Smart grid

Submitted by: Rohan Saini

Reg no:
EEE-6
INDEX

INTRODUCATION

WHAT IS SMART GRID

NEED OF SMART GRID

TECHNOLOGY

FEATURE

SMART METER

ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES& FUTURE

REFERENCES

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Introduction

Smart grid refers to the a next generation electric power network that makes use of IT and
high technologies. Compared to the telecommunication network, the electric power
network have not developed remarkably in terms of creating innovative technologies.
However, smart grid by revolutionizing the electric power network and being almost as
powerful as the internet, is attracting many attentions among various industries.

Smart grid is a system that enables two-many communications in between consumers and
electric power companies. In a smart grid system consumers information is received by
the electric power companies in order to provide the most efficient electric network
operations.In addition to the efficient operations of a power plant ,smart grid also make it
possible to control power demand and distributed energy, including renewable energies.
By installing an intelligent meter (smart meter) on the consumer side, especially
households, monitoring the use of energy becomes much easier and even helps to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions

SMART GRID

ASMART GRID deliverselectricity from supplier to consumers using two- way digital
technology to control appliances at consumers homes to save energy, reduce cost and
increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the electricity distribution grid with an
information and net metering system. Power travels from the power plant to your house
through an amazing system called the power distribution grid.Such a modernized
electricity networks is being promoted by many governments as a way of addressing
energy independences, global warming and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters
may be part of smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart grid.

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 A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all
electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive
transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the capability of the integrating
renewable electricity such as solar and wind. When power is least expensive the user can
allow the smart grid to turn on selected home appliances such as washing machines or
factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off selected
appliances to reduce

Smart Grid And its Need

Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts about our
infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a complex
society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer fossil fuels,
increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distribution with less
maintenance, effective new construction and efficient disaster reconstruction. But
whilefor electricity has risen drastically, its transmission is outdated and stressed. The
bottom line is that we are exacting more from a grid that is simply not up to the task.

How smart should a smart power grid

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 The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user hardware,
from industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters. They use that to better
balance supply and demand, in part by dropping demand during peak usage hours.

Taking advantages of information technology to increase the efficiency of the

grid, the delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a smart
move. Simply put, a smart grid combined with smart meters enables both electrical
utilities and consumer to be much more efficient.

A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms, it also
enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of peak demand to
those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working with consumers who
have smart meters to see exactly how much electricity is being used at any particular
time. This facilitates two-way communication between utility and consumer. So they can
cooperate in reducing peak demand in a way that its advantageous to both. And it allow
to the use of two way metering so that customer who have a rooftop solar electric panel
or their ownwindmill can sell surplus electricity back to the utility.

1.Intelligent

Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to prevent or minimize a

potential outage; of working autonomously when conditions required resolution faster
than humans can respond and co-operatively in aligning the goals of utilities, consumers
and regulators.

2.Efficient

Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand without adding infrastructure.

3.Accommodating

Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as easily and
transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating any and all better ideas and
technologies energy storage technologies. For e.g.- as they are market proven and ready
to come online.

4.Motivating

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Enable real-time communication between the consumer and utility, so consumer can
tailor their energy consumption based on individual preferences, like price and or
environmental concerns.

1. Resilient

Increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it becomes more

decentralization and reinforced with smart grid security protocol.

2. Green

Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path
towards significant environmental improvement.

Technology

The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as
manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations.
In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas

1.Integrated communications

Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have
been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases,
data is being collected via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas
for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution
automation, supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA), energy
management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power-
line carrier communication s and fiber-optics. Integrated communication will
allow for real time control, information and data exchange to optimize system
reliability, asset utilization, and security.

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 2.Sensing and measurement

core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment
health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies
include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading
equipment, wide-area monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically based on
online reading by distributed temperature sensing combined with Real time
thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature
measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced
switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, andDigital protective relays.

3.Smart meters

A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record
usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering
Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from
generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart devic

REDUCTION OF LOSSES IN GRID

TECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEM :

1.Transmission system comprises of transmission towers, conductors, insulators and

switchgear protection system transmits power from generating station to any particular
distribution substation.

2.Distribution system comprises of feeder towers, poles and insulators etc. which
distribute power fromdistribution substation to any particular area.

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3.Parameters influencing T&D system:

1) Transformer
2) Transmission line
3) Distribution line

TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-

Transformer losses

Iron losses Copper losses

(constant losses) (variable losses)

a) IRON LOSSES
The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in transformer steel
core. It is also known as iron losses.
Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
b) COPPER LOSSES
The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is called as
copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses.
Cu losses = I12R1+ I22R2

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 Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D sector so also lets have a
view to reduce or conserve this losses. The major percentage of losses occurring
in T&D sector are only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of losses inT&D
system. So, it is sole responsibility to reduce them.
ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIOUES -

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:

Transformer is a static device. It does not have any moving parts. So, a
transformer is free from mechanical and frictional losses. Thus, it faces only electrical
losses and magnetic losses. Hence the efficiency of conventional transformer is high
around 95-98%.

Thus, energy conservation opportunities for trans former are available only in design and
material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can increase efficiency of system.

ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFORMER

OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER

The environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61 billion K
WH of electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer losses. Study of typical grid
system showed that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to 50% of total
transmission and distribution losses.

Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as recommended by REC),

the overall efficiency of transformer can be increased and its losses can be reduced. The
load loss may be even reduced by using thicker conductors.

Transformer ratings Reduction in losses at 38% loading

25 KVA 685-466W
63KVA 1235-844W
100KVA 1760-1196W

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ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE:-

Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:-

1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -

Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce R from this surely
the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR
conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.

2) BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELS-

This can be done by following methods-

1. By using voltage controllers

2. By using voltage stabilizer

3. By using power factor controller

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :-

This is done by considering following points:-

1) BALANCING OF PHASE LOAD-

As a result of unequal loads on individual phase sequence, components causes over

heating of transformers, cables, conductors motors. Thus, increasing losses and resulting
in the motor malfunctioning under unbalanced voltage conditions. Thus, keeping the
system negative phase sequence voitage within limits, amount of savings in capital
(saving the duration of equipment )as well asenergy losses. Thus, to avoid this losses, the
loads are distributed evenly as is practical between the phases.

1) POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT-

Low power factor will lead to increased current and hence increase losses and will affect
the voltage. The power factor at peak is almost unity. However, during off peak hours,
mainly (11 am to 3 pm ) the power factor decreases to around 0.8, this may be due to
following reasons

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1.Wide use of fans.

2.Wide industrial loads.

3.Wide use of agricultural and domestic pumping motors.

4.Less use of high power factor loads like lightubg etc.

5.Now, to improve power factor at off peak hours the consumers must be aware of the
effects of low power factor and must connect compensation equipments DSTACOM,
capacitor bank.

COMPARISION BETWEEN TODAYS GRID AND SMARTGRID(MODERN

GRID)

Characteristics Todays grid Smart grid (Modern

grid)

1) Self-heals Respond to prevent further Automatically detects & respond

damage. focus is on protection to actual & emerging
of assets following system transmission &distribution
faults. problems. Focus is on
prevention. minimizes computer
impacts.

2) Motivates & includes Consumers are uniformed &non- Informed involve &active
the consumers participative with the power consumers. Broad penetration of
system. demand response.

3) Resist attack Vulnerable to malicious acts of Resilient to attach &natural

terrors natural disasters. disasters with rapid restoration
capabilities.

4) Provided power quality Focused on outstage rather than Quality of power meets industry
for 21st century needs power quality problems. Solve standards & consumers need. PQ
response in revolving PQ issues. issues identified &revolved prior
to manifestation. Various levels
of PQ at various prices.

5) Accommodates all Relatively small no. of large Very large no. of diverse
generation and storage generating plants. numerous distributed generation & storage

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 option. obstacles exist for devices deployed to
interconnecting DER. complements the large
generating plant.

Advantages Of Smart Grid-

1.Reduces the cost of blackouts.

2.Helps measure and reduces energy conservation and costs.

3.Help businesses to reduce their carbon footprints.

4.Opens up new opportunities for tech companies meaning more jobs created.

Disadvantages Of Smart Grid

1.Biggest concern: it has security and privacy.

2.Two-way communication between power consumer and provider and sensors so it is

costly.

3.Some type of meter can hacked.

HACKER-

Gain control of thousand even millions, of meters.

Increases or decreases the demand of power.

Not simply a single component .various technology components are used are software,
system integrators,the power generators.

Future

In the new future, will not be any vast development.

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Risky because of financial developments and regulations.

In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid fromevery
business to every home just like the internet.

Websites:-

www.howstuffworks.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity

www.schneider.com

www.powersmiths.com

www.renewableenrgyworld.com

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