Task 1

The relationship between pressure and volume in a polytropic process is given by =

where n is the polytropic constant for different process types. Analytical expression for a
polytropic process between two points in a system can be given by = = . Using
the general expression, certain conditions used in a polytropic process can be described (Stanley,
1998).

Process types Exponent, n

Constant pressure (isobaric) 0
Constant volume (isometric)
Constant temperature (isothermal) 1
Adiabatic k = Cp/Cv

Work done during constant volume process is: = = = ( ) = 0. In

other words, any exchange of external heat energy to the system is converted to internal energy
( = ). This system can also be referred as dynamically insulated from external
environment under constant volume conditions (Hwang, 2008).

Work done during constant pressure process is: = = = ( ) = .

Change in volume results in addition of work done which is represented by the above equation.
This system can also be referred as dynamically connected to external environment with constant
pressure conditions (Hwang, 2008).

Wor done during constant temperature process is: = = = =


. Heat change is given by: = = . This system can

also be referred as thermall connected to external environment with constant temperature

conditions (Hwang, 2008).

1 1 2 2
Work done during adiabatic process is: = . As there is no exchange of heat energy
1

between the system and the environment, = 0. This system can also be referred as thermally
insulated to external environment (Hwang, 2008).
Work calculation for various processes:

a) Constant pressure reach to V2 (m3)

= ( ) = 1 (2 1 ) = 13(0.2 0.06) = 1.82
b) Constant volume reach to P2 (bar)
= ( ) = 2 (1 1 ) = 0
c) Constant temperature, pV = C, P2 (bar)
0.2
= = 1 = 1.203
0.06
d) Linear dependence between pressure and volume, V2 (m3) and P2 (bar)
0.25
= = = = (2 2 ) = (0.25 3.5) = 1.249
0.06
e) pVn = C, V2 (m3)

1
= = = [1 1 ] = (1 1 ) 1 [21 11 ]

= (13 0.062.2 ) 13 [0.0812.2 0.0612.2 =

f) Nonlinear dependence between pressure and volume, p = (A/V2) - BV2

3
= = ( 2
2 ) = [ ]=
3

Task 2

Open thermodynamic systems can have both mass and energy passing through them through the
boundaries. One example of open system is heating the water in a dish without lid. With time,
heat (energy) and vapor (mass) disappears into the environment from the container. On the other
hand, closed system allows only energy to be passed through the boundaries. For example,
placing a lid on the container while boiling water allows energy to be passed into the container
but no mass transfer takes place (Barns, 2017).
NFEE derivation

For deriving no flow energy equation, consider a closed system in which net energy balance
equation is given by:

= + + ,

where U is internal energy, PE is potential energy, and KE is kinetic energy.

As there is no flow within the system, summation of kinetic and potential energy is 0. The
equation reduces to,

Change in energy between two states in a system with no flow condition can be represented as:

1 + = 2 +

Where U1 is the internal energy at point 1, Q is the heat energy transferred, U2 is the internal
energy at point 2, and W is the work done by/on the system (Kenau, 2003).

The final equation is given by:

SFEE derivation

For deriving steady flow energy equation, consider an open system in which net energy balance
is given by (Suang, 2006):

= +

2
= + + = () + +
2

= + + = + 1 1 2 2

22 12
= (2 + 2 + + 2 2 ) (1 + 1 + + 1 1 ) +
2 2

= ( + + ) +

Where m is the total mass transferred, h is the enthalpy of the system, V is the velocity of
fluid or gas, g is the gravitational acceleration constant, z is the elevated height, and Wshaft
is the work done by the shaft.

Difference between SFEE and NFEE is the system configuration (closed and open) that is
considered while deriving the equations. In SFEE, potential and kinetic terms exist whereas it
vanishes in NFEE. Engine turbines are designed based on open system configuration whereas
internal passenger board is designed based on closed system configuration.

Task 3

In simple words, a heat engine is a device that can convert heat energy into other forms of
energy. Heat engines extract the work from the direction of heat flow from hot to cold region.
One example is a power plant which converts steam energy into electrical power.

First law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created nor be destroyed but can be
transformed from one form to another. This law gives the relation between heat transferred to the
system and work performed by it. First limitation of this law is that it does not provide the heat
flow direction and does not confirm the amount of retractable energy. For example, ice cannot be
cooled for much lower temperature to extract heat from it. Second limitation is the unavailable
information on how much energy is actually converted by the system. It is not possible to
convert the heat energy into 100% mechanical or electrical work (Ravinder, 2013).

Second law of thermodynamics states that heat flows naturally from a region of high temperature
to a region of low temperature. Heat engines work with two temperature zones where the system
heats and cools simultaneously. In one process cycle of heat engine, three steps take place:

From a reservoir of high temperature, heat flows into the system which is called QH.
A part of the energy is converted by the system to produce work and is called W.
Remaining heat flows to another reservoir of low temperature which is called QL.
 Figure 1 A heat engine schematic

Using energy balance equation, QH = W + QL. By theoretical analysis, highest efficiency can be

calculated by = = = =1 . This is maximum

efficiency a heat engine can have, but it is not the case in reality. There are many losses
associated such as friction (Arthur, 1999).

Task 4

Figure 2 P-v and T-s diagram of Carnot cycle

In one cycle of Carnot engine, there are four stages as shown in fig.2. Stage 1-2 is expansion of
the gas under constant temperature. It is known that temperature drops down with expansion for
which heat is added to this stage to make the process isothermal. Stage 2-3 is another expansion
process under adiabatic conditions. Due to expansion, temperature drops down and no heat is
added due to adiabatic configuration. Stage 3-4 is the compression process under constant
temperature. It is known that compression increases the temperature for which heat is released in
this stage to make the process isothermal. Stage 4-1 is the compression process under adiabatic
conditions. Due to compression, temperature increases and no heat is released due to adiabatic
configuration (Larry, 2001).

Efficiency of Carnot cycle = 1 = 1

Carnot cycle is the most ideal cycle that gives 100% work output for given hot and cold
temperature reservoirs. Carnot cycle is not practical but it can be used as a standard of
comparison. Efficiency of Carnot and Stirling cycles depends on the ratio of high and low
temperatures whereas efficiency of Brayton and Otto cycles depends on the compression ratio.

Thermal efficiency of a completely reversible engine is given by:

= 1 =

If the source temperature is doubled,

2
= = 1 < 2(1 )
2 2

Thus, the claim of doubling the efficiency by doubling the source temperature is not valid.

In a pistoncylinder configuration, the process described is assumed to reversibly isothermal.

Given TAIR = 77oC, P1 = 1bar, P2 = 1.5 bar, and TSURR = 27oC.

SSYS = m*(s2 s1), where s2 is the entropy at second state and s1 is the entropy at first state.
Entropy change happened due to compression which reduced the volume.

SSURR = QOUT / TL, where QOUT is the heat ejected from the system and TL is the temperature of
cold reservoir.

Total entropy change = SSYS + SSURR = m*(s2 s1) + (QOUT / TL) (need more information)
Task 5

Figure 3 Gantt chart

References
Arthur, B. (1999, October 12). Heat Engines and the Second Law. Retrieved October 21, 2017,
from Physics Education: http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Heatengines.html

Barns, N. (2017, January 16). Open, Closed & Isolated Systems. Retrieved October 21, 2017,
from Surfguppy: http://surfguppy.com/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-system-open-
closed-isolated-systems/

Hwang, K. (2008, February 14). NTNUJAVA Thermal Dynamic Process. Retrieved October 21,
2017, from Virtual Physics Laboratory:
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=628

Kenau, M. (2003). Non-Flow Energy Equation. Retrieved 10 21, 2017, from ARCA53:
http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/nfee.htm

Larry, K. (2001). Efficiency of a Carnot Engine. Retrieved October 21, 2017, from Oberlin:
http://www2.oberlin.edu/physics/dstyer/P111/Carnot.pdf

Ravinder. (2013, March 21). Discuss the limitations of the first law of Thermodynamics.
Retrieved October 21, 2017, from TheBigger:
http://www.thebigger.com/chemistry/thermodynamics/second-law-of-
thermodynamics/discuss-the-limitations-of-the-first-law-of-thermodynamics/

Stanley, A. (1998). The Polytropic Process. Retrieved from McGraw Hill Companies:
http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/mech/cengel/notes/ThePolytropicProcess.html

Suang, L. (2006). First Law in Open Systems. Retrieved 10 21, 2017, from University of
Buffalo: http://wwwcourses.sens.buffalo.edu/eas204/TH10Ch05.pdf