DISCUSSION

Boyles Law states that pressure and volume is inversely to each other. From the result
and calculation that we obtained, it is proven that pressure is inversely propotional to volume.
As volume is increase, the pressure will decrease as the temperature is kept
constant.Calculation is needed to know the pressure difference between the initial and final
pressure of the experiment., The volume of the ideal gas can be determined using the ideal gas
law which is P1V1=P2V2. For condition 1,2 and 3 we obtained difference of 0.0269,0.016 and
0.034 respectively. Thus, we can say that the Boyles Law is verified.

The boyles law can be explained through the concept of two container with different
size. If the gas pressure is constant and filled in the smaller container, it will have higher
pressure compared to the gas pressure in the bigger container. This due to the space between
particles inside the container. Bigger container provide bigger space, thus reduce the collision
between gas particles and the wall of the container that make the pressure to be lower. The
bigger surface area reduce the pressure as pressure is inversely proportional to area in the
formula of P=F/A.

In the second experiment, Guy Lusaacs law states that pressure is directly proportional
to temperature, as the temperature increase, the pressure will increase with volume is constant.
This can be proven through experiment two. From the data and graph plotted, we manage to
get the result that can verified Guy Lusaacs theory. As the temperature is increased as pressure
is increased. When the volume is constant, the pressure of a fixed mass is proportional to the
temperature (P/T =k). Gas expand when heated causing the density to decrease and the warm
air rises.

As for the third experiment, it is based on the second law of Thermodynamics that
defines temperature and entropy. Calculation for entropy changes for isothermal, isobaric,
isochoric processes and for phase transition can be described. In this experiment, the isentropic
behaviour of the process was studied. Isentropic expansion occur when the system are
reversible and adiabatic when no net heat, which means heat is not transferred neither in nor
out. From the data, we obtained the constant k which is 1.37. The difference is only 0.03 as the
entropy of air is 1.4 where we can say it is successful. The difference may be caused by errors
in the apparatus that cause the pressure and temperature to be a little bit lower than expected
as mentioned before that there will be no change in entropy as it is a isentropic process.
 In stepwise depressurization, it is one of the way to make an equal time stepwise
depressurization approach in this study make a more reliable result as for example in
production sector in industries. The substance onset pressure is found to be affected by the way
of system depressurization which is frequency and time step magnitude since it has diret
bearing on stabilization time. The molecule in certain container will be affected when the
number of them decreasing slowly as they will not collide frequently between them. Based on
the result, the pressure decrease with every expansion. The decrease in pressure also caused
the decrease of temperature in the system and we can see a step like graph as the air expand
throughout the time.

For Brief depressurization, we can see from the graph that the pressure decrease more
linearly compared to stepwise depressurization. This shows that the expansion occur when the
pressure of gas increase while the expansion of gas decrease as the gas is free to flow out time
by time.

In the experiment to determine the ratio of volume experiment, ratio of volume can be
obtained by using Boyles Law equation .The law proposed an equation of P1V1=P2V2 and
after we manipulate the equation, the ratio can be determined by V1/V2=P1/P2. This
experiment has been conducted in three condition which are from pressurized chamber to
atmospheric chamber, atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber and pressurized to vacuum
chamber. From the results, we obtained a little deviation as there are difference of -5.69%,-
0.2% and-2.92 % for condition 1, 2 and 3 respectively when compared to theoretical value of
2.021. Probably, error such as the environment of the apparatus cause a slight deviation in the
temperature and pressure. But, since the percentage error is less than -6% ,it can be said that
the experiment is successful.

Last but not least, the determination of ratio heat capacity. The ratio of heat capacity
can be obtained by using the expression of heat capacity ratio where we use the intermediate
pressure, final pressure and initial pressure as subject in the equation. Based on the result of
the experiment, we obtained k of 1.18. The ideal k is 1.4. So the deviation is around 15.71%.
As the difference in percentage is high which is more than 10% , we failed to get the value that
close enough to the theoretical value. It may be caused by apparatus malfunction or
environment factor that affecting the pressure and the temperature.
 In industries, the determination of pressure, expansion and heat capacity is really
important. The volume and temperature of gas that can be used can be known using all the
properties. The determination of the properties is important as gas will have different pressure
in different temperature and volume. Thus, when the properties is known, it will be much easier
and safer for gas to be transport, process or used as product.