MODULATION TECHNIQUES FOR LI-FI GUIDED BY-

DR. GHANG HO LEE

- SHRUTI NANDY
OUTLINE:
Introduction
Short Explanation Of Li-Fi And Its Working
Modulation Techniques For Li-fi (Overview)
Li-Fi Modulation Technique Challenges
Single Carrier Modulation
Multi-carrier Modulation
Optical OFDM
Li-Fi Unique Modulation Technique
Conclusion
References
Li-Fi: Stands for LIGHT FIDELITY

High Speed
Fully Networked
100x Faster
Uses Visible Light
Communication
Data through illumination
HOW IT WORKS :

Key Benefits :
Capacity
Safety OVER Wi-Fi
Energy Efficiency
Security
MODULATION TECHNIQUES OF LI-FI (OVERVIEW)
Fully networked solution for the multiple user (communication + illumination ).

Led used visible light communication.

Single carrier modulation techniques straight forward Li-Fi

But multiple carrier techniques provides a solution for li-fi in terms of power, spectral and computer
efficiency.

OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is the practical solution for li-fi specially when direct
current wander, adaptive bit and power loading techniques are considered.

This paper surveys the suitable modulation techniques for li-fi.

LI-FI MODULATION TECHNIQUES CHALLANGES
Due to mass production these mass production lack in accuracy characterization.

The communication link is affected by non-linearity of voltage-luminance

characteristic.

Solution proposed was pre-distortion techniques.

Limited bandwidth of Li-Fi communication leads to the inter symbol interference (isi)
at high data rates.

The modulation bandwidth frequency response2-20mhz

Modulation techniques with higher spectral efficiency

WILL BE DISCUSSING..
Single Carrier Modulation Techniques
Multi Carrier Modulation Techniques
Li-Fi Unique Modulation Techniques
NEED OF MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Data transmission in OWC IM/DD

Real valued and Non Negative

Single-carrier modulation ( PAM, PPM )

or
Multi-carrier modulation ( QAM, OFDM )
SINGLE CARRIER MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
SINGLE CARRIER MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Single carrier modulation techniques are suitable for data transmission in OWC.

Single carrier modulation is suitable for Li-Fi (**low to moderate data transmission)

Modulation Techniques
- OOK, PWM,PPM, PAM (**FOR Li-Fi)
OOK (ON-OFF KEYING)
- ASK (AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING)
- Presence Of Signal Binary 1
- Absence Of Signal Binary 0

PWM (PULSE WIDTH MODULATION)

- PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION (PWM) OR PULSE-
DURATION MODULATION (PDM)
- Used to encode a message into a pulsing signal
PPM (PULSE POSITION MODULATION)
- Amplitude and width of the pulses is kept
constant

- The position of each pulse is varied

accordance with the amplitudes of the
sampled value of the modulating signal.

PAM (PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION)

- The message information is encoded in the

amplitude of a series of signal pulse.

- It is an analog pulse modulation scheme in

which the amplitudes of a train of carrier pulses
are varied according to the sample value of the
message signal.
HERE IS THE TWIST..
OOK :
Is simple
GOOD TRADE OFF BETWEEN system performance and implementation complexity.

Ieee standard (802.15.7) to facilitate the illumination control

Manchester coding
PERIOD OF +VE
PULSE = PERIOD
OF VE PULSE

DISADVANTAGE IS
DOUBLES THE
BANDWIDTH OF OOK
TRANSMISSION
TO OVERCOME
**WE NEED OOK DIMMING

Refining the on/off levels

Same data rate, decrease in communication range

Applying symbol compensation

Additional on/off pulse, duration is determined by the desired
dimming level

**NOTE : 50% DIMMING LEVEL GIVES MAXIMUM DATA RATE

VPPM (Variable Pulse Position
Modulation)

VPPM is similar to PPM

Allows the pulse width to be controlled
to support light dimming
Combination of PPM and PWM

**NOTE: Compared to OOK, PPM is more power efficient.

**NOTE: A novel SCM called Optical Spatial Modulation has both power and
bandwidth efficiency.
MULTI CARRIER MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
MULTI CARRIER MODULATION

Mainly used for high-speed optical wireless

communication
MCM is more bandwidth-efficient but less energy-
efficient
MCM in Li-Fi networks is orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM)
OFDM(ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)

SCM requires complex equalization process when employed at high data rate.

Method of encoding the digital data on multiple carrier frequencies.

Converts the frequency selective fading to flat fading by an efficient single tap
equalizer.

Supports adaptive power and bit loading

Main advantage of OFDM: Support Multi User communication

 FORWARD - OUTPUT CURRENT CHARACTERISTIC OF LED

The dynamic range of the LED is between

the turn-on bias and the maximum
allowed current points of the LED

The input signal is biased and the output

signal is clipped for values outside the
dynamic range.
 OFDM is complex and bipolar in nature.
IM/DD requirements, need to make modifications.
**Here ACO-OFDM(Asymmetrical Clipped Optical OFDM) was introduced, another type of
OFDM, comes under inherent unipolar.

Since small DC bias is needed in ACO-OFDM, it is more energy efficient.

Dimming Support into Optical OFDM, we have RPO-OFDM(Reverse Polarity Optical OFDM)
Combines high rate OFDM signal with slow rate PWM signal.**RPO-OFDM comes under Hybrid.

Flip-OFDM and U-OFDM (Unipolar OFDM)Bit Error Rate (BER) and spectral Efficiency

eU-OFDM( Enhanced Unipolar OFDM) allows unipolar signal generation with out additional
spectral efficiency loss.**eU-OFDM comes under super position OFDM.

Recently, Hadamard Matrix is been used.

LI-FI UNIQUE MODULATION
TECHNIQUE
LI-FI UNIQUE MODULATION TECHNIQUE

It is difficult to modulate the carrier frequency of LEDs, but easy to

change the color. This is a new feature.

Color tunable LEDs such as the red green blue LED (RGBLED) can
illuminate different colors based on the intensity applied on each LED
element.
 Incoming bits are mapped into a
constellation of colors from the chromatic
CIE 1931 color space.

The CIE 1931 is the widely used

illumination model for human eye color
perception.

Any color in the model can be represented

by the chromaticity dimension [x, y].
 COLOR SHIFT KEYING (CSK)
Color shift keying (CSK) is an IM scheme outlined in IEEE 802:15:7 [3], where signals are
encoded into colour intensities emitted by red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs.

In CSK, incoming bits are mapped on to the instantaneous chromaticities of the colored
LEDs while maintaining a constant average perceived color.

By combining different colours of light, the output data can be carried by the colour itself.

Mixing of RGB primary sources produces different colors which are coded as information
bits.
ADVANTAGE OF CSK
The advantages of CSK over conventional IM schemes are twofold.
Firstly, since a constant luminous flux is guaranteed

Secondly, the constant luminous flux implies a nearly constant LED driving current,
thus it improves LED reliability.
CONCLUSION
In this paper we discuss about various modulation technique.

Single carrier modulation techniques offer a simple solution for frequency flat Li-Fi
channels. Low to medium data rates can be achieved using single carrier modulation
techniques. Multicarrier modulation techniques offer high data rates solution that can
adapt the system performance to the channel frequency response.

Li-Fi communication user always need line of sight connectivity with its light source
therefore some advance research work is required to overcome this limitation to
implement this technology in practical use.
REFERENCE
Modulation Techniques for Li-Fi Modulation Techniques for Li-Fi Mohamed Sufyan
Islim and Harald Haas.
Information Rate of OFDM-Based Optical Wireless Communication Systems With
Nonlinear Distortion Svilen Dimitrov, Student Member, IEEE, and Harald Haas,
Member, IEEE.
D.Tsonev,S.Videv,andH.Haas,Towardsa100Gb/svisiblelightwirelessac
cessnetwork,Optics Express,vol.23,no.2,pp.1627-1637,Jan.2015.doi:
10.1364/OE.23.001627.
OFDM versus Single-Carrier Transmission for 100 Gbps Optical Communication Alan
Barbieri, Giulio Colavolpe, Member, IEEE, Tommaso Foggi, Enrico Forestieri, Member,
IEEE, and Giancarlo Prati, Fellow, IEEE
THANK YOU