RESUME

HIGH BLOOD PRESURRE

By :
Nur hidayah (10620370)
Nahrowi (10620364)
Rois (10620374)
Yanuarius frans (10620381)

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN

FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS KADIRI
KEDIRI
2012
 HIGH BLOOD PRESURRE

A. Definition
Hypertension or high blood presurre a disturbance in the
circulatory system can cause an increase in blood pressure above the
normal value, which exceeds 140/90 mmHg. Hypertension in the English
language is Hypertension, Hypertension is derived from two words namely
Hyper means high and tension Tension meaning.

B. Causes or high blood presurre

Based on the cause, hypertension consists of two kinds of hipetensi
Primary or Essential and Secondary Hypertension.Primary hypertension or
essential hypertension or an unknown reason (found in approximately 90%
of all hypertension).
Secondary hypertension is hypertension caused by / as a result of the
presence of other diseases.
Primary hypertension is likely to have many causes, some changes in
the heart and blood vessels together likely cause increased blood
pressure.
If the cause is unknown, it is called secondary hypertension. In about 5-
10% of patients with hypertension, the cause is a kidney disease. In about
1-2%, the cause is a hormonal disorder or the use of certain medications
(such as birth control pills).
Other causes :
Overweight (obesity)
an inactive lifestyle (lazy exercise)
stress
alcohol or salt in food
may trigger the occurrence of hypertension in people who have
inherited sensitivity.

C. symptoms of Hypertension
 Hypertension or high blood pressure should watch out, because
usually in people with hypertension do not feel any symptoms. but by
accident a few symptoms occur simultaneously and reliably associated
with high blood pressure (but not really). Symptom is a headache,
bleeding from the nose, dizziness, flushed face and fatigue; which could
have occurred either in patients with hypertension, as well as a person with
normal blood pressure.
If hypertension is at the level of severe or chronic and untreated,
can result in symptoms such as; headache, fatigue
nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, anxiety, blurred vision that occurs
because of damage to the brain, eyes, heart and kidneys. Sometimes
patients with severe hypertension decreased consciousness and even coma
due to brain swelling. This is called hypertensive encephalopathy, which
should get immediate treatment.

D. Medications to treat high blood pressure

Changing your lifestyle can go a long way toward controlling high blood
pressure. But sometimes lifestyle changes aren't enough. In addition to diet
and exercise, your doctor may recommend medication to lower your blood
pressure. Which category of medication your doctor prescribes depends on
your stage of high blood pressure and whether you also have other medical
problems.
Thiazide diuretics
Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, are medications that act on your
kidneys to help your body eliminate sodium and water, reducing blood
volume.

Beta blockers.
These medications reduce the workload on your heart and open your
blood vessels, causing your heart to beat slower and with less force. When
prescribed alone, beta blockers don't work as well in blacks or in older
adults but they're effective when combined with a thiazide diuretic
E. Complication
While elevated blood pressure alone is not an illness, it often requires
treatment due to its short- and long-term effects on many organs. The risk
is increased for:
Cerebrovascular accident (CVAs or strokes)
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Hypertensive cardiomyopathy (heart failure due to chronically high
blood pressure)
Hypertensive retinopathy - damage to the retina
Hypertensive nephropathy - chronic renal failure due to chronically
high blood pressure.
pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome and eclampsia

F. Prevention
Maintain normal body weight for adults
reduce dietary sodium intake to <100 mmol/ day (<6 g of sodium
chloride or <2.4 g of sodium per day)
engage in regular aerobic physical activity such as brisk walking
(30 min per day, most days of the week)
limit alcohol consumption to no more than 3 units/day in men and
no more than 2 units/day in women
consume a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (e.g. at least five
portions per day);
Effective lifestyle modification may lower blood pressure as much an
individual antihypertensive drug. Combinations of two or more lifestyle
modifications can achieve even better results.
 LITERATURE

Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F (September 2007). "High blood pressure
trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002". Circulation 116
(13): 148896.

Dionne JM, Abitbol CL, Flynn JT (January 2012). "Hypertension in infancy: diagnosis,
management and outcome". Pediatr. Nephrol. 27 (1): 1732.

Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A et al. (September 2007). "2007 ESH-ESC Practice

Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: ESH-ESC Task Force on the
Management of Arterial Hypertension". J. Hypertens. 25 (9): 175162.

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