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Tolerance of mango cv. Ataulfo to irradiation with Co-60 vs. hydrothermal MARK
phytosanitary treatment
Y. Gmez-Simutaa, Emilio Hernndeza, Marysol Aceituno-Medinaa, Pablo Liedob,
Arseny Escobar-Lpeza, Pablo Montoyaa, Bigail Bravoa, Guy J. Hallmanc, M. Emilia Bustosd,
Jorge Toledob,
a
Programa Moscafrut, SAGARPA-IICA. Subdireccin de Desarrollo de Mtodos, Camino a los Cacaotales S/N, Metapa de Domnguez, Chiapas C. P. 30860, Mexico
b
Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado Postal 36, Tapachula, Chiapas C.P. 30700, Mexico
c
Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna,
Austria
d
Independent Consultant, 172 Roan Drive, Garner, NC 27529, USA
A B S T R A C T
The use of ionizing irradiation or the use of hot water treatment (HWT) has been demonstrated as a successful
commercial phytosanitary treatment during the past two decades. Several countries currently use this
technology for commercial treatments to meet plant quarantine requirements. However, hydrothermal
treatment has been found to signicantly aect the rmness of Ataulfo mango fruit, the susceptibility to
damage by cold and it also accelerates their maturation. In this study, we focused on the eect of irradiation
doses on the sensorial quality and the physiochemical properties of mango cv Ataulfo compared with the
traditional hot water treatment. We found that doses of 150 Gy and 300 Gy of gamma radiation can be applied
successfully as well as the hot water treatment. There was no signicant dierence in between irradiation
treatments in terms of weight loss, external and internal color, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity and rmness,
and consumer's acceptance. There was no adverse eect of color appearance, odor and avor, indicating that
consumers will have the willingness to buy and consume irradiated mangoes. Irradiation of mangoes can be a
successful post-harvest treatment as an alternative to the hot water treatment.
Correspondence to: ECOSUR, Apdo. Postal 36, Carr. Ant. Aeropuerto KM. 2.5, 30700 Tapachula, Chis, Mexico.
E-mail address: jtoledo@ecosur.mx (J. Toledo).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.05.015
Received 15 November 2016; Accepted 16 May 2017
Available online 17 May 2017
0969-806X/ 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y. Gmez-Simuta et al. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 139 (2017) 2732
irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment against tephritids and the test. The irradiation process was carried out in a Cobalt 60 dry
criterion for commercial application is based on the inability of the storage gamma irradiator (Model GB-127), with an activity of 59,956 Ci
insect to survive and/or reproduce after being irradiated at the egg (Calibration date: sept 2006). The dose rate at the moment of the test
and/or larval stage (USDA/APHIS United States of Department of was 2.14 Gy/minutes, approximately. The exposure times to the treat-
Agriculture/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 1996; Bustos ments 150, 300 and 500 Gy were 70, 140 and 233 min, respectively.
et al., 1992; Hallman and Worley, 1999; Hallman, 2000; Toledo et al., The results of the dosimetry using the Gafchromic system showed
2003). average doses of 155, 306, and 537 Gy; with a minimum dose (Dmin) of
Irradiation at doses less or equal to 1000 Gy aside from a phytosa- 155, 299 and 498 Gy and a maximum dose (Dmax) of 155.2, 311.5 and
nitary treatment, can also extend shelf life (Miller, 2005). Irradiation 557.01 respectively; the DUR for each dose was of 1.001, 1.04 and 1.12,
may be eective in prolonging the shelf life of fresh fruits and respectively. The hot water treatment was carried out in a commercial
vegetables because it slows the normal biological changes associated fruit packing facility using 46 C for 75 min. The fruit quality was
with maturation and may oer some control of pathogens resulting in assessed every 3 days during 18 days of storage at 21 C, considering: I)
fruit rot (OMS/FAO Organizacion Mundial de la Salud/Organizacin de physicochemical properties (weight loss, internal and external color,
las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentacin, 1989). rmness, pH, titratable acidity and total soluble solids; II) sensorial
Generic radiation treatments have been developed irrespective of quality (avor, odor, color and appearance).
commodity, and therefore, theoretically, could be applied to a mixture
of fresh commodities as long as the technical objectives of the treatment 2.2. Physicochemical properties
are met. The rst technical objective is to apply the minimum dose to
control the pests associated with the fruits in the mixture, which is often The tests were done following the methodology described in the
150 (only Tephritidae) or 400 Gy (most insects); the second technical Association of Ocial Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1998).
objective is not to exceed any maximum allowable dose (e.g., 1000 Gy
in the USA), but the treatment should not exceed the maximum 2.2.1. Weight loss
tolerable dose of the most radiation-sensitive fruit in the mixture The weight loss rate was determined by using a digital scale (Ohaus
(Follet, 2009). Brand, Model CS2000, USA). The weights of 16 fruits were taken
Traditionally assessment of postharvest quality is aimed at assessing randomly from each treatment from the rst day and every third day
the physico-chemical quality of the fruit through parameters such as during an observation period of 18 days. Daily weight loss is expressed
weight loss, rmness, color, maturity index, pH and acidity, among in percentages.
others. Gradually, sensory evaluation of fruit has been incorporated
(Rojas-Argudo et al., 2007). At present, the nutritional quality is 2.2.2. Internal and external color
gaining interest, being a component of the overall quality that is very For the external color, the equatorial zone of the fruit was used to
much valued by consumers (Contreras-Oliva et al., 2010). However, for obtain the data and the color was evaluated at three points (apex,
many consumers, the reason for the repeat purchase of the product is middle and base), for a total of three replicates per treatment. The
governed by the product's appearance and texture that is oered by evaluations were carried out every third day for 18 days. The same
touch (Kader, 1992; Cardello and Schutz, 2003). In the use of the fruits were used to determine the internal color. A longitudinal cut as
irradiation as phytosanitary purposes, beside the eect of the treatment close to the seed was done. The color was obtained with a portable
on the target pest, the eect of the treatment on the commodity must be colorimeter (Brand Konica Minolta, Mod. Chroma meter CR-400, USA)
one of the main objectives that need to be considered. As dierent fruit recording luminosity (L), chromaticity (C) and hue angle (Hue)
have dierent dose tolerance levels, here we focused on the tolerance, (Francis, 1980). For the determination of chromaticity value or satura-
physicochemical and sensorial properties of mango cultivar Ataulfo to tion index value, the following formula was used: Cr =(a2 + b2); the
dierent doses of gamma irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment Hue angle was determined by (H) = arctg b/a.
compared to the hot water treatment.
2.2.3. Firmness
2. Materials and methods A portion of the skin of the fruit was previously removed with a
cuter and the rmness was measured with a digital penetrometer
2.1. Bioassays (Turoni TR Forli-Italy, Model 53205) equipped with a strut 10 mm in
diameter. Each test was repeated three times, every third day for 18
The mangoes used in this study were provided by the Packing days. The values are expressed in Newtons (N).
Company Naturafrut Bautista, located at km. 14 Carretera Tapachula-
Puerto Madero, Chiapas, Mexico. The fruits were taken to the Methods 2.2.4. Total soluble solids (TSS)
Development Department, Moscafrut at Metapa de Domnguez, For this test, three dierent pulp portions of the fruit (apex, middle
Chiapas, and kept at 13 C for 24 h before the treatments. Fruit used and base) were extracted and macerated, then a drop of pulp was
were 3/4 physiologically mature, size 16. This size indicates the removed and the Brix content was measured using a digital refract-
number of fruits weighing 260300 g that can be placed in a 4.54 kg ometer (Atago model PR101, USA). Before performing the following
container of export quality and in compliance with the Mexican Mango reading the electrode was washed with distilled water. Three replicates
Packers regulation (EMEX-SAGARPA-BANCOMEXT/SE, 2005, (NOM- per treatment per day were carried out.
188-SCFI) Norma Ocial Mexicana, 2012), which also states that the
fruit pulp must be yellow, without any white portions, and that the 2.2.5. pH
pericarp should be a combination of green and yellow. Each batch of Samples consisted of 10 g of pulp, homogenized in 90 mL of distilled
fruit was divided into 5 treatments: a) Hot water treatment (HWT) water through a blending process; the reading was taken by direct
(46.1 C/75 min in accordance with SAGARPA-USDA 2012 and USDA/ immersion of the electrode in the samples using a digital potentiometer
MRP/APHIS/PPQ United States Department of Agriculture/Marketing (Oakton, Orion Model 5 Star, Singapore). Quantication was per-
and Regulatory Programs/Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/ formed in duplicate for each treatment every third day for 18 days.
Plant Protection and Quarantine, 2013 in the T-102 for mangoes
weighing less than 375 g and hydrocooled); b) Gamma irradiation at 2.2.6. Titratable acidity
doses of: 150 Gy; 300 Gy; 500 Gy and c) Control fruit without treat- An aliquot of 10 mL of the extract (10 g of fruit pulp in volumetric
ment. After treatment the fruit were kept at 21 C during 18 days of the display at 100 mL of distilled water and homogenized in a blender) was
28
Y. Gmez-Simuta et al. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 139 (2017) 2732
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Y. Gmez-Simuta et al. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 139 (2017) 2732
Fig. 2. Physicochemical properties of mango cv. Ataulfo irradiated at dierent doses of 60Co Gamma-ray or immersed in 46.1 C water for 75 min and posterior storage at 21 C for 18
days.
dierences between the irradiation treatments compared to the control among 150, 300, and 500 Gy. The highest value was recorded in
were not signicant (F4, 25 =2.57; P=0.0654) (Fig. 2C). Luna-Ezquivel mangoes treated with 150 Gy. Control mangoes and hydrotermically
et al. (2006) found that hydrothermal treatment at 46.1 C for 75 min treated mangoes did not show signicant dierences compared to
signicantly aected the rmness of Ataulfo mango fruit and the mangoes irradiated at 300 and 500 Gy (Fig. 2D). Luna-Ezquivel et al.
susceptibility to damage by cold and also accelerated their maturation. (2006) showed that Ataulfo mangoes treated hydrotermically
We suggest that the irradiation did not produce any reduction of the reduced their content of TSS by 15% when they were stored at low
rmness on the mango fruit after the treatment because the temperatures compared with the control without hot water treatment.
permeability of the fruit skin was not aected. Here, the irradiation treatment had no eect on increasing the content
Doses for commercial fruits are generally lower than one kGy. Fruit of soluble solids because the highest value recorded was similar to that
treated with radiation must be handled under the same standard registered for both the control and the hot water treatment.
procedures established for other types of phytosanitary treatments, or
they can be combined with other kinds of treatment to reduce the
irradiation dose (Diehl, 1991; Kildkast, 1991). The preservation of the 2.5.1.5. pH and titratable acidity. The pH had a positive correlation
hardness of the fruit after irradiation reects that there was no physical with fruit maturation while the acidity had a negative correlation, as
damage on the texture of the fruit. the value decreased as fruit matured (Fig. 2E and F). At 18 days of
storage after irradiation, the fruits treated with 150, 300, and 500 Gy
showed signicantly lower values of pH (F4, 25 =13.92, P=0001) and
2.5.1.4. Total soluble solids (TSS). There were signicant dierences in higher titratable acidity (F4, 25 =4.35, P=0.0083), compared with
the TSS (F4, 25 =3.89; P=0.0135), however dierences were only mangoes treated in hot water and the control. If we consider the
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Y. Gmez-Simuta et al. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 139 (2017) 2732
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Y. Gmez-Simuta et al. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 139 (2017) 2732
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