Judy Garland

Judy Garland (born Frances Ethel Gumm; June 10,

1922 June 22, 1969) was an American singer, actress,
and vaudevillian. She was renowned for her contralto
vocals[1][2] and attained international stardom that con-
tinued throughout a career spanning more than 40 years
as an actress in musical and dramatic roles, as a recording
artist, and on concert stages.[1]
Garland began performing in vaudeville with her two
older sisters and was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as
a teenager. She made more than two dozen lms with
MGM, including nine with Mickey Rooney. Garlands
most famous role was as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz
(1939). Her other roles at MGM included Meet Me in St. Garlands birthplace in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, now a mu-
Louis (1944), The Harvey Girls (1946) and Easter Parade seum
(1948). After 15 years, she was released from the studio
and made record-breaking concert appearances, a suc-
cessful recording career, and her own Emmy-nominated 1 Early life
television series. Film appearances became fewer in her
later years, but included two Academy Award nominated Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10, 1922,
performances in A Star Is Born (1954) and Judgment at in Grand Rapids, Minnesota. She was the youngest child
Nuremberg (1961). of Ethel Marion (ne Milne, 18931953) and Francis
Garland received a Golden Globe Award, a Juvenile Avent Frank Gumm (18861935). Her parents were
Academy Award, and a Special Tony Award, and at vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie
39 became the youngest and rst female recipient of theater that featured vaudeville acts. She was of English,
the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement Scottish, and Irish ancestry,[5][6] named after both of her
in the lm industry. She was the rst woman to win parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church.
a Grammy for Album of the Year for her live record- Baby (as she was called by her parents and sisters)[7]
ing of Judy at Carnegie Hall. In 1997, Garland was shared her familys air for song and dance. Her rst
posthumously awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement appearance came at the age of two-and-a-half when
Award. Several of her recordings have been inducted into she joined her older sisters Mary Jane Suzy/Suzanne
the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Gumm (19151964) and Dorothy Virginia Jimmie
Institute placed her among the 10 greatest female stars of Gumm (19171977) on the stage of her fathers movie
classic American cinema.[3] theater during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of
[8]
From an early age Garland struggled in her personal life. "Jingle Bells". The Gumm Sisters performed there for
The pressures of adolescent stardom sent her to a psy- the next [7]
few years, accompanied by their mother on
chiatrist at age eighteen. Her self-image was inuenced piano.
by lm executives who said she was unattractive and ma- The family relocated to Lancaster, California, in June
nipulated her on-screen physical appearance.[4] She was 1926, following rumors that Frank Gumm had made sex-
plagued by nancial instability, often owing hundreds ual advances towards male ushers.[9] Frank purchased
of thousands of dollars in back taxes. She married ve and operated another theater in Lancaster, and Ethel be-
times, with her rst four marriages ending in divorce. She gan managing her daughters and working to get them
also had a long battle with drugs and alcohol, which ulti- into motion pictures. Garland attended Hollywood
mately led to her death from a barbiturate overdose at the High School and later graduated from University High
age of 47. School.[10]

2 Early career

1
2 2 EARLY CAREER

2.1 The Gumm Sisters nounced that the trio looked prettier than a garland of
owers.[15] A TV special was lmed in Hollywood at the
Pantages Theatre premiere of A Star Is Born on Septem-
ber 29, 1954, in which Jessel stated:

I think that I ought to tell the folks that it was I

who named Judy Garland, Judy Garland. Not
that it would have made any dierence you
couldn't have hid[den] that great talent if you'd
called her 'Tel Aviv Windsor Shell', you know,
but her name when I rst met her was Frances
Gumm and it wasn't the kind of a name that so
sensitive a great actress like that should have;
... and so we called her Judy Garland, and I
think shes a combination of Helen Hayes and
Al Jolson, and maybe Jenny Lind and Sarah
Bernhardt.[16]

A later explanation surfaced when Jessel was a guest on

Garlands television show in 1963. He claimed that he
had sent actress Judith Anderson a telegram containing
the word garland and it stuck in his mind.[17] (However,
Garland asked Jessel just moments later if this story was
true, and he blithely replied No.)
By late 1934, the Gumm Sisters had changed their
The Gumm Sisters, or the Garland Sisters, circa 1935:. Top row:
name to the Garland Sisters.[18] Frances changed her
Mary Jane and Dorothy Virginia Gumm; bottom center: Frances
Ethel (Judy Garland) Gumm
name to Judy soon after, inspired by a popular Hoagy
Carmichael song.[19] The group broke up by August 1935,
when Suzanne Garland ew to Reno, Nevada and mar-
In 1928, the Gumm Sisters enrolled in a dance school ried musician Lee Kahn, a member of the Jimmy Davis
run by Ethel Meglin, proprietress of the Meglin Kiddies orchestra playing at Cal-Neva Lodge, Lake Tahoe.[20]
dance troupe. They appeared with the troupe at its an-
nual Christmas show.[11] Through the Meglin Kiddies,
they made their lm debut in a 1929 short subject called 2.2 Signed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
The Big Revue, where they performed a song-and-dance
number called Thats the good old sunny south. This
was followed by appearances in two Vitaphone shorts the
following year: A Holiday in Storyland (featuring Gar-
lands rst on-screen solo) and The Wedding of Jack and
Jill. They next appeared together in Bubbles. Their -
nal on-screen appearance came in 1935, in another short
entitled La Fiesta de Santa Barbara.[12]
The trio had been touring the vaudeville circuit as The
Gumm Sisters for many years when they performed in
Chicago at the Oriental Theater with George Jessel in
1934. He encouraged the group to choose a more appeal-
ing name after Gumm was met with laughter from the
audience. According to theater legend, their act was once
erroneously billed at a Chicago theater as The Glum
Sisters.[13]
With Mickey Rooney in Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938)
Several stories persist regarding the origin of the name
Garland. One is that it was originated by Jessel af- In September 1935, songwriter Burton Lane was asked by
ter Carole Lombard's character Lily Garland in the lm Louis B. Mayer to go to the Orpheum Theater in down-
Twentieth Century, which was then playing at the Orien- town Los Angeles to watch the Garland Sisters vaudeville
tal; another is that the girls chose the surname after drama act and to report back to him. A few days later, Judy
critic Robert Garland.[14] Garlands daughter Lorna Luft and her father were brought for an impromptu audition at
stated that her mother selected the name when Jessel an- Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios in Culver City. Garland
2.3 The Wizard of Oz 3

performed "Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart" and

Eli, Eli, a Yiddish song written in 1896 and very pop-
ular in vaudeville.[21] Garland was immediately signed to
a contract with MGM supposedly without a screen test,
though she had made a test for the studio several months
earlier. The studio did not know what to do with her as,
at age 13, she was older than the traditional child star but
too young for adult roles.
Her physical appearance created a dilemma for MGM.
She was only 4 feet 11.5 inches (151.1 cm), and her
cute or "girl-next-door" looks did not exemplify the
most glamorous persona required of leading ladies of the
time. She was self-conscious and anxious about her ap-
pearance. Judy went to school at Metro with Ava Gard-
ner, Lana Turner, Elizabeth Taylor, real beauties, said
Charles Walters, who directed her in a number of lms. In Love Finds Andy Hardy
Judy was the big money-maker at the time, a big suc-
cess, but she was the ugly duckling ... I think it had a
very damaging eect on her emotionally for a long time. Thoroughbreds Don't Cry. Garland was then put in the
I think it lasted forever, really.[22] Her insecurity was ex-cast of the fourth of the Hardy Family movies as a lit-
acerbated by the attitude of studio chief Louis B. Mayer, eral girl-next-door to Rooneys character Andy Hardy, in
who referred to her as his little hunchback.[23] Love Finds Andy Hardy, although Hardys love interest
was played by Lana Turner. They teamed as lead charac-
During her early years at the studio, she was pho- ters for the rst time in Babes in Arms, ultimately appear-
tographed and dressed in plain garments or frilly juvenile ing in ve additional lms including Hardy lms Andy
gowns and costumes to match the girl-next-door image Hardy Meets Debutante and Life Begins for Andy Hardy.
created for her. She was made to wear removable caps
on her teeth and rubberized disks to reshape her nose.[24] Garland stated that she, Rooney, and other young per-
formers were constantly prescribed amphetamines to stay
Garland performed at various studio functions and was awake in order to keep up with the frantic pace of making
eventually cast opposite Deanna Durbin in the musical- one lm after another, as well as barbiturates to take be-
short Every Sunday. The lm contrasted her vocal range fore going to bed so that they could sleep.[29] This regular
and swing style with Durbins operatic soprano and served dose of drugs, she said, led to addiction and a lifelong
as an extended screen test for the pair, as studio executives struggle, and contributed to her eventual demise. She
were questioning the wisdom of having two girl singers on later resented the hectic schedule and felt that her youth
the roster.[25] Mayer nally decided to keep both actresses had been stolen by MGM.
but, by that time, Durbins option had lapsed and she was
signed by Universal Studios. Garland was of a healthy weight, but the studio demanded
that she diet constantly. They even went so far as to serve
On November 16, 1935, Garland learned that her father her only a bowl of soup and a plate of lettuce when she or-
had been hospitalized with meningitis and had taken a dered a regular meal.[30] She was plagued with self-doubt
turn for the worse while she was in the midst of preparing throughout her life, despite successful lm and record-
for a radio performance on the Shell Chateau Hour. Frank ing careers, awards, critical praise, and her ability to ll
Gumm died the following morning at age 49, leaving her concert halls worldwide, and she required constant reas-
devastated at age thirteen. Her song for the Shell Chateau surance that she was talented and attractive.[31]
Hour was her rst professional rendition of Zing! Went
the Strings of My Heart, a song which became a standard Rooney, however, denied that their childhood studio was
in many of her concerts.[26] responsible for her addiction: Judy Garland was never
given any drugs by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Mr. Mayer
Garland next came to the attention of studio executives didn't sanction anything for Judy. No one on that lot was
by singing a special arrangement of "You Made Me Love responsible for Judy Garlands death. Unfortunately, Judy
You (I Didn't Want to Do It)" to Clark Gable at a birthday chose that path.[32]
party held by the studio for the actor. Her rendition was so
well regarded that she performed the song in the all-star
extravaganza Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937), singing
2.3 The Wizard of Oz
to a photograph of him.[27]
MGM hit on a winning formula when it paired Garland In 1938, she was cast in her most memorable role, as the
with Mickey Rooney in a string of what were known young Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz (1939), a lm
as backyard musicals.[28] The duo rst appeared to- based on the 1900 childrens book by L. Frank Baum. In
gether as supporting characters in the 1937 B movie this lm, she sang the song with which she would be iden-
4 3 ADULT STARDOM
Garland in The Wizard of Oz (1939)
tied, "Over the Rainbow". Although producers Arthur
Freed and Mervyn LeRoy had wanted her from the start,
studio chief Mayer rst tried to borrow Shirley Tem-
ple from 20th Century Fox, but they declined. Deanna
Durbin was then asked, but was unavailable, resulting in
Garland being cast.[33]
Garland was initially outtted in a blonde wig for the part,
but Freed and LeRoy decided against it shortly into lm-
ing. Her blue gingham dress was chosen for its blurring
eect on her gure, which made her look younger.[34]
Shooting commenced on October 13, 1938,[35] and was
completed on March 16, 1939,[36] with a nal cost of
more than US$2 million.[37] With the conclusion of lm-
ing, MGM kept Garland busy with promotional tours and
the shooting of Babes in Arms, directed by Busby Berke-
ley. Rooney and she were sent on a cross-country pro-
motional tour, culminating in the August 17 New York
City premiere at the Capitol Theater, which included a
ve-show-a-day appearance schedule for the two stars.[38]
Garland was forced into a strict diet during lming to the
point she was given tobacco to suppress her appetite.[39]
The Wizard of Oz was a tremendous critical success,
though its high budget and promotions costs of an esti-
mated $4 million (equivalent to $68.9 million in 2017),
coupled with the lower revenue generated by discounted
childrens tickets, meant that the lm did not make a prot
until it was rereleased in the 1940s and in subsequent
rereleases.[40] At the 1939 Academy Awards ceremony,
Garland received her only Academy Award, a Juvenile At age 21, she was given the glamor treatment in
Award for her performances in 1939, including The Wiz- Presenting Lily Mars, in which she was dressed in grown-
ard of Oz and Babes in Arms.[41] Following this recogni- up gowns. Her lightened hair was also pulled up in a
tion, she became one of MGMs most bankable stars.
3 Adult stardom
Garland performed The Trolley Song in Meet Me in St. Louis
(1944). This was one of the rst lms in her career which gave
her the opportunity to be the attractive leading lady, rather than
the dowdy girl next door.
In 1940, she starred in three lms: Andy Hardy Meets
Debutante, Strike Up the Band, and Little Nellie Kelly. In
the last, she played her rst adult role, a dual role of both
mother and daughter. Little Nellie Kelly was purchased
from George M. Cohan as a vehicle for her to display
both her audience appeal and her physical appearance.
The role was a challenge for her, requiring the use of an
accent, her rst adult kiss, and the only death scene of
her career.[42] The kiss was regarded as embarrassing by
her costar, George Murphy. He said it felt like a hillbilly
with a child bride.[43] Nevertheless, the success of these
three lms and a further three lms in 1941 secured her
position at MGM as a major property.
During this time, Garland experienced her rst serious
adult romances. The rst was with bandleader Artie
Shaw. She was deeply devoted to him and was devastated
in early 1940 when he eloped with Lana Turner.[44] Gar-
land began a relationship with musician David Rose, and
on her 18th birthday, he gave her an engagement ring.
The studio intervened because at that time he was still
married to actress and singer Martha Raye. They agreed
to wait a year to allow for his divorce to become nal, and
were wed on July 27, 1941.[45] A true rarity is what me-
dia called it.[46] Garland, who had aborted her pregnancy
by him in 1942, agreed to a trial separation in January
1943 and divorced in 1944.[47] She was noticeably thin-
ner in her next lm, For Me and My Gal, alongside Gene
Kelly in his rst screen appearance. She was top-billed
in the credits for the rst time and eectively made the
transition from teenaged star to adult actress.
 5

acted again in a nonsinging dramatic role. Garlands other

lms of the 1940s include The Harvey Girls (1946), in
which she introduced the Academy Award-winning song
"On the Atchison, Topeka, and the Santa Fe", and Till the
Clouds Roll By (1946).

4 Leaving MGM
During lming for The Pirate in April 1947, Garland suf-
fered a nervous breakdown and was placed in a private
sanitarium.[53] She was able to complete lming, but in
July she made her rst suicide attempt, making minor cuts
to her wrist with a broken glass.[54] During this period, she
spent two weeks in treatment at the Austen Riggs Center,
a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.[55]
The Pirate was released in 1948 and was the rst lm in
which Garland had starred since The Wizard of Oz to not
make a prot. The main reasons for its failure was not
only its cost, but also the increasing expense of the shoot-
ing delays while Garland was ill, as well as the fact that
the general public was not yet willing to accept her in a
sophisticated vehicle. Following her work on The Pirate,
Promotional image for Presenting Lily Mars (1943) she co-starred for the rst and only time with Fred Astaire
(who replaced Gene Kelly after Kelly had broken his an-
kle) in Easter Parade, which became her top-grossing lm
stylish fashion. However, no matter how glamorous or at MGM and quickly re-established her as one of MGMs
beautiful she appeared on screen or in photographs, she primary assets.
was never condent in her appearance and never escaped
the girl-next-door image which had been created for
her.[48]
One of Garlands most successful lms for MGM was
Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), in which she introduced
three standards: "The Trolley Song", "The Boy Next
Door", and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas".
Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct, and he re-
quested that makeup artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned
to Garland. Ponedel rened her appearance in several
ways, including extending and reshaping her eyebrows,
changing her hairline, modifying her lip line and remov-
ing her nose discs and dental caps. She appreciated the
results so much that Ponedel was written into her contract
for all her remaining pictures at MGM. A pregnant Garland in Till the Clouds Roll By (1946)
At this time, Garland had a brief aair with lm director
Orson Welles, who was then married to Rita Hayworth. Thrilled by the huge box-oce receipts of Easter Parade,
The aair ended in early 1945, although they remained MGM immediately teamed Garland and Astaire in The
on good terms afterward.[49] Barkleys of Broadway. During the initial lming, Gar-
land was taking prescription sleeping medication along
During the lming of Meet Me in St. Louis, after some ini- with illicitly obtained pills containing morphine. Around
tial conict between them, Garland and Minnelli entered this time, she also developed a serious problem with al-
into a relationship. They were married June 15, 1945,[50] cohol. These, in combination with migraine headaches,
and on March 12, 1946, daughter Liza was born.[51] They led her to miss several shooting days in a row. After be-
were divorced by 1951.[52] ing advised by her doctor that she would only be able to
The Clock (1945) was Garlands rst straight dramatic work in four- to ve-day increments with extended rest
lm, opposite Robert Walker. Though the lm was crit- periods between, MGM executive Arthur Freed made the
ically praised and earned a prot, most movie fans ex- decision to suspend her on July 18, 1948. She was re-
pected her to sing. It would be many years before she placed by Ginger Rogers.[56] When her suspension was
6 5
over, she was summoned back to work and ultimately
performed two songs as a guest in the Rodgers and Hart
biopic Words and Music, which was her last appearance
with Mickey Rooney. Despite the all-star cast, Words and
Music barely broke even at the box oce. Having re-
gained her strength, as well as some needed weight during
her suspension, Garland felt much better and in the fall of
1948, she returned to MGM to replace a pregnant June
Allyson for the musical lm In the Good Old Summertime
co-starring Van Johnson. Although she was sometimes
late arriving at the studio during the making of this pic-
ture, she managed to complete it ve days ahead of sched-
ule. Her daughter Liza Minnelli made her lm debut at
the age of two and a half at the end of the lm. In The
Good Old Summertime was enormously successful at the
box oce.[57]
Garland was then cast in the lm adaptation of Annie Get
Your Gun in the title role of Annie Oakley. She was ner-
vous at the prospect of taking on a role strongly iden-
tied with Ethel Merman, anxious about appearing in
an unglamorous part after breaking from juvenile parts
for several years, and disturbed by her treatment at the
hands of director Busby Berkeley. Berkeley was staging
all the musical numbers, and was severe with Garlands
lack of eort, attitude, and enthusiasm. She complained
to Mayer, trying to have Berkeley red from the feature.
She began arriving late to the set and sometimes failed
to appear. At this time, she was also undergoing elec-
troshock therapy for depression.[58][59][60] She was sus-
pended from the picture on May 10, 1949, and was re-
placed by Betty Hutton, who stepped in performing all
the musical routines as staged by Berkeley.[61]
Garland underwent an extensive hospital stay at Peter
Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, in
which she was weaned o her medication and, after a
while, was able to eat and sleep normally. Garland re-
turned to Los Angeles heavier, and in the fall of 1949,
was cast opposite Gene Kelly in Summer Stock. The lm
took six months to complete. To lose weight, Garland
went back on the pills and the familiar pattern resurfaced.
She began showing up late or not at all. When principal
photography on Summer Stock was completed in spring
1950, it was decided that Garland needed an additional
musical number. She agreed to do it provided the song
should be "Get Happy". In addition, she insisted that di-
rector Charles Walters choreograph and stage the num-
ber. By that time, Garland had lost 15 pounds and looked
more slender. Get Happy was the last segment of Sum-
mer Stock to be lmed. It was her last picture for MGM.
When it was released in the fall of 1950, Summer Stock
drew big crowds and racked up very respectable box of-
ce receipts, but because of the costly shooting delays
caused by Garland, the lm posted a loss of $80,000 to
the studio.
Garland was cast in the lm Royal Wedding with Fred As- son and revival of vaudevillian tradition. Garland per-
taire after June Allyson became pregnant in 1950. She formed complete shows as tributes to Jolson in her con-
failed to report to the set on multiple occasions, and the certs at the London Palladium in April and at New Yorks
LATER CAREER
studio suspended her contract on June 17, 1950. She
was replaced by Jane Powell.[62] Reputable biographies
following her death stated that after this latest dismissal,
she slightly grazed her neck with a broken glass, requiring
only a band-aid, but at the time, the public was informed
that a despondent Garland had slashed her throat.[63] All
I could see ahead was more confusion, Garland later said
of this suicide attempt. I wanted to black out the future
as well as the past. I wanted to hurt myself and everyone
who had hurt me.[64] In September 1950, after 15 years
with the studio, Garland and MGM parted company.[65]
5 Later career
5.1 Appearances on Bing Crosbys radio
show
Garland was a frequent guest on Kraft Music Hall, hosted
by her friend Bing Crosby. Following Garlands second
suicide attempt, Crosby, knowing she was depressed and
running out of money, invited her on to his radio show
the rst of the new season, on October 11, 1950.
She was standing in the wings of it trem-
bling with fear. She was almost hysterical.
She said I cannot go out there because they're
all gonna be looking to see if there are scars
and its gonna be terrible. Bing said Whats
going on?" and I told him what happened and
he walked out on stage and he said: We got a
friend here, shes had a little trouble recently.
You probably heard about it Everything is
ne now, she needs our love. She needs our
support. Shes here lets give it to her, OK?
Heres Judy. And she came out and that place
went crazy. And she just blossomed.
Hal Kanter, Writer for Bing
Eight appearances during the 195051 season of The Bing
Crosby Chestereld Show immediately reinvigorated her
career. Soon after, she toured for four months to sellout
crowds in Europe.[66]
5.2 Renewed stardom on the stage
In 1951, Garland began a four-month concert tour of
Britain and Ireland, where she played to sold-out audi-
ences throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland.[67] The
successful concert tour was the rst of her many come-
backs, with performances centered on songs by Al Jol-
5.3 Hollywood comeback 7

Garland in A Star Is Born (1954)

1954 publicity still

As shooting progressed, however, she began making the
same pleas of illness that she had so often made dur-
Palace Theater later that year. Garland said after the Pal- ing her nal lms at MGM. Production delays led to
ladium show: I suddenly knew that this was the begin- cost overruns and angry confrontations with Warner Bros.
ning of a new life ... Hollywood thought I was through; head Jack L. Warner. Principal photography wrapped
then came the wonderful opportunity to appear at the on March 17, 1954. At Lufts suggestion, the Born in
London Palladium, where I can truthfully say Judy Gar- a Trunk medley was lmed as a showcase for her and
land was reborn.[68] Her appearances at the Palladium inserted over director Cukors objections, who feared the
lasted for four weeks, where she received rave reviews additional length would lead to cuts in other areas. It was
and an ovation described by the Palladium manager as completed on July 29.[77]
the loudest he had ever heard.[69][70] Upon its world premiere on September 29, 1954, the lm
In New York in October 1951, Garlands engagement at was met with tremendous critical and popular acclaim.
the Palace Theatre exceeded all previous records for the Before its release, it was edited at the instruction of Jack
theater and for Garland, was called one of the great- Warner; theater operators, concerned that they were los-
est personal triumphs in show business history.[71] Gar- ing money because they were only able to run the lm for
land was honored for her contribution to the revival of three or four shows per day instead of ve or six, pres-
vaudeville with a Special Tony Award.[72] sured the studio to make additional reductions. About
30 minutes of footage were cut, sparking outrage among
She divorced Minnelli that same year,[73] and she married
critics and lmgoers. Although it was still popular, draw-
Sid Luft, her tour manager and producer, on June 8, 1952
ing huge crowds and grossing over $6,000,000 in its rst
in Hollister, California.[74] Garland gave birth to Lorna
release, A Star is Born did not make back its cost and
Luft, herself a future actress and singer, on November
ended up losing money. As a result, the secure nan-
21, 1952, and to Joey Luft on March 29, 1955.[75]
cial position Garland had expected from the prots did
not materialize.[78] Transcona made no more lms with
Warner.[79]
5.3 Hollywood comeback
Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best
Garland lmed a musical remake of the lm A Star Is Actress and in the run-up to the 27th Academy Awards,
Born for Warner Bros. in 1954. Garland and Sid- was generally expected to win. She could not attend
ney Luft, her then-husband, produced the lm through the ceremony because she had just given birth to her
their production company, Transcona Enterprises, while son, Joseph Luft, so a television crew was in her hospi-
Warner Bros. supplied the funds, production facilities, tal room with cameras and wires to broadcast her antici-
and crew.[76] Directed by George Cukor and co-starring pated acceptance speech. The Oscar was won, however,
James Mason, it was a large undertaking to which she ini- by Grace Kelly for The Country Girl (1954). The camera
tially fully dedicated herself. crew was packing up before Kelly could even reach the
8 5 LATER CAREER

stage. Groucho Marx sent her a telegram after the awards
ceremony, declaring her loss the biggest robbery since
Brinks. TIME labeled her performance as just about the
greatest one-woman show in modern movie history.[80]
Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress
in a Musical for the role.[81]
Garlands lms after A Star Is Born included Judgment at
Nuremberg (1961) (for which she was Oscar- and Golden
Globe-nominated for Best Supporting Actress), the ani-
mated feature Gay Purr-ee (1962), and A Child Is Waiting
(1963) with Burt Lancaster. Her nal lm was I Could Go
On Singing (1963), co-starring Dirk Bogarde.[82]
5.4 Television, concerts, and Carnegie Hall record album Judy at Carnegie Hall was certied gold,
until she was released from the hospital in January 1960,
still in a weak condition. She was told by doctors that
she likely had ve years or less to live and that, even if
she did survive, she would be a semi-invalid and would
never sing again.[88] She initially felt greatly relieved at
the diagnosis. The pressure was o me for the rst time
in my life.[63] However, she recovered over the next sev-
eral months and, in August of that year, returned to the
stage of the Palladium. She felt so warmly embraced by
the British that she announced her intention to move per-
manently to England.[89]
Her concert appearance at Carnegie Hall on April 23,
1961 was a considerable highlight, called by many the
greatest night in show business history.[90] The two-
charting for 95 weeks on Billboard, including 13 weeks
at number one. It won four Grammy Awards, including
Album of the Year and Best Female Vocal of the Year,[91]
and has never been out of print.

5.5 The Judy Garland Show

Garland before a concert, circa 1957

Garland appeared in a number of television specials be-

ginning in 1955. The rst was the 1955 debut episode of
Ford Star Jubilee; this was the rst full-scale color broad-
cast ever on CBS and was a ratings triumph, scoring a
34.8 Nielsen rating. She signed a three-year, $300,000
contract with the network. Only one additional spe-
cial was broadcast in 1956, a live concert-edition of
General Electric Theater, before the relationship between
the Lufts and CBS broke down in a dispute over the
planned format of upcoming specials.[83]
In 1956, Garland performed for four weeks at the New
Frontier Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip for a salary of
$55,000 per week, making her the highest-paid enter-
tainer to work in Las Vegas.[84] Despite a brief bout of
laryngitis, her performances there were so successful that
her run was extended an extra week.[85] Later that year,
she returned to the Palace Theatre, site of her two-a-day
triumph. She opened in September, once again to rave
reviews and popular acclaim.[86]
In November 1959, Garland was hospitalized after she
was diagnosed with acute hepatitis.[87] Over the next few
weeks, several quarts of uid were drained from her body
With Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra (1962)
In 1961, Garland and CBS settled their contract disputes
with the help of her new agent, Freddie Fields, and nego-
tiated a new round of specials. The rst, entitled The Judy
Garland Show, aired in 1962 and featured guests Frank
Sinatra and Dean Martin.[92] Following this success, CBS
made a $24 million oer to her for a weekly television
series of her own, also to be called The Judy Garland
Show, which was deemed at the time in the press to be
the biggest talent deal in TV history. Although she had
said as early as 1955 that she would never do a weekly
television series,[93] in the early 1960s, she was in a -
nancially precarious situation. She was several hundred
thousand dollars in debt to the Internal Revenue Service,
having failed to pay taxes in 1951 and 1952, and the fail-
ure of A Star is Born meant that she received nothing from
that investment.[94] A successful run on television was in-
tended to secure her nancial future.
 9

Following a third special, Judy Garland and Her Guests with Vic Damone. She was invited back for a second
Phil Silvers and Robert Goulet, Garlands weekly series episode in 1966 with Van Johnson as her guest. Is-
debuted September 29, 1963.[95] The Judy Garland Show sues with Garlands behavior ended her Hollywood Palace
was critically praised,[96][97] but for a variety of reasons guest appearances.[101]
(including being placed in the time slot opposite Bonanza A 1964 tour of Australia was largely disastrous. Gar-
on NBC) the show lasted only one season and was can- lands rst concert in Sydney was held in the Sydney Sta-
celed in 1964 after 26 episodes. Despite its short run, the dium because no concert hall could accommodate the
series was nominated for four Emmy Awards, including crowds who wanted to see her. It went well and re-
Best Variety Series.[98] The demise of the program was
ceived positive reviews. Her second performance, in
personally and nancially devastating for Garland. Melbourne, started an hour late. The crowd of 7,000 was
angered by her tardiness and believed her to be drunk;
they booed and heckled her, and she ed the stage af-
6 Final years ter just 45 minutes.[102] She later characterized the Mel-
bourne crowd as brutish.[103] A second concert in Syd-
Garland sued Luft for divorce in 1963, claiming cru- ney was uneventful, but the Melbourne appearance gar-
elty as the grounds. She also asserted that he had re- nered her signicant bad press.[104] Some of that bad
peatedly struck her while he was drinking and that he press was deected by the announcement of a near fatal
had attempted to take their children from her by force.[99] episode of pleurisy.
She had led for divorce from Luft more than once previ- Garlands tour promoter Mark Herron announced that
ously, even as early as 1956, but they had reconciled each they had married aboard a freighter o the coast of Hong
time.[100] Kong. However, she was not legally divorced from Luft
at the time when the ceremony was performed.[105] The
divorce became nal on May 19, 1965,[99] and Herron
and she did not legally marry until November 14, 1965;
they separated six months later.[106]
In February 1967, Garland was cast as Helen Lawson in
Valley of the Dolls for 20th Century Fox.[107] During the
lming, she missed rehearsals and was red in April, re-
placed by Susan Hayward.[108] Her prerecording of the
song I'll Plant My Own Tree survived, along with her
wardrobe tests.
Returning to the stage, Garland made her last appear-
ances at New Yorks Palace Theatre in July, a 27-show
stand, performing with her children Lorna and Joey Luft.
She wore a sequined pantsuit on stage for this tour, which
was part of the original wardrobe for her character in Val-
ley of the Dolls.[109]
By early 1969, Garlands health had deteriorated. She
performed in London at the Talk of the Town nightclub
for a ve-week run[110] and made her last concert appear-
ance in Copenhagen during March 1969.[111] She married
her fth and nal husband, nightclub manager Mickey
Deans, at Chelsea Register Oce, London, on March 15,
1969,[112] her divorce from Herron having been nalized
on February 11.[113]
Mickey Deans and Garland at their London wedding in March
1969, three months before her death
7 Death
With the demise of her television series, Garland returned
to the stage. Most notably, she performed at the London On June 22, 1969, Deans found Garland dead in the bath-
Palladium with her 18-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli room of their rented mews house in Chelsea, London; she
in November 1964. The concert was also shown on the was 47 years old. The coroner, Gavin Thurston, stated
British television network ITV, and was one of her nal at the inquest that the cause of death was an incautious
appearances at the venue. She made guest appearances self-overdosage" of barbiturates; her blood contained the
on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Tonight Show. Gar- equivalent of ten 1.5-grain (97 mg) Seconal capsules.[114]
land guest-hosted an episode of The Hollywood Palace Thurston stressed that the overdose had been uninten-
10 8 LEGACY

tional and that no evidence suggested she had committed

suicide. Garlands autopsy showed no inammation of
her stomach lining and no drug residue in her stomach,
which indicated that the drug had been ingested over a
long period of time, rather than in one dose. Her death
certicate stated that her death had been accidental.[115]
Supporting the accidental cause, her doctor noted that a
prescription of twenty-ve barbiturate pills was found by
her bedside half-empty and another bottle of one hundred
was still unopened.[116]
A British specialist who had attended her autopsy said she
had nevertheless been living on borrowed time owing to
cirrhosis although a later autopsy showed no evidence of
alcoholism nor cirrhosis.[117][118] She had turned 47 just
twelve days before her death. Her Wizard of Oz co-star
Ray Bolger commented at her funeral, She just plain
wore out.[119]
Mickey Rooney watches Garland put her handprint into concrete
After her body had been embalmed by Desmond Hen- at Graumans Chinese Theatre, 1939.
ley,[120] Deans took Garlands remains to New York City
on June 26, where an estimated 20,000 people lined up
to pay their respects at the Frank E. Campbell Funeral
Chapel in Manhattan, which remained open all night long
to accommodate the overow crowd. On June 27, James
Mason gave a eulogy at the funeral, an Episcopal ser-
vice led by the Rev. Peter A. Delaney of St Marylebone
Parish Church, London, who had ociated at her mar-
riage to Deans, three months prior.[121] The public and
press were barred. She was interred in a crypt in the com-
munity mausoleum at Ferncli Cemetery in Hartsdale,
New York, a small town 24 miles north of Midtown Man-
hattan.[122]
In January 2017, Garlands remains were removed from
Ferncli Cemetery at the request of her children and re-
located to the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los An-
geles.[123]

8 Legacy
Garland has been called one of the greats of enter- Star for recognition of lm work at 1715 Vine Street on the
tainment, and her reputation has endured.[124][125][126] Hollywood Walk of Fame. She has another for recording at 6764
The American Film Institute named her eighth among Hollywood Boulevard.
the Greatest female stars of Golden Age Hollywood
cinema.[127] She has been the subject of over two dozen
biographies since her death, including the well-received Four more Garland songs are featured on the list: "Have
Me and My Shadows: A Family Memoir by her daugh- Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (#76), "Get Happy"
ter, Lorna Luft, whose memoir was later adapted into the (#61), "The Trolley Song" (#26), and "The Man That Got
television miniseries Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Away" (#11).[131] She has twice been honored on U.S.
Shadows, which won Emmy Awards for the two actresses postage stamps, in 1989 (as Dorothy)[132] and again in
portraying her (Tammy Blanchard and Judy Davis).[128] 2006 (as Vicki Lester from A Star Is Born).[133]
Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Life-
time Achievement Award in 1997.[129] Several of her
recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of 8.1 Gay icon
Fame.[130] These include "Over the Rainbow", which was
ranked as the number one movie song of all time in the Main article: Judy Garland as gay icon
American Film Institutes 100 Years...100 Songs list.

Garland had a large fan base in the gay community and
became a gay icon.[134] Reasons given for her standing,
especially among gay men, are the admiration of her abil-
ity as a performer, the way her personal struggles mir-
rored those of gay men in America during the height of
her fame and her value as a camp gure.[135] In the 1960s,
a reporter asked how she felt about having a large gay
following. She replied, I couldn't care less. I sing to
people.[136]
8.2 Portrayals in ction
See also: List of Judy Garland biographies
Garland has been portrayed on television by Andrea [13] Judy Garland, 47, Found Dead.
McArdle in Rainbow (1978),[137] Tammy Blanchard
(young Judy) and Judy Davis (older Judy) in Life with [14] Judy: Beyond the Rainbow. Biography. January 1,
Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (2001),[138] and
Sigrid Thornton in Peter Allen: Not The Boy Next Door
[15] Luft 1999, p. 26.
(2015).[139]
On stage, Garland is a character in the musical The Boy
from Oz (1998), portrayed by Chrissy Amphlett in the
original Australian production[140] and by Isabel Keating
on Broadway in 2003.[141] End of the Rainbow (2005)
featured Caroline O'Connor as Garland and Paul God-
dard as Garlands pianist.[142] Adrienne Barbeau played
Garland in The Property Known as Garland (2006)[143]
and The Judy Monologues (2010) initially featured male
actors reciting Garlands words before it was revamped
as a one-woman show.[144]
9 See also
List of Judy Garland performances
Judy Garland discography
List of awards and honors received by Judy Garland
10 Notes
[1] Louis Bayard, Supernova, Washington Post, April 16,
2000, p. X9
[2] Scott Brogan. The Judy Room Easter Parade.
[3] American Film Institute.
[4] Petersen, Anne (2014). Scandals of Classic Hollywood.
New York, NY: Penguin. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-14-
218067-9.
[5] Mini Biographies of Scots and Scots Descendants Judy
Garland. ElectricScotland.com. July 1951. Retrieved
January 14, 2017.
11
[6] Roberts, Gary Boyd (December 17, 2004). "#77 Royal
Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources: An Assort-
ment of Famous Actors. American Ancestors. New Eng-
land Historic Genealogical Society. Archived from the
original on December 3, 2010.
[7] Fricke, John. Judy Garland - A Brief Biography. Judy-
garland.com. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
[8] Shipman 1992, p. 12.
[9] Clarke 2001, p. 23.
[10] Judy Garland. NNDB. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
[11] Clarke 2001, pp. 2930.
[12] Finch 1975, pp. 4347, 76.
1999.
[16] Jessel, George. Pantages Premiere TV Special on disc 2
of A Star is Born DVD. Warner Home Video.
[17] Episode 12. The Judy Garland Show. Season 1.
Episode 12. November 1, 1963.
[18] Program of Comedy Due Eddie Conrad Will Head
Ebell Vaudeville. Los Angeles Times. December 7, 1934.
p. 15.
[19] Edwards 1975, p. 27.
[20] Nuptials Turn Trio to Duet Cupid Robs Radio Team
Suzanne Garland Flies to Reno to Become Bride of Mu-
sician. Los Angeles Times. August 15, 1935. p. A3.
[21] Yiddish Musical Theater in the United States. Jewish
Womens Archive. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
[22] Judy: Impressions of Garland. Omnibus. 1972.
[23] Wayne 2003, p. 204.
[24] Frank 1975, p. 73.
[25] Clarke 2001, p. 73.
[26] Clarke 2001, p. 58.
[27] Edwards 1975, p. 47.
[28] dOc DVD Review: Mickey Rooney & Judy Garland
Collection (Babes in Arms/Strike Up the Band/Babes
on Broadway/Girl Crazy) (19391943)". Digitallyob-
sessed.com. April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
[29] Judy Garland: By Myself. American Masters. February
25, 2004.
[30] Petersen, Anne Helen (2014). Scandals of Classic Holly-
wood. London: Penguin. pp. 162163. ISBN 978-0-14-
218067-9.
[31] Clarke 2001, pp. 13536.
12 10 NOTES

[32] Stewart, Patrick (host). The Lion in Winter. MGM: [64] Hyams, Joe (January 1957). Crack-Up. Photoplay.
When the Lion Roars.
[65] Judy Garland, M.G.M. Studio Call It Quits. The San
[33] Juneau 1974, p. 37. Bernardino Sun. 57 (26). San Bernardino, California:
The Sun Company of San Bernardino California. Septem-
[34] Finch 1975, pp. 13435. ber 30, 1950. p. 1. Retrieved August 30, 2015 via
[35] Clarke 2001, p. 95. Newspapers.com.

[36] Clarke 2001, p. 100. [66] Bing Crosby Rediscovered. American Masters. Season
28. December 26, 2014. Event occurs at 30:00 minutes
[37] Edwards 1975, p. 61. in. PBS. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
[38] Clarke 2001, pp. 10203. [67] Frank 1975, p. 304.
[39] The Daily Telegraph [68] Radano, Ronald M., editor, Music and the Racial Imagi-
nation, Univ. of Chicago Press (2000) p. 135
[40] Clarke 2001, p. 104.

[41] Clarke 2001, p. 105. [69] British Give Judy Garland Big Ovation. Associated
Press. April 10, 1951.
[42] Juneau 1974, pp. 5556.
[70] MacPherson, Virginia (April 10, 1951). Judy Garland in
[43] Petersen, Anne (2014). Scandals of Classic Hollywood. Comeback with Palladium Contract. U.P.
Plume. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-14-218067-9.
[71] Garver, Jack (February 24, 1952). Judy Garland Ends
[44] Frank 1975, pp. 14849. Triumphant Vaudeville Run. UPI.

[45] Clarke 2001, p. 155. [72] Judy Garland. American Theatre Wing. Retrieved De-
cember 24, 2007.
[46] Petersen, Anne Helen. Judy Garland: Ugly Duckling.
Scandals of Classic Hollywood. Penguin, 2014. Print. [73] Juneau 1974, p. 108.
[47] Clarke 2001, p. 211. [74] Garver, Jack (June 12, 1952). Judy Garland Married
With Simple Ceremony. U.P.
[48] Frank 1975, p. 175.
[75] Edwards 1975, p. 166.
[49] Leaming, Barbara. Orson Welles: A Biography.
[76] Clarke 2001, p. 308.
[50] Hopper, Hedda (September 1954). No More Tears for
Judy. Womans Home Companion. [77] Clarke 2001, p. 319.
[51] Clarke 2001, p. 223. [78] Clarke 2001, p. 325.
[52] Judy Garland Files Suit for Divorce. U.P. February 22, [79] Juneau 1974, p. 126.
1952.
[80] Clarke 2001, p. 326.
[53] Edwards 1975, p. 108.
[81] Judy Garland. Hollywood Foreign Press Association.
[54] Frank 1975, p. 231. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Re-
[55] Judy Garland Career Timeline | American Masters. trieved December 24, 2007.
PBS. July 7, 2004. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
[82] Garland, Judy; Bogarde, Dirk; Klugman, Jack; MacMa-
[56] Shipman 1992, p. 225. hon, Aline (1963-10-11), I Could Go on Singing, retrieved
2017-01-31
[57] Clarke, Gerald (2000). Get Happy: The Life of Judy Gar-
land. Random House. p. 240. [83] Sanders 1990, p. 24.

[58] Judy Garlands Legacy. CBS. Retrieved July 5, 2015. [84] Judy Garland About Judy Garland | American Mas-
ters. PBS. July 7, 2004. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
[59] Judy Garland among long list of creative gures given
ECT. The Scotsman. Retrieved July 5, 2015. [85] Frank 1975, pp. 42021.

[60] Fricke, John (2011). Judy: A Legendary Film Career. [86] Judy Reigns in Palace as Queen of New York. UPI.
Running Press. p. 286. October 31, 1952.

[61] Clarke 2001, p. 255. [87] Judy Garland Said To Have Hepatitis. UPI. November
26, 1959.
[62] Frank 1975, p. 271.
[88] Clarke 2001, p. 347.
[63] Alexander, Shana (June 2, 1961). Judys New Rainbow.
Life. [89] Clarke 2001, p. 349.
 13

[90] Cox, Gordon (May 28, 2006). Rufus Over The Rain- [118] Fricke, John (2011). Judy: A Legendary Film Career.
bow. Variety. Retrieved January 23, 2014. Running Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7624-4368-0.

[91] Grammy Awards for Judy at Carnegie Hall. The [119] Singers: End of the Rainbow. TIME. July 4, 1969. Re-
Recording Academy. Retrieved April 10, 2012. trieved January 21, 2016.

[92] Sanders 1990, p. 29.
[93] Parsons, Louella (September 23, 1955). TV Spectacular
Gives New Rainbow to Judy. The Daily Review.
[94] Edwards 1975, p. 175.
[95] Sanders 1990, p. 391.
[96] Sanders 1990, pp. 108109.
[97] Lewis, Richard Warren (December 7, 1963). The TV
Troubles of Judy Garland. The Saturday Evening Post.
[120] In memoriam Desmond C. Henley. Christopher Henley
Limited. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014.
Retrieved March 8, 2014.
[121] End of the Rainbow. TIME. July 4, 1969. Retrieved
December 18, 2007. Van Gelder, Lawrence (June 28,
1969). Judy Garlands Funeral Draws Her Colleagues.
The New York Times: Books. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
[122] Celebrities & Notables Interred at Ferncli. Ferncli
Cemetery. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.
Retrieved June 20, 2011.

[98] The Judy Garland Show. Academy of Television Arts [123] Gomez, Patrick; Mizoguchi, Karen (January 26, 2017).
& Sciences. Archived from the original on January 14, Judy Garlands Remains Moved From New York Burial
2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017. Place to L.A.'s Hollywood Forever Cemetery. People.
Retrieved February 6, 2017.
[99] Judy Wins Divorce From Sid Luft. Wisconsin State
[124] Whiteley, Chris. Judy Garland (19221969)". Holly-
Journal. May 20, 1965.
woods Golden Age. Hollywoods Golden Age. Retrieved
[100] Irwin, Elson (November 17, 1968). Judy Garland: July 2, 2016.
Femme Fatale. Stars and Stripes.
[125] STOP WHAT YOU'RE DOING RIGHT NOW AND
[101] DiOrio, Jr. 1973, p. 202. WATCH JUDY GARLAND SING HER HEART OUT
FOR THE LATE JFK. Dangerous Minds. June 4, 2015.
[102] Edwards 1975, p. 213. Retrieved July 2, 2016.

[103] Garland, Judy (August 1967). The Plot Against Judy [126] Carlington, Taylor. Womens History Month Spotlight:
Garland. Ladies Home Journal. Judy Garland. RYSE. RYSE Interactive, Inc. Retrieved
July 2, 2016.
[104] Judy Garland Locks Self in Hotel Room. Stars and
Stripes. UPI. May 24, 1964. [127] AFIs 100 Years...100 Stars. American Film Institute.
June 16, 1999. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
[105] Edwards 1975, p. 214.
[128] Weinraub, Bernard (November 5, 2001). Subdued Pa-
[106] Frank 1975, p. 556. triotism Replaces Glitter as Television Finally Presents
Its Emmys. The New York Times. Retrieved August 7,
[107] Seaman 1996, pp. 29293.
2009.
[108] Seaman 1996, p. 343.
[129] Lifetime Achievement Award. The Recording
[109] Shipman 1992, p. 494. Academy. Retrieved December 25, 2007.

[110] Clarke 2001, p. 412. [130] Grammy Hall of Fame Award. The Recording
Academy. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
[111] DiOrio, Jr. 1973, p. 204.
[131] AFIs 100 Years...100 Songs. American Film Institute.
[112] Steiger 1969, p. 88. June 22, 2004. Retrieved December 25, 2007.

[113] Edwards 1975, p. 275.
[114] Clarke 2001, p. 422.
[115] Judy Garland The Live Performances. The End of the [133] The 2006 Commemorative Stamp Program (Press re-
Rainbow. Archived from the original on January 26,
2008. Retrieved February 1, 2008. citing United Press
International article Judy Took Too Many Pills and con-
taining a copy of Garlands death certicate.
[116] Schulberg, Bud (July 11, 1969). A Farewell to Judy.
Life. p. 27.
[117] Times Wire Services (June 24, 1969). Judy Garland Be-
lieved Killed by Overdose. St. Petersburg Times.
[132] Kronish, Syd (April 8, 1990). Hollywood Film Legends
Preserved on Latest Issue. The Sunday Capital. Wash-
ington, D.C.
lease). United States Postal Service. November 30, 2005.
Archived from the original on January 6, 2008. Retrieved
December 25, 2007.
[134] Haggerty, George E. Gay Histories and Cultures. ISBN
0-8153-1880-4.
[135] Murray, Raymond (1996). Images in the Dark: An Ency-
clopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video. TLA Video
Management.
 14 12 EXTERNAL LINKS

[136] Judy Garland Biography. Active Musician. Archived
from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved May 31,
2010. During a press conference in San Francisco in the
1960s, a reporter asked Garland if she was aware of her
loyal gay following. 'I couldn't care less,' she said. 'I sing
to people.'
[137] United Press International (November 4, 1978). Star of
'Annie' plays Garland in TV version of fantasy life. The
Gazette. 201: 52. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
[138] Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (2001)".
The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
[139] Meet the whos who of Channel 7s telemovie, Peter
Allen: Not The Boy Next Door. Courier Mail. Courier
Mail. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
[140] Allen, David (April 30, 2013). Chrissy Amphlett Our
Most Infamous Leading Lady. AussieTheatre.com. Erin
James, Matt Edwards. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
[141] Gans, Andrew (May 21, 2004). DIVA TALK: A Chat
With a Gal From Oz, Isabel Keating Plus American Idol
Thoughts. Playbill. Playbill Inc. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
Petersen, Anne Helen (2004). Judy Garland: Ugly
Duckling. Penguin.
Sanders, Coyne Steven (1990). Rainbows End: The
Judy Garland Show. New York: Zebra Books.
ISBN 0-8217-3708-2.
Seaman, Barbara (1996). Lovely Me: The Life of
Jacqueline Susann. New York: Seven Stories Press.
ISBN 0-9658770-6-X.
Shipman, David (1992). Judy Garland: The Secret
Life of an American Legend. New York: Hyperion.
ISBN 0-7868-8026-0.
Steiger, Brad (1969). Judy Garland. New York:
Ace Books.
Wayne, Jane Ellen (2003). The Golden Girls of
MGM. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN
0-7867-1303-8.

[142] Hallett, Bryce (August 5, 2005). Garlands last days

12 External links
come alive. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved
2015-02-09. Judy Garland at the Internet Movie Database
[143] Blankenship, Mark (March 23, 2006). Review: 'The Judy Garland at AllMovie
Property Known as Garland'". Variety. Reed Business
Information. Retrieved 2015-02-09. Judy Garland at the TCM Movie Database
[144] Smith, Gary (July 23, 2013). Stories of strong women on Judy Garland at the Internet Broadway Database
the fringe. TheSpec.com. Metroland Media Group Ltd.
Retrieved 2015-02-09. Judy Garland at TV Guide
The Judy Garland Birthplace and Museum in Grand
Rapids, MN
11 References
Judy Garland: By Myself American Masters spe-
Clarke, Gerald (2001). Get Happy: The Life of Judy cial
Garland. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-
Judy Garland at The Biography Channel
50378-1.
DiOrio, Jr., Al (1973). Little Girl Lost: The Life and
Hard Times of Judy Garland. New York: Manor
Books. ISBN 0-375-50378-1.
Edwards, Anne (1975). Judy Garland. New York:
Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-80228-3.
Finch, Christopher (1975). Rainbow: The Stormy
Life of Judy Garland. New York: Ballantine Books.
ISBN 0-345-25173-3.
Frank, Gerold (1975). Judy. New York: Harper &
Row. ISBN 0-06-011337-5.
Juneau, James (1974). Judy Garland: A Pyramid Il-
lustrated History of the Movies. New York: Pyramid
Publications. ISBN 0-515-03482-7.
Luft, Lorna (1999). Me and My Shadows: A Family
Memoir. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-
283-06320-3.
 15

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text
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Ed Poor, Justfred, Christian List, Deb, Zoe, Montrealais, Frecklefoot, Edward, Ubiquity, D, Michael Hardy, Cyde, Eurleif, Paul Benjamin
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jero, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, Cleduc, VeryVerily, Raul654, SD6-Agent, Bearcat, Ke4roh, Jredmond, Moncrief, Jmabel, Altenmann, Wjhon-
son, FredR, Meelar, Auric, Matt91486, Timrollpickering, Caknuck, Davodd, Angelique, Hadal, JackofOz, Dhodges, Mandel, SoLando,
Vaoverland, DocWatson42, Rossrs, ShaneCavanaugh, Obli, Gro-Tsen, Dratman, Gamaliel, Jason Quinn, Enkrates, Wmahan, Steviethe-
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Ma'ame Michu, Arcuras, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Sladen, Cfailde, FiP, Vsmith, Autiger, Bishonen, Emeraldimp, Notinasnaid, Paul
August, Bender235, Flapdragon, Kbh3rd, JoeSmack, Ylee, CanisRufus, El C, Art LaPella, Gershwinrb, TMC1982, Bastique, Bobo192,
23skidoo, Walkiped, Elipongo, Cohesion, Destry, Nesnad, Rockhopper10r, DCEdwards1966, Jonathunder, Luckyluke, Mareino, Stephen
G. Brown, Alansohn, Philip Cross, Andrewpmk, Rjstern, Yamla, Kurt Shaped Box, Dr Fell, TommyBoy, Denniss, Wtmitchell, Melaen,
Bbsrock, TaintedMustard, ReyBrujo, Cburnett, Ianblair23, Voxadam, Blaxthos, Yurivict, Ceyockey, Makimoto, Dennis Bratland, The
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