere and cannot be recovered
again.
93. What is a food chain? Write down components of any simple food chain?
Ecosystem works through the flow of material and energy. It is influenced by the climate,
conditions of land etc.
You may discuss supply of resources, waste removal, polluted atmosphere, transporation etc.
By dematerialization we mean reducing waste by more and more recycling of material. When
waste is reduced the system becomes more eco-efficient.
101. How extraction of minerals from earth may cause environmental problems?
The minerals are materials of commerce. For example, iron is the back bone of not only
construction industry but manufacturing industry too. All electrical industry depends on copper.
Air craft industry depends on aluminium. These only a few to mention.
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104. What is soil pollution?
Soil contamination or soil pollution as part of land degradation is caused by the presence
of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It
is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste.
Note:
The short questions highlighted are those proposed for mid-term examination; some of these
questions will appear in final examination also.
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