TEAM 4 LONELINESS AND LOSS OF MUSCULAR STRENGTH

PLANNING COMMITTEES: YIN YIN, BEATRICE, BERNICE & BEN

1. What theories and models do you think explains your topic best? Briefly explain why?

Intrapersonal level - Theory of Planned Behavior

Interpersonal level - Transtheoretical Model

2. Select specific constructs from health promotion theories and models that are related to your
topic. Define and explain why each construct chosen is related to it.
The name of theory - Theory of Planned Behavior
(Yin Yin Sim-Fellows)
Construct 1 Attitude toward Definition: A model that predict a positive or negative
behavior outcome from the action of the behavior.

Justification: Older adults that have depression or isolation

has low self-assurance in getting physical exercise or
interact with other people. Increasing self-confidence
through positive outcome, such as exercise and social
interaction will increase the change of behavior.
2 Subjective norm Definition: Attitude or behavior that consider normal - care
about what other people think.

Justification: Older adults that care about the way their

family members or their loved ones think will perform or
try their best to stay physically active.

3 Behavior Definition: : Action of a performance.

Justification: If the older adults behavior is negative and

does not make an effort to change, then the intention to
change will be negative or weak.

4 Intention Definition:Motivation or purpose of change.

Justification: If the older adults behavior is positive and

thinking of staying healthy, then the intention to change
will be positive.

5 Perceived Definition: A belief model that determines that people can

behavioral control change behavior when influenced by environments.

Justification: Older adults that want to change their

lifestyle, staying active can have a positive outcome when
influenced by program planners and their environments.
The name of theory - The Transtheoretical Model of Change

Constructs 1 Stages of change Definition: The stage of not planning to change behavior or
not making an effort to change a behavior.

Justification: Old adults that have depression, anxiety and

feel lonely do not see that being lonely and physical
inactivity is a problem for their health.

2 Decisional Definition: The stage of thinking and taking action to

balance change behavior.

Justification: Older adults is in the stage of changing

behavior, they knew that physical inactivity and antisocial
would increase their health problems. With the
encouragement from the program planners, older adults
have more confidence to start.

3 Processes of Definition: The stage to be ready to live a healthy lifestyle.

change
Justification: Older adults are ready to live a healthy lifestyle
and create a plan to improve loneliness and physical
inactivity by interacting with program planners, such as
playing games, walking in the park and creating a good
relationship.

4 Self-efficacy Definition: The ability to perform a task or a behavior

change.

Justification: Older adults that has depression have low self-

efficacy in getting physical exercise. Increasing self-efficacy
through exercise and social interaction is important to help
them to increase their confidence.

5 Temptation Definition: The stage of continuing the positive behavior.

Justification: Older adults are aware that relapses might

happen, if they do not continue physical activity or
interaction. With the support and rewards from program
planners and stakeholders, older adults have more positive
attitude to continue staying healthy.

For example, smoking behavior related constructs from theories and models can be self-efficacy,
perceived benefit, perceived barrier, intention, social support, Perceived threat etc.
1. Self-efficacy
Definition: people's confidence in their ability to perform a certain behavior or task
Justification: Most smokers have low self-efficacy in quitting smoking and with low self-efficacy
they cannot quit smoking. So, increasing self-efficacy through interventions is important to have
them quit smoking.

2. Perceived benefit -
3. perceived barrier-