VERBS: 1.- Take place: Tener lugar, ocurrir. 1.- LINGUISTIC FUNCTIONS: 2.- Develop (reg): desarrollar. 1.- Listing points (enumerar) 3.- Succeed (in) (reg): tener xito en. - First/ Firstly/First of all. 4.- Agree (reg): estar de acuerdo. - Second/ Secondly 5.- Cause (reg): causar -Third/thirdly 6.- Solve (reg): solucionar. - Finally/ Lastly/ last but not least. 7.- Put an end to = fnish: poner fin a - 2.- Givng examples 8.- Fail (in) (reg): fallar, fracasar, suspender - For example 9.- Deserve (reg) merecer. - For instance 10. Lead -led- led: guiar, conducir a - such as (como, tales como) 11. Mean-meant-meant (+Ving): implicar,suponer 3.- Giving personal opinions 12. Result (in) (reg): Traer como consecuencia. 3. -1 agree with (something or 13. Make a good/bad use of: Hacer buen/mal uso. somebody) 14. Benefit (from): beneficiarse de. -1 agree that..... 15. Damage (reg): perjudicar. -1 agree strongly 16. Prevent somebody from + Ving. Impedir up to a point / to a certain extent 17. Make sure + of7that + clause: asegurarse. -1 disagree = I don't agree 18. State (reg) : afirmar, exponer,declarar. - To my mind / In my opinion / In my 19. Stress (reg): recalcar, hacer hincapi. 20- view Advise (reg): aconsejar. - From my point of view. 21. Report (reg): informar, dar parte de 4.- Making generalizations 22. Come to a conclusin: Llegar a una conclusin - In general 23. Be willing (+ To Infnitve): Estar dispuesto a - Broadly speaking=Roughly speaking - 24. Be unwilling: ser reacio a Basically 25. Reject (reg) = Turn down: rechazar 5.- Expressing contrasts 26. Lie-lay-lain (in): Estar tumbado/estar situado -But 27. Be located: estar situado en (lugares) - However=Nevertheless (sin embargo) 28. Have nothing to do with: no tener nada que ver -Whereas=While (mientras) 29- Share (reg): compartir - On the one hand.....On the other hand 30. SOME PREPOSITIONAL VERBS - Although/ even though +-Clause -Depend on (reg); - Insist on (reg) - Despite = In spite of + Ving + noun. - Listen to (reg) - Despite/ In spite of the fact + Clause. - Talk to (reg) 6.- Giving conclusions -Deal with (deal-dealt-dealt): tratar de; ir sobre - In short -Worry about (reg) -To sum up -In conclusion - Care about: importar 7.- Rephrasing ideas -Be aware of (estar enterado de) - In other words. - Remind someone of (reg) recordarle a alguier -That is to say -Suffer from (reg): padecer de - To make a long story short (colloq) -Belong to (reg) pertenecer .- 8.- Saying obvious things - Be responsible for: ser responsable de - Obviously/ No doubt e -There is no - Blame (someone) for: culpar por need to say that..... - Have influence on: Tener influencia en -I needn't say that... 31.- Have in common: tener en comn -Everybody knows..... 32.- Replace (reg) sustituir 33.- Wonder (reg): preguntarse 34.- Struggle (reg): luchar, hacer todo lo posible 35.- Do one's best: Hacer algo lo mejor posible NOUNS: 1.- Feature: caracterstica 9.- Adding extra Information 2.- Behaviour: comportamiento - Besides: adems 3.- Meaning: significado - Furthermore: Es ms,... 4.- Human being: ser humano - What's more: Es ms 5.- Individual: individuo - In addition (to this),... 6.- Mankind: humanidad 10.- Expressing cause 7.- (to do) harm: ( hacer) dao, perjuicio - Because / as (conjuncin)+ Clause 8.- Landscape: paisaje - Because of + Noun 9.- Resources: recursos (en el amplio sentido) -Due to (prep) 10- Event: acontecimiento - Owing to + Ving- 11- Amount: cantidad - This is why + Clause 12- Boundary= borden lmite, frontera - (have) a reason + Inf: una razn para 13- Resemblance: semejanza 11. Expressing consequence or result 14- Development: desarrollo - so + adj/adv + that............ 15- (in a) Mess= chaos: desastre, caos - so much /so many + noun + that..... 16.- a kind of= a sort of: un tipo de; una clase de - such (a) + (adj) + noun + that 17.- a waste of: una perdida o desperdicio - As a consequence ... 18.- Knowledge (incontable): conocimiento(s) - As a result , como consecuencia 19- Disease= Illness: enfermedad - Consequently 20- A good humour - So: por lo tanto; por consiguiente A bad sense of responsibility - Therefore/ Thus: por lo tanto A deep duty 12.- Expressing purpose (finalidad) A wrong justice, freedom, - In order to 21.- Feeling: sentimiento - To +Infinitive (mismo sujeto) 22.- Crowd: multitud, gento - So as (not) to 23.- Punishment: castigo - so that/ so + Clause (normalmente 24.-Advantage # Disadvantage: ventaja# desvent distinto Sujeto) 25.-Advantanges and disadvantages:pros & cons 13.- Expressng probability 26- Effect: efecto. - probably: probablemente 27- Danger: peligro - To be likely to: ser probably 28- Issue: tema; 29- Problem - In all probability:con toda probabilidad 30- Solution - There's a good chance that: es muy 31- Life#death probable 32- Aim/ Target objetivo, blanco 14.- Expressing a conditon 33- (to play) the role: (desempear el) rol, papel - If: si ADJETIVOS. - Unless: a menos que 1.- main= the most important - as long as/provided/providing: con tal 2.- relevant: 3.- essential que 4.- meaningful # meaningless - Otherwise: de lo contrario. 5.- key= clave - On the condition that. Con la 6.- well-known : conocido condicin de que 7.- harmful # harmless prejudicial/inocuo - In case: por si acaso 8.- proud of: orgulloso 9.- sensitivo: sensible 10. sensible: sensato 11. old-fashioned # fashionable - In (to be in fashion # to be out of fashion) 12.- skillful (at, in): hbil MASS MEDIA: 15.- Expressing surprise 1.- Media: medios de comunicacin -what (a) +(adj) + noun!; qu 2.- Broadcast-Broadcast-Broadcast: transmitir - such (a) + (adj) + noun!: tan 3.- Televisin - how + Adj/adverb: qu television set: aparato de televisin - so + adj/ adverb: tan programme (BrE) program (AmE): programa - so much + uncountable noun serial: serie - so many + plural noun. series: serie 16.- Telling stores (linkers & phrases) chat-show: prog. de entrevistas informales - There was /were once: Haba una vez documentary: documental - Once upon a time: Erase una vez soap opera: culebrn. - Used to: sola / imperfectoindicativo Quiz-show: programa concurso - In the past - Nowadays/ currently/ at present The news: telediario - Suddenly: de repente 4.- Press - so far: por ahora (con present Perf) newpaper (paper): peridico magazine: revista - at dawn/ at sunrise : al amanecer tabloid: peridico sensacionalista - at sunset/ at dusk: al atardecer journalist: periodista - From now on: de ahora en adelante reader: lector - From time to time: de vez en cuando literate # illiterate: culto/ analfabeto - All night/day long: todo la noche/da - article: artculo - Every other day/: un da s y otro no. - headlines: titulares. - at first. Al principio 5.- Radio - before : antes + 1: noun radio station: emisora after: despus + 2:clause(S+V+C) (to be) on the air: estar en el aire. + 3: + Ving >.- Advertising - afterwards/Next: a continuacin Advertising: publicidad - as soon as: tan pronto como Advertise: anunciar - at the end : al final Advertisement/ advert/ ad: anuncio -at last!: por fin. Commercial: anuncio (tele o radio) Expressing frequency (How often?) Market: mercado recuerda su posicin: Marketing: comercializacin. I.- Entre sujeto y verbo Billboard: valla publicitaria. II.- Si hay auxiliar, despus de l.) Target: objetivo/blanco. - always: siempre; - usually/often Consumers: consumidores. - sometimes Hidden persuaders: persuasores ocultos. - hardly/seldom/rarely; - never Advertising aims: - Once a day/year/week/month -sell -sold -sold -Twice ; - Three /Fout times a -create needs: crear necesidades 18.- Letter wrring -Dear Michael,.... -inform - Give my regards to... (da recuerdos) -hide the negative aspects. -1 hope to hear from you soon -Persuade or convince: persuadir o convencer - All the best -Have influence on: tener influencia en - Dear Sir/ Madam -Put emphasis on (stress the attractive aspects) - I'm writing in connection with.... - Thank you for your letter of (date) -1 look forward to your reply - In reply to your (advertisement,etc) - Please send me firther details. -1 endose a curriculum vitat* - Yours faithfully, Yors sincerely WAR AND PEACE: LINGUISTIC FUNCTIONS: -( be) at war. -Declare war on: declare - Battle: batalla - Conflict The Navy: la marina The Army: ejercito (de tierra) The Air Forces: fuerzas aereas Join the army: alistarse al ejercito Troop: tropa Soldier: soldado Shoot-shot-shot: disparar (Take) revenge on Shelter: vb.-refugiarse n.- refugio, cobijo Threat: amenaza Threaten: amenazar Coward (noun): cobarde Cowardly (adj): cobarde Prisoner: prisionero Imprison (vt): apresar ; Prison Refugee: refugiado Battlefield: campo de batalla Torture: tortura Execution: ejecucin. To defend: defender Defence: defensa Defenceless (adj): indefenso Victory: victoria Defeat (reg): derrotar (to suffer) a defeat: sufrir uan derrota To risk: arriesgar (to run) a risk: (correr) un riesgo (to be) at risk: estar en peligro. Guns: pistolas Weapons= arms: armas. Shell: (noun): proyectil. To shell: lanzar proyectiles Safe: (adj) :seguro (a salvo, fuera de peligro) Secure (adj): seguro (a nivel psicolgico) (to be) sure: (adj): seguro, (tener la certeza) Courage: valenta Brave: valiente Hero: hroe To have guts: tener agallas. Enemy: enemigo Peaceful # peaceless Peace-keeping forces: fuerzas de paz. Concentration camp: campo de concentracin. Relase: liberar.