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ZTCSC = - XC + (XC+XLC)[(2+sin2)/ ] -
4X2LCcos2 [(ktank-tan)/] /XL (1)
the capacitive region. The capacitor voltage and current as connected through a long line. This load fluctuates from 9 to
well as the thyristor current for this operation are illustrated in 15 MVA at a regular basis leading to voltage fluctuations and
Fig. 3.1. During system faults, it is desirable to operate in the rapid voltage changes [13], which affect both this load and the
inductive region to lower the fault current contribution (Fig. loads connected to nearby substations. At feeder 2, a sensitive
3.2). to voltage sags load is connected. The installation of this load
contains protection systems that trip immediately after even
shallow sags with only a short duration.
The optimal position to connect a TCSC is at the sending
end of feeder 1. In this location, it enables reactive power
compensation and also reduces short-circuit currents
introduced by faults that occur on feeder 1. The number of
faults on feeder 1 is expected to be high, assumed
proportionally related with the length of a line.
As a basis for the specification of the design parameters of
the TCSC model, the parameters of a real TCSC of 1550
at 400kV have been used. The scaling factor applied to all the
constituent components is defined as the ratio of the model
impedance base to the system impedance base at the same
point of the circuit, as follows:
Fig. 3.2 TCSC voltage and current waveforms in inductive region.
Z b mod
Regarding the harmonic content of TCSC device, the = (5)
harmonic content of thyristor current is equal to:
Z bsyst
The resistors and reactors of the real system are multiplied
2 A sin(n + 1) sin(n 1) 2 Acos sin(k + n) sin(k n)
IT ( n) = + + (2) by this scaling factor, while the capacitances are divided by it.
n + 1 n 1 cosk k + n k n
Consequently, each phase of the TCSC model consists of a
4760 F capacitor and a 52 mH inductor with quality factor
where n=3,5,7,...
equal to 110. The TCSC apparent impedance varies between -
These harmonic currents circulate mainly inside the LC 0.668 (=180) and 0.1324 (=90). The apparent
circuit, because the system impedance for harmonic impedance of the applied TCSC versus the firing angle is
frequencies is much greater than the capacitor impedance. shown in Fig. 2. Attention has been paid, so that only one
This can be derived considering that capacitor and system resonant point in the range of 90 to 180 exists, equal to
impedance form a current divider for the thyristor current at 135.4. In addition, the reactor size was properly selected, in
harmonic frequencies. In this way the capacitor and system order to increase the effective control bandwidth in the
currents are given by the equations: inductive range.
iC = i T . ZSYST/(ZSYST + ZC)
Fig. 5.3 Capacitor voltage and current, line current and control angle
following a load variation
peak is reached. The detection strategy is shown in Fig. 6.1. The two middle diagrams show the line current with and
The rate of the line current is compared with the instantaneous without a TCSC. The lower diagram shows harmonic
line current. When this rate is above a preset limit (set to 200 injection, when TCSC operates in the current limiting mode. It
pu/s for this case), the output of the rate limiter is presented in can be seen that the THD is about 5%, well below the limits
Fig. 6.2. Thus, a signal is issued almost instantaneously and set in EN50160, verifying the fact that TCSC does not inject
after the first zero crossing of the thyristor current the significant harmonics into the system.
operation of the TCSC in the current limiting mode is
initiated.
2) Phase-to-phase fault
V. REFERENCES
[1] E. Larsen, C. Bowler, B. Damsky, S. Nilsson, Benefits of Thyristor-
Controlled Series Compensation, CIGRE Paper 14/37/38-04, Paris
1992.
[2] N. Christl, R. Hedin, et al. Advanced Series Compensation (ASC) with
Thyristor Controlled Impedance, CIGRE Session 1992, Paper
14/37/38-05, Paris, 1992.
[3] S. Miske, Considerations for the Application of Series Capacitors to
Radial Power Distribution Circuits, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.
16, No.2, pp. 306-318, April 2001.
[4] L. Souza, E. Watanabe, M. Aredes, A GTO Controlled Series Capacitor
for Distribution Lines, CIGRE Paper 14-201, Paris 1998.
[5] G. Karady, Concept of a Combined Short Circuit Limiter and Series
Compensator, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, No.3, pp. 1031-
1037,, July 1991.
[6] T. Godart, A. Imece, J. McIver, E. Chebli, Feasibility of Thyristor
Controlled Series Capacitor for Distribution Substation Enhancements,
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 10, No.1, pp. 203-209, January 1995.
[7] Y. Yamazaki, S. Sugimoto, S. Ogawa, H. Konishi and A. Kikuchi,
Development of TCSC application to Fault Current Limiters,
Electrical Engineering in Japan, vol. 140, No. 3, 2002, Translated from
Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, vol. 121-B, No. 4, April 2001, pp. 514-519.
[8] S. Helbing, G. Karady, Investigation of an Advanced Form of Series
Compensation, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 9, No.2, pp. 939-947,
April 1994.
[9] E. Larsen, K. Clark, S. Miske, J. Urbanek, Characteristics and Rating
Considerations of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation, IEEE
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 9, No.2, pp. 992-1000, April 1994.
[10] G.J. Georgantzis, N.D.Hatziargyriou, E.A. Leonidaki, Transient
Simulation of Series Compensated EHV Transmission Lines for Short-
circuit Studies, IEEE MELECON 96, p. 1584-1587, Bari, Italy, May
1996.
[11] E.A Leonidaki., N.D.Hatziargyriou, B.C.Papadias, G.J.Georgantzis,
"Investigation of Power System Harmonics and SSR Phenomena Related
to Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors" , Proceedings of the 8th
International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP
98), Athens, Greece, October 1998, pp. 848-852.
[12] IEEE Std. 519-1992, "IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements
for harmonic Control in Electrical Power systems", 1992.
[13] European Standard EN 50160, Voltage characteristics of electricity
supplied by public electricity distribution networks, November 1994.