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Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Surface Structure of Metals
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Surface-Roughness
a + b + c + d +K
Ra =
n
a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2 +K
Rq =
n
Figure 33.3 Coordinates used for
surface-roughness measurement using
Eqs. (33.1) and (33.2). !
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Surface
Roughness
Figure 33.4 (a) Measuring surface roughness with a stylus. The rider supports the
stylus and guards against damage. (b) Path of the stylus in surface-roughness
measurements (broken line) compared to the actual roughness profile. Note that the
profile of the stylus path is smoother than that of the actual surface. (c) through (f)
Typical surface profiles produced by various machining and surface-finishing processes.
Note the difference between the vertical and horizontal scales.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Real Contact Area
Figure 33.6 Ring-compression test between flat dies. (a) Effect of lubrication on
type of ring-specimen barreling. (b) Test results: 1. original specimen and 2. to 4.
increasing friction. Source: After A. T. Male and M. G. Cockcroft.
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Friction
Coefficient Chart
Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology, Fifth Edition, by Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid.
ISBN 0-13-148965-8. 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Types of Wear in Hot Forging Die