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Transferencia de Calor
Heat Transfer in
Induced flow in a square cavity
Homework No. 5
Abstract
A study of heat transfers and fluid mechanics of an incompressible, Newtonian fluid with
constant properties in a laminar flow at low and high Reynold and Richardson numbers in a
square cavity with an inner solid body was carried out, solving the system of coupled partial
differential equation with the finite volume method (FVM) in SIMPLE2D, IDEAL2D and
ANSYS fluent. A decomposition of the main problem in sub problems was made, analyzing
grid independence and the effect of the under-relaxation coefficient in the compute time. It
was found that a decrease of this coefficient increase this time, and that the IDEAL algorithm
is faster than SIMPLE for bigger grids and high Reynolds numbers.
2
Content
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3
2. Physical layout ................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Problem 1: lid driven cavity flow ................................................................................. 3
2.2 Problem 2: mixed convection in a square cavity .......................................................... 4
2.3 Problem 3: lid driven cavity with an internal solid body ............................................. 4
2.4 Problem 4: mixed convection in a square cavity with an internal solid body .............. 5
3. Mathematical Model ....................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Lid driven cavity flow .................................................................................................. 5
3.2 Mixed convection ......................................................................................................... 6
4. Methodology................................................................................................................... 6
5. Computational Implementation ...................................................................................... 6
6. Results presentation ........................................................................................................ 7
7. Results analysis and discussions .................................................................................. 13
8. Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 14
9. References .................................................................................................................... 14
3
2. Physical layout
1. Introduction
Lid driven cavity flow is a classic example 2.1 Problem 1: lid driven cavity flow
of non-developed fluid flow that is very The steady isothermal flow in a square
useful to test numerical methods, its means cavity of dimensions , with a moving
that is a benchmark for almost every top lid at 0 velocity is presented in figure
numerical method for fluid flow and, if it 1. This problem has the following
is introduced a temperature gradient, heat assumptions:
transfer. Many studies with a huge variety
Newtonian fluid
of Reynolds number were made for this
Incompressible fluid
problem [1][3] using as reference for the
Steady state
validation the work of Ghia et al.[4]. In
this kind of problems, it is expected that in 2-D
the center of the cavity its form a principal Constant properties
vortex and two or more vortex depending Laminar flow
of the Reynolds number. Isothermal
The general objective of this work is Figure 1. Lid driven cavity flow.
describe the heat transfer and fluids
Due to the rectangular geometry of the
mechanics in the situations indicated
problems Cartesian coordinates will be
before, and as specific objectives has, use
used.
different algorithms to solve the system of
coupled partial differential equations and This problem will be analyzed with two
compare it, use commercial software and different Reynolds numbers, 1000 and
free source codes, and finally analyses 5000.
parameters like the under-relaxation
coefficient, and in the case of IDEAL2D =1 =0 =0 =0
the number of inner doubly iterative times.
4
+ =0 (6)
Problem 1 1000; 5000 -
Problem 2 100 0.1; 10
x-Momentum: Problem 3 1000; 5000 -
1 2 2 Problem 4 100 0.1; 10
+
= + ( +
2 2
) (7) Table 14. Summary of the cases to be analyzed.
For the problem 1 it will be studied the grid
y-Momentum:
independence for the SIMPLE and IDEAL
+
=
1 2 2
+ ( + ) + (8)
algorithms. And the effect of the under-
2 2
relaxation coefficient in the number of
Energy: iterations.
1
U 0 0
1
V 0
1
0
Table 15. Computational parameters for the T
problem.
It will be used uniform grids for all cases
of the following resolutions in number of
nodes:
Figure 5. Under-relaxation coefficient vs
Iterations number in SIMPLE
Grid
20x20; 32x32; 52x52; 82x82;
Problem 1 52x52; 90x90;110x110;120x120
Problem 2 -
Problem 3 82x82
Problem 4 52x52; 82x82
The under-relaxation for the equations:
In SIMPLE, for the majority of the cases The independence of the grid was studied
the under-relaxation coefficients used are for this case; the results are showed in the
= = 0.6 and = = 0.8. figures 9-12.
6. Results presentation
The first problem was solved for Reynolds
numbers of 1000 and 5000 in different
grids in SIMPLE2D, IDEAL2D and
ANSYS Fluent.
Figure 7. U(y) in = . for four uniform grids Figure 8. U(y) in = . for four uniform grids at
at Re=1000 with SIMPLE Re=5000 with SIMPLE
Figure 9. U(y) in = . for four uniform grids Figure 10. U(y) in = . for three uniform grids at
at Re=1000 with IDEAL Re=5000 with IDEAL
= 1000 = 5000
SIMPLE2D
IDEAL
FLUENT
Table 16. Streamlines for the problem 1. For Re=1000 in SIMPLE, IDEAL and fluent the grid was of 52x52,
and 120x120 for Re=5000
10
Figure 13. Streamlines for the lid driven cavity at Figure 14. Streamlines for the lid driven cavity at
= [3]. = [3]
The problem 3 was only solved using IDEAL for two Reynolds number.
Figure 15. Streamlines of lid driven cavity with an Figure 16. Streamlines of lid driven cavity with an
inner solid body at = 1000 inner solid body at = 5000
The problem 4 and its comparison with the literature are showed next.
11
= 0.1 = 10
Streamlines
This Work in IDEAL
Isotherms
Streamlines
Moraga et al. 2017
Isotherms
Table 17. Streamlines and isotherms for the mixed convection with an internal solid at = ;and
= . and =
12
Table 18. Velocity and temperature profiles at the center of the cavity.
Isotherms Streamlines
This work on SIMPLE
7. Results analysis and the size of the lower right vortex, which is
discussions bigger in the IDEAL calculations
In the problem 1, first was analyzed the coinciding with Sun et al..
effect of the under-relaxation coefficient in For the problem 3 it can be seen that the
the number of iterations for the SIMPLE increase of the Reynolds number increases
and IDEAL algorithms. In where it can be the number of vortex around the inner
seen that if the under-relaxation coefficient solid body, and similar to the problem 1
is diminished the number of iterations the size of the corner vortex.
increases, because the values of the
velocity are being pondered in each In the final problem, mixed convection
iteration, both algorithms for this case with an inner solid body the influence of
didnt converge when = 0.1. the buoyancy forces is analyzed varying
the Richardson number, when = 0.1 it
The independence grid study indicates that was expected that the natural convection
for the case with = 1000 the best has a low influence in the flow, its mean
choice of the grid listed before is the its forced convection, it can be seen in the
82x82, because the lower difference of vortex at the top of the solid body due to
U(y) between grids is of an approximate this recirculation zone is product of the
11% for SIMPLE and less than 5% for movement of the lid.
IDEAL.
When the Richardson number is equal to
In the case with = 5000 grid with 10 the natural convection is the dominant
more nodes has to be used due to the heat transfer mechanism it can be seen in
complexity of the high Reynolds number. the table 17 where there are two
The best choice for the SIMPLE algorithm recirculation zones at the both sides of the
is the 110x110 because its expected errors hot solid, it situation is similar to the
of a 6% between this grid and the 90x90. classic natural convection problem, where
For IDEAL a good choice is the 90x90, a there is a hot temperature at one side and
due to the difference of this grid and the a cold temperature in the another side of
the cavity producing the recirculation of
110x110 is of a 3.4%, thus is unnecessary
to use a bigger grid. the fluid by the density change due to the
temperature gradient.
In the figures 7-12 it can be seen that in the
For this problem, SIMPLE and IDEAL
three way the problem was solved, the
results present the same behavior, and the gives practically the same results which
Fluent results coincide with the coincides with the literature.
SIMPLE2D results.
9. References
[1] C.-H. Bruneau and M. Saad, The 2D
lid-driven cavity problem revisited,
Comput. Fluids, vol. 35, no. 3, pp.
326348, Mar. 2006.
[2] C. H. Marchi, R. Suero, and L. K.
Araki, The lid-driven square cavity
flow: numerical solution with a 1024
x 1024 grid, J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci.
Eng., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 186198,
2009.
[3] D. L. Sun, Z. G. Qu, Y. L. He, and W.
Q. Tao, An Efficient Segregated
Algorithm for Incompressible Fluid
Flow and Heat Transfer Problems
IDEAL (Inner Doubly Iterative
Efficient Algorithm for Linked
Equations) Part II: Application
Examples, Numer. Heat Transf. Part
B Fundam., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1838,
Oct. 2008.
[4] U. Ghia, K. . Ghia, and C. . Shin,
High-Re solutions for
incompressible flow using the Navier-
Stokes equations and a multigrid
method, J. Comput. Phys., vol. 48,
pp. 387411, 1982.
[5] N. O. Moraga, M. A. Marambio, and
R. C. Cabrales, Geometric multigrid