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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    80 views104 pages

    Hinduism Booklet

    Uploaded by

    nevanaaa
    Hinduism Booklet

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    | rrr | Society and Culture HSC Depth Study: Belief Systems and Ideologies gO %; ~ e =} > G + TT ®@@ % ‘sity and Culture Stage 6Syabus HSC depth study: Bellef Systems and Ideologies (20% ofcourse time) ‘The focus ofthis study i the relationship of belt systems and ideclogis to culture and Kdentty Outcomes nd effectively apples socal and cultural concepts Hz explane the development of persona, social and cutural deny Ha analyees relationships and interactions within and between socal and cultural groups Hi enalyses continuity and change and tel lfluence on personal and soca futures Hi? selects, enganses, synthesiaas and analyses information from a variety of souroas for Usefuness, vail and bias HO applies complex cour language and concepts appropriate for @range of audiences. ‘and contexs H10. communicates complex information, ideas and issues using appropriate welten, oral and ‘graphic forms Content Intograted concepts “The fundamental, addons and related concepts listed below are to be intgrated across the study of Beter Systoms and Ideologies. Fundamental eourse concepts: + persons + cutur + tine + sociaty + environment ‘Adsional course concepts: + power + gender + technologies + authoriy + dent + dlobatisation Related depth study concepts: + vahes + customs + philosophy + balofe + worlviow + secularsation + symbols + svat + Institutional power Contemporary context “The following points are tobe integratad across the sludy of Bele Systems end Ideologies: + use examples drawn from contemporary society + aes the impacto technologie, including communicaon technolgias, onthe bliet system or ideobogy + examin a contemporary issue ina belle systom or ldology using the resoarch mothod ot intervow. 2 Sosity and Cure Stage 6 Syabus ‘The nature of boief systems and ideologies ‘Students develop an understanding ofthe nature of bofefeystoms and ideologies by examining: + the imartios and dferences between belle systems and ideologies ‘+ the nature and role of shared values and understanding within belt systems and ideologies ‘and how tis creates meaning, purpose and an identity for individuals and groups + how belle systems and ideologies express values and belles end ways of perceiving the ‘worl a the micro, meso and macro levels + the nature and rle of hlrarehy an ineenal power structures within boll systems ‘and ideologies + the process of secularsation in the development and extent of bel systoms and idsologios within Austra, Focus study — A/a rr ‘Students are to develop knowledge and understending of ether one belt eystem OR one ‘eoiogy that demonstrates So of valuas and belts and a elatonstup to the wider society and cute by examining + the philosophy ofthe boi system or dectogy: = the elaonship between ils historical development and is underying principles the beliefs and values expressed and the impact on personal and colectveidentty =the natur and extent of adherents in the word today + tadtons and culture in the bali system or ideology important places, texts and unique language and ther slgnieance = tho rol of symbols, tats and customs =the importance of myths and stares = how the belief system or ideology defines gender and gender oles + the intemal stuctur in the boi system or ideology: the oe of important people and power structures =the role and impact of cissent the nature and impact of change and reslatance to change the impact of technologies and globalization on continuity and change + the elaionship ofthe belie sytem or ideology to wider society ‘acceptance and rejection ofthe philosophy atthe miro, meso and macro levels = the oatonship of the belie system or ideology to ethical ise in society the relationship ofthe bel system or ideology to peace and confit inthe word “ Sosity and Cure Stage 6 Syiabus ‘The focus study must be drawn fram ONE ofthe folowing bot systems or ideologh + Bahai + Capitalism + Buddhism + Confucianism + Chritienty + Democracy + Hindulsm + Environmentaism + Indigenous spituatles + Feminism + Islam + Humanism + Jainism + Socialism + dalam + Taoism + Shinto + Totalitarianism + Skhism "Note: The study must bo of the whole belle’ system or Weology, not sectors within it ‘The near future (5 to 10 years) ‘Students are to: + determine eurent rends and suggest probable future rections forthe bet systom or Wealoay “+ evaluate the impact are impcations fo tho ball eystem or ideology of kel changes = probable continuities + prot the importance a he ballet systom or ideology to sone in the near future “ BBs of ble yen te sneer s Yer, then the individual and group exersing poe ao have athrty. les re piles acted end shared sang 2 Srup of people They inst parteuar way oF perehirg the yl od a the coxnes (te uve EERIE Any ters to rodsan it fect the nate PIPE Eee tre there essence to change «belt Syston? 8y who? FEE Invalond soup may So thems fsnreenontbesuse of ter aur ore wthin able ‘stem fe evap, waren and men Ofertas ‘nd erat Tere yas be cof: between various ele syste bere of ter renmpatbe les cal facto example, Jam 36 om ERM Yosiors wit die «bl stem. he pasting ave rom generation generation of ble “an castoms ep that tear grup oF pope make see BERT vitae the etblishes mays of Naking and cig fr folower a ee! ster? BEBREE vat inpsct oes ie system have on male and Female os ard te restiohip between Ihe sess? Consider he mer of ae nah ‘nu eonsuneamn may Wing crane tos Bel tem. id mean thatthe eet te Becomes mae sol EERE ee tse? ogy ra pin win ved as EEE sone tre ofa vt tn Soir Abe I tere a set argon tat spi to 2 tele stem andes in stigihig from others or ample captalm o femsisn? The tare bebeenife-stges aen mae By speoal vets in eles, Ae tere lremoncs or Husk? & geen’ responses may change $tveraue stages ine Ife el a eligous ble ster, 2 sul ay have mor than ae ite ee [BREA ee stem may hve tna stories about ‘pert! elias or even Do these mths expan tural phenomena? Ave ey use inst alone correct, 250 a Thre le beavcu that reget formerters of ele system: What see conse 2 pears betavousunaceestabe eaters? RESEDA teeter wil ave stem of i that ge pact! ts ths hain ey femal cf those of hgh sis? Do member he eh EIR So inal and greus have ont rg Ira ble gem. Haw does the nvnte behaviour? EEREREIESIES tow ae ratoratipsbemeen in ard groups anes Ina beet ste? Ae some grou pees rept? Wt the presibed pacers that peopl bet stem mas flow, eran for worship of te ERIS averact principe may be reese iy ina thn a elt aystem, re tere ages y which thes ident a oelef ste? How inporant ate symbole ad Smal fo memaes? Gf intrnaton ad communities terse have sodcedcnange to» Dele oer Wats th BI fates ts bd emi oltre leicester parcoaton in eremones a tu? spopate communion withers ecard ESISEE Te sores pncnsgnisopy) fs ble bts and the sree eeny pple re ‘Cetsn way of pering the word andthe cones Seren t Toth} o/ am oes) = ne} Geese" 7 oo Theos ca CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 2 the end ofthe cape ou tld esl © undestan the tre of bei ser om bath mic anda act peoethe © poly the fnsamenta ad sone ofthe hey, concepts of Sct ad Cute tbe Soy or ieeandng ate of elses toa fous te GREE] tHe Nature oF BeLter SysTEns What are belief systems? Abels stem is an eared et of principles and eas cared among feu of people, hat indests a parla way of perevng and tederstening the soc cura pyehologil and pyscal world andthe ames (oe universe). Imay involve specie doctrine (teaching) and Coordinated body of practi and procedare for approaching He The baie people held wl stor pide them in formulating an ology «clara plan ‘nt concesed waye of puting tat plan into ection. The shared principles [Bilowopiy) of «Selle sytem andthe asocisted ideology help people a fs cara way of persting the world andthe cosmos that ya worldview. ‘As you deve rhe int this depth tay, you wl sppesate hat ceplentons ofthe tree concept of belle eytem, workvew and idoloy, tecesary overs The extent of belief systems ‘The extent of bei sites nationally and international i art They ‘buads religious stems thet acnowlege the prevence ofa bang greater dha the mama expenenc, and non-reliious beefs hat focus onthe Ihanan expesince athe ultimate Religious belie sts include traditions fhch s Hinduism, llam, Buddhien, Judean and Chriecanicy Non-relioar om vey of usdloual souces and ince Secular capitalism, environmentalism, ‘namaniam, Confucianism, atheism Fens tealitrin Why have belief systems’ developed? ‘browse though the ind, body and spin section of sy beak store for ert spo ht ede ech re ve fl phtosophial queions concen thei exaren, ther society 2nd ortundingenvironmeat. This ot jst "new age phenoreeno. ie have pondered ave such question Pay do people suc? here perfect way of organising hemen iaterecton? + Tes not iffcult o imine our ancestors straggling to make sense of the power fires of ature a hey gazed p + the seemingly alah xptaas ofthe algh yor eae ote sppaenly endless ies of Gould tbe the all-powecfl son the govern and dCtermnes the fte 9 fumaa beige? +The univer issuch an overhelming concept that it sem to make w inidol person insgican, Doe omcone have an overall plan, ab picture hat ves suaning cman being + The way society ie orpnize seems una Is here a beter? People ay wary consider: A wey that ensures, 7 people fram the sacies of government Interrenion and rpshtion?A vay tat makes each person «pat oft ‘lcstonmaking proces? A way tat alos the ete member of sodet ‘ato the other? A society Bard gn sound hic? 1 Douglas Ads! book The Bich Hikers Gide wth Gala, the men sli trned ott be the namber 42 Deamatsts and humors have fo the ies of human beings searching forthe meslng of Me. i What answers do belief systems provide? nd various ball sytene have developed seria a8 et slution tra eects interpretation of thi conte [asus Whether cs» systera tat fools to transcendent bis f (ha sek to give meaning fe trough» pare ptocrn of organisation, che desired overall consequence isthe security thy Comes when people fel they know where they ae going nd how to go esha atthe Dalat Lar (@he spl leader of ibe cen been quoted er eying the purpore of eo Aeppinese sls he goa! MohandacK. Gaadha (a Hind) wee refering wha ke sid belt stems are Dilfceat roads converging upon the point What does it mater thet we ake diferent roads ro long a we es {he same goal’ Differest people may explinhappines a mesning sat with god, endorsing, «jst way of organising oie Acceptance and rejection of belief systems yen though there is high degree of sna in the purposes and fume tithe vrows belie sytem, here ae consdersble snd sgnent eee between thei specie satus and characteris Pliny ths means thst theron tos ported kel eaten can be described beng accopen i ideology emcees ethers ay eject that bel sytem, partculry if ‘Seology aod anocnted practices west odds with ch ova bel value customs Rejection af bel systems eas lead co conliy,especally i lowers of more thas one sistem share a geographical space o: ine tithe de of regional or atonal bode temples of roc conic include + BenunenHindion and Isa: On achevog iedepandence in 1947, Tad ‘war parstioned into two separate ations: Inds for Hindus and Pst ‘Mostas Since then, tension and confer have perites between there groups especially over possesion of the ate of Kashi sation (with he Chita ble est 252 | vesnensnn socrery aap covrene woo scan and capitation: Historical, the period of tne desebed the Cold War wish Segan ater World Wer lad lasted wt aound, saw scetie snd indicus doidd according to these two bel ferns There was even symbol denosing he dvston~the Bein 1 Netonally the ie enterprise United Stse symbolved spite, ile te former USSR {of which prese-dey Rea was the domiaant lence) symbaied soil The Cold War brought the wold to che tk ofnclew devaucton through stein Kke the Cuban missle Ss The Benes even recorded song,‘Back inthe USSR thot satiised jaan through «thoroughly expt Beach Boe’ syle aevangemtent fay the sci belie eytem contnaer in China, Noch Korea, Lacs end ‘am, but inteusions of capt values and ststades have reduced the denote of cont with espa soceticn sone Ilr ad Judaon: Inthe Middle Eas, the Jesh ation of ‘els bea in sonic ith the lie Plesinian common and ter Muslim Arb counties The satel Paleraians believe tha al ‘Sie thee homeland seven lla an Choy nthe formar Yuga Ta recent history, ‘Sn groups have practised ethnie clessing nate to cae end as st relgious Rete + role of belief systems in people's lives {eptems influence people's vauey atutude and consequent behsvout, ‘clngly, the way people ulate to each other often zflects the beliefs old i a ta Tit inpect ores fn Fs cs aren etre poate: oe ae : GG A ices sot pease wx anon tend fea bere fs asbeeve ena = opie ipso eg ante aac eg es te cae ee aa 4) 98 ae [ol esse ete seonome we ‘eeroinentl sn eat The integration of beliefs in people's lives Bet ojen poe nek fa menor td i Ee pwones ne ie orn of vl nl ref ge aed ep i tony be detent ye reaing eel pe For a | SSyoureed Chop # coe staton epee del Flee | Rude inthe bole eit cen teeth epee rope hele gels Sn ed et ela scm if ple io aie example, mania shcipact ef bites cs bene Tbe 8 fot opens Ponta we eateoe Wars capone te ara ads i sot SAR ronnie 1 inte sees od dterences bowen the pespecnes of | 2 Winat views coud 3 capitalist eran environmentalist helé stout mariage? : Ie erty te beets undoing nial egos / i 8, 2|Ckoosine a BELIEF SystENs -—— Focus Stupy Your class choice of fcus study shouldbe guided by your interes and citing knowledge and the avalabiliy of resources The fous sted snl In ths chapter comes fom che veligousvaditons cxtegory, but fore ‘nd approsch vil bo wl as « model for developing focus stady rom tf the other possble seas A mir focus study on enirnmentam ba been included to suggest how concent from this dap study maybe sp toe tedtion other then religous 256 | sernensnn socrery ao corrmme © MS OO ‘+ the nature and role of hierarchy and internal power structures within belle systems and ideologies ‘Allbelef systems and ideological systems are complex in nature. There are many intemal parts that ‘make up the system as @ whole and in order forthe system to operate there needs tobe an ‘established and recognisable intemal structure of roles and responsibities and ar rank order of influence and position. This ensures strong nes of communication and cohesion. Nature - think of how decisions are made; compexiy of the structure Role think of contnuly end change; traditions and modernisation Hierarchy -think of a ranking system that organises itslf based on values and establishing statu, power jurisdiction; system of subordinates - those wth less power to influence. Hierarchies exist Within lf social institutions because they are large and complex. ‘Some ideologies may not have such a complex hierarchy or are viewed as non-herarchicl however they do have an organisetional frm that alws us fo see important and influential people thet guide cur thoughts and actions. Examples HIERARCHY OF The Catholic Church ‘The Caste System ‘SYLLABUS REFERENCE: © the si larties and differences between belief systems and Ideologies ‘As a class we are going to read through our text book pages 285-295 and dscuse the dfrences botween belief systems, ideologies and workiviews. Complete the activites folowing: 1. Complete the table. Definitions for a Belief system What the simile and jOm JejRUIS Ul panjonur sdnosB younyD UeLA 04Re4 ‘Ayuye oney Katy yotym Joy sdnou8 uoqse ee eovedueain pue jeuopewieyy AysouUy x euONBDOSEE PoyeUNOU BAeY ejdoed BUND, ‘eBueup [22008 pides (.q edo 30) 0} depe 0} poSeuew ‘ney pue ouifar yesnyno jusiayip @ repun dn jyBnauq alam Suoje1eUe6 Jepj0 otf JO 15H jemen ‘ABojouypey suoneotunuiwoo ‘yBnouy ‘sieoK o¢ 1sed oxy soto oBu249 [200s payes0}2008 Uaaq set] az24p 3Nq‘TENpEIG Useq Sey SOUND WHEISONA JO LONEEUEIRODS BY, «| 1d ‘pesueinoes e uy Ayenyuids so. wH0} Kouy Kem aup pue ajdoad Bunok usamyeq dusuoReIe: ey, 1mayjoq paquosep 61 A2}008 I SKM r ‘s¥etyo Buowe uojdo eu0 aq 0} pooysiopun s! yeu) U0 0} ‘paGua|EUYBUN S1 POH UI JaH9q AUN BJOUM AtO;DOS B HOY aAOW! Ee & ue consesd snojGyeu ul ouroepe ‘212ys pue younyo so uojesedos ov yBnowy ojdwiexo 10) “seeds oygnd, wou UO}Eos Jo EMEIPLANN OLY :4q poouepyno 81 A42190s uy uoHesLEINODS tuoesjusepou! 5} yet) S@BUeYD [21008 xojduloo Jo AeueA @ Jo eouanbasuco pepuETUIUN UP se ama 8] puom wapoul a4) UO}Ge1 0 ou 124) AuBIs 0} owoo sey SRL “,PHOM at JueUUEYIUOSIP Jo Bap! ay pasod Ose PUE LONeSIIEINAaS, He) 947 PeUIED JOqEM “OLE) UL 2euyjoeg ut uo} The process of secularisation in the development and extent of belief systems and ideologies within Australia SECULARISATION ‘Secularisation refers tothe historical process in which madernisation impacts religion losing social and cultural significance. As a result of ‘secularisation, the role of region in modern societies becomes somewhat restricted. In secularised societies faith lacks cultural authority, religious organisations have litte social power, and public life proceeds without reference (oI. Secularisation captures the long tem societal ‘change and does have consequences for religious institutions. Increased levels of education, democratisation, economic freedom and globalisation all contribute to delimit the role of rligion and the stato. ‘A secular nation was embocied in the 1901 Australian constitution, A series of Australian Prime Ministers have explcty identified Australian ‘values with christian values (eg John Howard). A society can be secular a the sense but stil have relatively high rates of religious practic. ‘THEORISTS Emile Durkheim Max Weber ‘To understand modem society, Durkheim and Weber, gave careful analysis tothe role of religion in shaping social fe. Durkheim shared ‘Weber's view that modem society was one in which traditional forms of rligion were in terminal dectine, Weber saw modernity in term of the fise of secular, rationalised and bureaucratic social systoms. In Durkheim's terms we are living in a more secular age, but nx desacralsed one, Read the article below and then add it to your Concepts and Current Events table. bitpziwww.theguardian.com/commentistree/2 Plame -raligion-sacred MODERN AUSTRALIA Modem Australia is considered a secularised society. Individuals may participate in religious and spiritual customs, but this has increasingly become a private personal pursuit. Institutionalsed churches no longer play an absolute central role as they once did in education, welfare or poliics. There is evidence in our sociaty thatthe modem values of consumerism are now replacing beliefs about salvation. Central to 20d juouwoud e eney o} Ajay se ‘uoRIpen Je;NoqyEd UNO seu BuIproX “uo|ssin Kejsem, Jo JoquioUs pueoq pua UBRSUYD B ose 5] OH “i _L jouueyg 019 62 9M se JoyeyuEUULUOD Je}0s PUB a1OUOS9 Payradsa1 [jam B “KssaNIUN oUENboeWY Ye So;od Se\oBE} JOHNS YOY JC ‘Keg Bupog uo suuesSol anysiqA UeUE op LO yeds 10INS WHEY 10 “BBL UI ISEDPLOIG oWped e Woy =} SKA .SPUISUYD SI MLL :papmoud ydudsueR ey PeOY “ 2 Sueyy UBjex04 esyung, ‘BujBuojaq pue Uo}sayoo AyunuswLoD a uoIBe4 Jo sje0B oWy SeneIYDE KepyOY sroBy=1 Uo pakeld wodS skepyoy snosiyos uo peed oq sane Burods pynous. areyg aed YUL PUL LN SAS IOS TT AAT FIR FSBOTR TESTE SACPTOU ION Bley PUCCUI AAA OTT “yx9} o47 woy sejdurexe Busn6 uoneste;naes Jo sso0ud ay) Jo BuIpue|siepun 3NOK oyensuoWoG - “Aepuoy J9}se3, mojeq eFsN.e 9\N YBNOA Peds epusyeom Guo] 181983 OM) JRO ut eBeGUO NOK Op SaMIAHDE 12UM Uuopooyoy reuosiag - AepUOYY 499823 ‘wseini ouyo "SLAY TAT SPBESTOE OF COCTINT “sooyos payetes-yosnyo ui uoneonE snoy6i}oy 20} suoReDiduu) :a\doed Buna, sAepO| Jo AYEMdS ey, :eouaLe}y “Ayemuids uensuyg Jeuosied ‘snowouoyne e10w e 0} snoIneYeq Pue }YEN« "uoysKs yspedeo yuasaidiuwo ue Ul uones ‘Explain the ference betwen religious and nonelglus belie systems z Gaeta ts “Cries oa [Gh aww ein nd on os ble sana we iow > preset welogaiod wager wer exer +6 Apps evn cou concep nd agge [Sho how rnd on reise una ions Pr as xpd repose ha may ws eae oo ‘Ue coun cece ngs Bets diferentes ion ao eo Gea Sample carers Religion nd nono tee syn ca ier nh ipo Reel tare ave otra seeoe tind oa apn eng ropa arin ‘Som mporance meting nd ase se eroded uC a> ‘Sampo aveagons el seman Go ees oes tom eins eye cx es th on or acne ‘ens bee gen fen sec oe Th i a igs een gh Sac GS tis ido en, ee rout nd ge lg ety napa wel ew ately Rial ‘tolyora noi tens Selo tcenm eae oven tebe am To what extent has globalisation influenced the role of belies in people's Ives? F Question 16 Answers could include ‘+ Globalistin bas led to increased accesso information about oer beliefs — increased ‘exponue to diversity. Some people argue Ut as a reslt of globalisation the belief system dna increased or doereated in importance. has also led to inereased conflict + Forexample, the belit system Communism ~ globalisation has changed pattems of ‘consumption and consumerism de to the influence of western culture + Global media creates awareness of eter bel ystems, og capitalism and democracy + Technology has ineeased accesso ther belie systems. + The way that people interact has also changed due to globalization, eg electronic prayer diary With reerence to an example, outline the term bli system 2 marks Focus Study: Hinduism Definitions list ~ Hinduism [Word Vedas ‘Svastike Brahman ishis ‘Srutr [Bhagavad Gita Tas of Mana ‘Sanat Form of secondary sripture sri. Contained in the Mahabharata, For Hindus, Definition ‘Sacred texts of Hinduism. Any of the four collections forming the earliest body of Indian sespture, consisting ofthe Rg Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Athans ‘ede, which codified the ideas and practices of Vedic religion and aid down the basis of classical Hindus. The onty texts regarded as srutl are the Vedas, which Include both ancient sacrificial formulas and the more philosophical Upanishads {important statements about the individual sou). [“allis weil”. Ancient symbol meaning good fortune, luck and well being. The supreme God force present within all things. The Universal Spirit Devine human beings, Holey men (saints). The Vedas was revealed to the Rishis. | The revealed scriptures of divine origin. Srutl includes the sacred texs- Vedas. | Does not reflect the modern Hinduism and is unknown to many Hindus but stil | meld in high cegard, “Type of secondary scripture. May indude athe knowledge that has been derived | and inculeated ‘after’ Sruti had already been recelved bythe great Rishis. In other words its not divine in origin, but was "remembered! by later Rishi by transcendental means, and passed down through ther followers. the] Bhagavad Gt isa source of wisdom andthe tth The word “ohagavad” means God andthe word “gt” means song. Utraly,thagava Ga refersto the “song of coe | | Form of econdary sires Ds ot Tor al gras To Bee Tha Tenge n-This evened srpure’ comprises 2684 verses, died Ito tev coptrs | presenting the norms of domestic, social, and religious Ife in India ‘Sanskrit is one of the oldest known inde languages. For Hindus, Sanskrit is ‘tremendously important because the Vedas and other Hind religious texts are in this language. Dhamma “dharma signifies Bohaviors that are considered to be in accord with the order that makes lfe and universe possible, and includes duties, rights laws, conduct, viewes and “ight way of lving”. Wahabharata (poem)The Mahabharata is the mom voluminous Book the word has ever known, ‘The Mahabharata covers the history ofthe earth from the time of creation in relation to India. Composed in 200,000 ehyming quatrain couplets the Mahabharata is 3 times the sie ofthe bible, "Transcendentalists Educated people trying to break avny from dominant culture. Eg Ralph Waldo Emerson brought ideas of Hinduism to America in 18005 indian Gurus | Spiritual teachers. Eg, Maharshi Mahesh Yogi the founder of anscendental — meditation. Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada- brought the Hare Krsna movement to the USA, Bei ‘AGod Maha Komibh Mela (mela) “An important Festival that takes place once every 3 years at & ifferent spats along | the Ganges rver. The water is seen as purfying nectar for about a month. Cleanses | sou}, mates emends ete. Reasons ae based on Mythology. ‘Varna system (Glass) | Each person has innate qualities that predetermine which class they belongto, according to karma. Societys divided into 4 classes. Brahmin- White Priestly class- teach the vedas and offer sacrifices for others Ksatriya-Red- Nobility and Warriors protect the people ‘Valsya- Yellow: Commoners: tend to cattle, practice agriculture, lend money ‘Sudra-Black-sers-to serve the other classes and practice art. “Thishas changed alte but lrgly stl reflected today ‘Endogamy Marriage within a particular caste ‘Ramayana, ‘an eple poem written as a religious and ethical code of conduck. I teaches people about ideal behavior. races ‘2 siege Dace FOCUS STUDY- HINDUISM. ‘Syllabus content: ‘© The philosophy of the bellef system or ideology + The rolationship betwoon its historical development and its underlying principles istorical basis and development of Hinduism Untike most belif systems, Hinduism does not have a founder. Most scholars trace the ‘earlast origins of Hinduism to two different sources- The Indus Valley civilisation and the Aryans. ‘The first ofthese isthe Indus Valley civilization, which dates back tothe tird millennium. b.ce. and reaches its high point around 2000 b.c.e. The characteristics ofthis cllization remain somewhat elusive, since the inscriptions on the artifacts that have been recovered remain undeciphered. Nevertheless, onthe basis of both large-scale and small-scale remains, scholars have postulated that certain features of later Hinduism may have their earliest foundations and expressions in the Indus Valley clvtization, ‘The second root of Hinduism Is believed to be the Aryans, nomadic tribal groups from ‘central europe who moved into the north ofincia and gradually intograted with the indigenous people, ‘Archaeological evidence does not clearly show how and wity the amalgamation of these ‘wo groups happened. However, the combined religious practices led to the development of what is now known as Hinduism, a belif system with a framework of ‘scriptures that have been revealed tothe rishis (holy men) overtime by the Brahman (the universal spc). on ug eis ain ma SYP MRSA DUIS SHB ts Characteristics ofthe Indus Valley civilisation remain somewhat elusive, since the inscriptions on the artifacts that have been recovered remain undeciphered. Features of the civilisation include the emphasis on tual purity, the worship of a goddess figure ‘connected to fertity, and the sacralty of certain animals and toes. ‘Artifacts found from the civilisation show clear inks tothe practices of Hindulsm today. ae Itis believed the Aryans brought with them many gods, an economic system based on their herds of catle, and their symbol of good luck and auspiciousness, the svastka, ‘The South Asian branch of the farslung Indo-European peoples is associated withthe Veale period of Indian history. Named after the texts called the Vedas (cr, collectively, the Veda), which are waiten in Sanskit, thie historical epoch is known to us almost entirely on the basis of those ancient texts, The Vedas depict a religion entirely oriented to the performance of and philosophical speculations conceming fre sacrifice. ‘Sacrifices, or yaina , were offered tothe pantheon of deities located in one or another ofthe three worlds of sky, atmosphere, and earth; some ofthe gods ofthe later Hindu pantheon were already worshipped inthe Vedic era. Sources: Heinemann (2008). Society & Culture, 2nd edition. hitnwuw encyclopedia, com/topiciHinduigm aspx toe ga cee ao semen ABe TPA MMA PLEZUOTSCEPSREa 2» aise 2 rel Ban Osos ‘Source: tow hindulsmtaday.comleducation/Hinduism_ Histon Lesson.pdf Discussion - why might perspectives differ? ores pag cee oon ARTY Pa np DUE oKORUP ‘Syllabus oritent: «The philosophy ofthe belit system or ideology 1 The beliefs and values expressed and the impact on personal and collective identity {Go tothe folowing ink ard read about the @ Bele in Hinduism, Sunmarise your fncings inthe table below, tw indsmioday.com/modules/vichannelindex oho?orecide19 ‘Common Belief Impact on personal and collective identity ‘indus believe ina ane al-porvasive ‘Supreme Being whois both immanent and transcendent, both Creator and Unmenifest Realy. Respect and valve ther own and each individual e- rks with the bei of non-arn, = They sive to impress him as he is present in their Jvea, providing @ sense of support and involvement in their dally Ives. Hindus believe the vedas are of vine orn {and teat them vith great respect. These ‘eriptures form the basis of Hinduism. = Hindu people base thelr aetione and batts around the ‘essence of the veda- Hinduism Is away of if! Hinds believe thatthe universe urdergoos fences cycles of eration, preservation and cdssoluion Hindus view ofthe universe- Brahman has power Hindus believe in karma, tho law of cause and cffect by which each Indvual creates his ‘ov destiny by his thoughts, words and seeds. elections baved around resoWving Karma Hindus baleve tht the sou reincamates, valving trough many births ui all kermas have been resolved, and moksha, Hberation from tho oycle of rebirth, eae, Not single sou wil be deprivod of tis destiny = actions to resolve Karma are part of everyday We eg, ‘worship, meditation = Relating to karma, they aim to vo the bost fe possible, ‘obeying alla and bale, in oder to lve ahappy ‘tere orn thelr next fetime. Hindus believe that divine beings exist in unseen worlds and that temple worship, rials, saoramonts and personal devotionals ‘create @ communion wih hese devas and Gods Hincs befeve that an enighiened master, salguru, is essential to know the ‘Transcendent Absolite, as ae personal dlscipine, goed conduct, purification, pilgimage, selfing, medlaton and Surrender in God regular worship to communicate with gods © Gods an extremely important igure Inte ives ofthe ‘ith and ving in te tkeness of thelr God. the Gurus respected and important aspect of Hindu cutie - Hindu, 2s they spond ther entre ves communicating Findus baieve that al fe is sacred, o be loved and revere, and therefore practice ‘imsa, noninjry 9 thought, word and deed Hindus beleve that no religion teaches the ‘only way to salvation above all others, but ‘thal all genuine paths ae fasts of God's LUght, deserving tolerance and understanding, eollecivaly known as a peaceful region respect of diferent rligions, welcoming toa rans arma + Ohara - Gone Door FOCUS STUDY- HINDUISM Syllabus content: The philosophy of the beliof system or ideology = Tho beliefs and values expressed and the impact on personal and collective identity Actviy Read through be information below. Wee your own description of Karma and Dharma, Karma arin rely ean “dado sand oe oy names the ua ‘eee ppl te and efit, ection nd oc Which ene {SMa Kaa ater ow of tho mind jut ry i ew ‘trates Sarma ot ey em ats wi re wl, rea {2g town dat. The ete, fv wo pode, we ‘leap goons we som el yl rape Kate ‘hr tha tayo nr sone and hat consent | {tins th and proven eso which determines co | ‘tare Bethe ier bobees or expense and now ‘we epee th Sar eveating bile Virtng Th compen ethan arin tigation ‘upasonte acon, Not al Lamas reboond medi ‘Sime cms tor expecta in seer tts eat, a dosh acme One besos ‘Groby cama acon hay Sadson. Dharma Dharma isan important term in Indian religions. In Hindus it means ‘duty’, Wirt’, ‘morality’, even ‘religion’ and It refers to the power which upholds the universe and society indus generally belave that dharma was revealed Inthe Vacas although 2 more common wore tere for‘uiversal law’ or righteousness’ Is ita. Oherma is the power that maintains society, I makes the orass grow, the sun shine, and makes us moral people or rather gives humans the opportunity to act virtuousy. But acting virtuously does not mean precisely the same for everyone; diferent people have diferent obligations and cuties secording to their age, gender, and social position. Dharma Is universal but it is also particular and operates within concrete circumstances. Each person therefore has their own dharma known as sva-charma, What is correct for a weman might not be for 8 man or what is correct for an adult might nat be for 8 chil ‘The importance of sva-charma is ilustrated well by the Bhagavad Gita, This text, set before the great battle of the Mahabharata, depicts the hero Arjuna riding In is chariot criven by his charioteer Krishna between the great armies. The warrior Arjuna questions Krishna about vate annem ete sn eNIROUNTRONSEege MaMF FENG wet 0 What do Hindus believe? The Hindu concept of god Ia.wastern societies people are mos familiar with the penpective tet god ‘Sup in the henvens sod bumass are down on the exh, Howeves Hinge Derive that humans and god are one I's reveding to note thet the Bal fa for Hinds i not t be reborn it higher satay, but vert be heed fom the eye of rebith (through good karma) snd Secon one with god. ‘The Hinde term fr this mol 1h the Bhagavad Gita, Kaan (a ncanition of go) decribes himself at bing che source of al Seth goed and er This ifferent fom the Jewish Chistian and blame traditions, where god stands for good qualite snd the Abe the source of ev. The idea that Hindasm i polytheistic (many gods) rlpon is incomect, but probably arse because pos Findus peronalite Erman, the weivel spin variety of forms Canseguendy there ae goddencs (ch a2 Sarva oho isthe cnsart of Brahms and press over learning nd suse) ning sed gos (sch a Ganesh, che reaver of ebtacles and the son ef Siva and yates fal to understand Brbman in hie ‘unknowale' sate 0 inthe every fe af the Hind, Brakinan can be aproaced ono oe Taman Teel in he way ene - awe 83 te wir tree apes of rman the uve st, Mos of the gods emanate fam, or ae stated with, he timrt Sra, Visns and Sie, However when vtng Indi it wil be obvious dy there are vey few temples devoted to the worship of Brahma, Somme ay thx ls because he married hs own daughter snd haiag therefore violated te lave of ature, doer not have tempi, worship or esice tis difce tiolat ae of belies to which ll Hindus adhee, However outined below ae the beliefs mon Hinde woud bold a ‘coment * The gpsital direction contained inthe reveled septures of Hinde (rst) is considered the ultimate suthorgy becuse the eriptres dd ot ‘Shanate from the mind of humane a + God (Brshman song, though this pet ha many nares sad Fo {sbeyord human undersandig + All of creation is ted to the yee of reincarnation (xamsave, accord past actions and thoughts (karma), + The path of yoga units the individual oo with Brahman. This preci hich ouch ore complex shan mere phyiel exercise cts lead Bindu wards maa (feedom fom the cycle of sansa), ‘was ‘tama Drama Caoge boss Why he should fight n the battle. Surely, he asks; king one's relatives and teachers is wrong and so he refuses to ght. krishna assures him that ths particular battle is righteous and he must igh 9¢ his duty oF dharma as @ warrior. Aruna's sva-charma was to fight in the bate because he was a warrior, but he must ght with detachment from the resus of his actions and within the rules of the ‘warriors’ dharma, Indeed, not t act accoréing to one's own dharma is wrong and called Correct action in acordance with dherma Is also understood as service to humanity and to God, The ides of what has become krown as sanatana charma can be traced back tothe puranas ~ texts of antiquity. Those who adhere to this Idea of one's eternal dharma or constitution, lai that it transcends other mundane dharmas - that itis the para dharma, the Uultmate cherme ofthe self. Is often associated with Bhakti movements, who lnk an attitude of eternal service to @ personal delty. 4: Dharma “Wren God email ih irr Hl domed wth or wih he a {gown cat Diaran sods Se ioxprallngen oy lal ‘tence fem te setaning cone re neg nd los ‘Shh tarde harcay wih ht rr ad th ona ike mate of comnts snd pial adeno te ‘and ighnons gt ity td ete prin, Oa and (SEs, When ws lw cha, een cmt ith fat “Tra tht er and earch ne od we tye {absense Cod Adkins opposn to divine oe Dra ‘oibeindvidl watts nrnal vp soa th cy [er fan rent nar snd dy hares ls Has honor and Bar wea Whar che the ta tara for oman? ‘hoets mtg more roaring then dor, ‘or enphing moe row than alc m hat i hindvism/Sect WIM. Seet_ Chapter. blhwwnw bbe. r Sail 'As woll ae attending to the dias to do with work (dharma asselated with at) and te stage (Gharma associated with esrama), a good hindu must perform fve daly duis. these practices are performed correctly, they wl provide guidance in everyday Ife and bing peace and prosperity. The five duos are: 1. worship godin te foem of a family det inthe home shrine through prayers and ‘meditations. This practice helps a person to become god.censcious in al daly ctviios and crests s sense of togetherness inthe family otc gaaesamis aha aan mas iOn YOUN ALM GMFF AAW acs {aa Da gabe 2. study the Vedas and other scriptures, This practice ints person's mind with the knowiedgo ofthe sacred texts 3, contemplate the teachings of holy men and women, andthe femiy's forobears. This practice preserves famly values and other traditions 4, provide fed fr these in need. Tis practice stresses the valve of sharing with others 5, serve guests with ave, respect and reverence. This practice embodies the tradional hospitality expected from a Hindu family Karma Dharma peta gee comin eco autoeumertsT6NIOW JOLTMOWEeL aL MeMFFEACF wt FOCUS STUDY- HINDUISM Syllabus content: ‘© The philosophy of the belief system or ideology + The nature and extent of adherents in the world today Hinduism insists on the performance of dis in fe according fo one's individual psycho-physeal and spiral endowments. It does not insist on adherence toa figs creed. Indesd, there is a pervasive recegnion among Hindus that people vary widely in both thee psychologleal and spitual competence, Hence the Vaion ‘accepts the fact at spritual realty may be variously experienced and expressed by diferent incviuals and ‘100s. This etude of tolerance has given rise to arch varity of balafs and tothe coexistence of extensive sectarian and rialtc cfferences within the larger ol of Hindus, India is home to 94 porcent of the world's nearly 1 Bion Hindus. Hinduism has exere'sed and continues to haves impact outsie Inda 2s wel Athough Hinduism evolved and the terple god or gods These tae eS Rowers vegeta food or even mene, with the intention of a ees Ra the goes accumelatig god Kama ce uiing «Yow Tenth, Th ital of wor (ua) ean take pla Meee houshold icon (etre cr statue ofa par ee eu orin dhe Kitchen, hich ie coasidered tobe the pes roc re eer Hindus often tae the defy’ blesing i the form of «lak ttaosd gabe orvarmcric powder on the forehead Joe cashing puja wl be psformed in a more Hinds, bes hat occur from shrines, Some oft oe wll tral) of and ib be it. in he tere ey ye al be incerported ito the everyday eof & Se we ghane the fess have thir special fonction to perform he seme sls wil wa to receive the spec bles ofthe deity. fhe pose sully performed behind a curtain or inthe inner pat of Terai ae Pay fom the view ofthe ordinary Finda, When © Pee SE Tiel cher prt inthe pu, either he cual wl be drown ESE pret wl emerge fom the nner sanctum. The devotees wll Pes ve son lan) of ey Te al rand he Se ae aunty of camphor lamps the aa lamps, 8 calar Avia ene eee Ge taht and arma ofthe diy to themscives. The devotee Tenet pode or analwood paste to mark the foreheads 1 fpf i fished The devotes ake away te Desed 2 beenten Iter ontinuity: The role of tradition and cultural heritage vem regulates the etre ym of if. As such, cn be descebed = oy of ot fre eligi. a wertera Societe often religion i separated La yf tia Madu thexe specs of everday Ue are rats Rent poms 6. 3ymbcs- Googe Dees FOCUS STUDY- HINDUISM Syllabus content: ‘+ Traditions and culture in the belief systom or ideology = The role of symbols, rituals and customs. nto selsinfacts,comPindsmsymbols.him Use the link above and other research If needed to dscus the role of two symbol in Hinduism ‘You must dscuss the importance of the symbol Aum (or om) and another symbol of your choice, Examples of symbols Include: fet cet nt Hg Ane Sree tine ne ego rare France, Anis he rok nate al sound ron whic ol eextion ‘oes forth Ite aca with Lard (Ganesha. tree labo sand at {he beginning and ead evry sacred vere evry an at Ane wee Ganesha th Lo of Ota sod Fale of Dhara. Seated ypon His ‘one, He guides cur armas through eating and removing obstacles ‘or path We sek Mis permison a sng in every undertaking, Asm. The sybase in mtn, (Other symbols important in Hinduism include ‘Now This the bull on which Lord Soa ides T represents vit and ah and sfondi semplesSevted so Sia. Any product thi comes FEN Shia contdered orsed and puitjing So the Nandi fen esters ‘ih the cog noining of eee. “Tomo: The boeuf lees ower represents the univers ising out of the Teves and taifesting fell nal ts gory Ilo sybase ‘tena hig er the sun . Soutiha The word east metns sapiiounes! Heneg,the wath s Seatthel of god lack and favour Ie ao represents the world wires, sae chang and revolving around the wachangig god-ente The helt flower prs (Cou: The cow ia scr animal to Hindus. Cows are the descendants of Gee Teet ove Kamadhen, crested by Kes fom his own body Hindu (B fotogy es describes he earth ax aproachizg god inthe fom f= ~ Tale To present cow ans gt very worthy of mer, butt ll ones & Symbols in Hinduism Brahman ha no fr Iman being? cannot conceive of this abstract nip even though hs incerastions do have yal mages So, smb Efcome important way of approeching gd (Behiman). Om, wn he ‘Pra oth wal and tn sora sjmbol represeting Brahman, This {acre word encompares the whole unvese gong beyond the eg ft oll Trepresets the exence of Hinds ideology ands wed in estan purer and during the practice of yogs, Actolly Hindu wil use Is whenev ‘Brahman ener her chou. Some Hindus bleve hat hey wil ack the highest Tt they socced in esting the word om atthe tine of their death. “Visually om (alternatively spelled aon) driver mn the Sask oot Each of three letters has is own meaning: { 1A seprsens begin 1 ceprsents propre 1M represent ‘dioasos! ‘Gms shape, therefore, eprsens god's power respenile forthe creation, evelopment ad dsoltion of he sniverse, "Rural om saclades al sands and pervades the entire universe. As all creation emanates fom Brahman, an thought tobe the best symbol of od Ty chanting the on ound fora long a your bresth will allow” rive sigan prope within Hinds ae the Sapstes ad Vata, falowers ef Siva and Vin, respectively The easier way to dent tpersbers ofthese group is by the lake which isa symbole mai onthe [Brchead tna with ash, sendalwood parte (oandana) red taeric paste (lindsona)-A versal ve ndiats a Vananite ands honzortal ine 2 ‘SiteA ak may ale indicate tht a Hinds har ecived the blessing ofthe sky afer paving (pe) "The bind a und mack on women's forehead largely a decorative em these day but an sigs the third eye whre panple focus the 22° lt mediation Guring yoga, You may have seen these ew age shop the form of decorative adhesive sickens, Sr can be foun on the walle or doors of balding, where Hinds "Sgt of pine wes rs ‘ve it wil provide protection fram evl spss, (rosing tachi 3 Describe the importance of ONE symbol in ONE belief system Beliet Systems Question 14 Criteria >” Cleary provides characterass and feaures of ie Imparance of ONE, symbol in ONE bei system + Presents a well-organised response that uses examples + Applies relevant couse concepts and langu [+ Provides characteristics and features ofthe importance of ONE symbol in (ONE belief system + Presens an organised response that may use examples + Uses relevant course concep and language > Tndieates a feature(s) of ONE symbol in ONE belie system May mention course concepts and language Refers toa symboUeaur ofa symbol in a belief system Sample answer: ‘Symbols ae a very important feature of belief systems as they embody the philosophy ofthe stem. One important symbol in Buddhism isthe lous lower. The lotus flower begins its life in madly waters and ies to gan purty. This symbol refers tothe process of purification of body, speech and mind and ihe blossoming of wholesome deeds, punty and elighenmeat, ‘Tae lotus ower conveys great meaning in the philosophy of Buddhism, FOCUS STUDY- HINDUISM ‘Syllabus content: + Traditions and culture in the bellef system or ideology + The role of symbols, rituals and customs ‘Rituals and customs Festivals Research one ofthe folowing Hindu festivals and answer the questions: = Dial + Hol + Rath Yatra Janmashiami 1. Give abet description of he festival and how itis celebrated by Hindus Is Reeebrated n counties other than india? Whats the sigiicancelpurpose ofthe festvar? ‘Other rituals and customs: ~ Home worship (daly duties) = Temple worship and offerings + Rites of passage ose ance ds atom EN AIFF SuhSSCOLDGY YE POL STVAULSA4 Syllabus content: ‘Traditions and culture in the belief system or ideology ‘The importance of myths and stories Stories and my Stores and myths form an important part of Hinduism. They are a way ofeaching citron pproprate attudes and behaviours ae well as passing on important beliefs and values ofthe religion. Epic (most important) stories in Hinduism include the Remayana, the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita. Importance of Ramayana Ramayana deal wih the various aspects of man's life love, duty to superiors, treachery, devotion to parents, selflessness and what rat “These character of Ramayana stand as symbols of ove, charity, plots, conjugal love, and obediance to parents, se-sactiice and the tke ‘The characters of Ska and Urmila stad fr ideal womanhood. “The character of Ravana teaches us how a man can run himself fr his own folles and unholy ambitions. Dussehra isa great Hindu festival and ie celebrated allover India, The festival lates to Rama's victory over Ravana, “The Ram Navan isa great festival celebrated over large part of North India itp importantindla.com/10388/impartance-of-ramayana-and.the-mahabharatal Importance of Mahabharata ‘The story ofthe Mahabharata is wellknown tothe thousands and milion of indians through ages. The work attempted to be an encyclopedia about points of morality ne of ts heroes is Krishna, described as a royal personage descended from the gods —an eighth incarnation of the god Vishnu ‘The Mahabharata's heroes are described as yearning for power but, ike the heroes of the Ramayana, devoted to truth and having a strong sense of duty and affection for their parents [A story incorporated ino the Mahabharata became known as the Bhagavad Gita Importance of Bhagavad Gita ‘The Bhagavad Gita became Hinduism's most popular scripture and into modern times it would be read by many for dally reference — a work that Mahatma Gandhi would describe as an infalibie guide to conduct. ‘The Gita is an account ofthe origins, course and aftermath of a great war between royalty Itaddresses issues on duty, karma, the soul and reincarnation ‘According to Krishna, as expressed in the Gita (2:37), one could accumulate possessions and not lose blessedness so long as one remained indiferent about ees nga soma cat adunioeetlatnbagieY TANNER ICSF @ ‘success and fallure. One can attain salvation s0 long as one restrains one's passions in whatever one does. One should be fearless, steadfast generous and pationt. One should be compassionale toward other creatures. One should be without greed, hypocrisy, arogance, overweening pride, wrath or harshness in speach. And one should "study the Holy Word, austeries and uprightness." (1621-2) ‘Answer the following questions 4. What beefs and valuos are expressed in each of hase stories (youtube cps)? 2. Whats the signifeance of stories and myths within Hinduism? Wot rae semen tocar tne TNF Syllabus content: ‘Traditions and culture In the belief system or ideology + How the belief system or ideology defines gender and gender roles Read information about gonder roles fom tho textbook- pages 274-279 Below is an extract om a news article about domestic violence in India, Read through and answer the questions. BBC News - 100 Women 2014: Violence at home is India's ‘failing’ It was only three days into her marriage when she was first beaten up. "He hit me with hs elbow, fel on the bed, | was hurt badly. | cried the whole night, he int even turn and look at me, He didn't even say sorry.” ‘Sunita is financially independent, but she says she put up with his abuse end beatings "because in India, a woman is derided ifshe gets divorced or remarries. People look down upon them Butt all got too much to bear. Four months after her wedding, she lft him and went back to lve with her parents, Domestic violence is not unique to India. It ccurs around the world, but what sets it ‘par in India from many other countries is the culture of silence that stil surrounds it ‘When Adil sought help from her mother, she recsived itle sympathy. "I old my mum that this is what Im going through, there was a time when | showed her bruises on my legs, | told her about the fact that my husband had forced himself upon me. And she just sald, how can you say this about yourself? How can you say this about him? You just ‘eed fo lve with it, you need to endure it, You do whatever it takes to make your marriage work” ‘Sunite's childhood friend, who had introduced her to her husband, was equally Unsupporive. "I called hero ask her what | should do. She said: "You should have lst him kil you ‘She said: If were you, 'é choose death over separation Once yout married, thro's, ro other place for you. Your life away from your husband is meaningless.” Inga introduced a new law in 2005 to protect women from domestic violence, butt has failed to stom the tie of violence because i's a civil remedy and cases registered under Hare not treated as criminal Lawyer Monika Joshi says the notion of domestic violence is rooted in patriarchy - where women are regarded as inferior to men and sbuse of women is widely condoned and beating is often jusified. Ful article found her ito /yov. bbe, comlnews!vcxktasiainda- 29700652 Questions 1. Why do you think ther sa ‘cuture of silence’ thet surrounds domestic vidlence in Inda? 2. How does this arco relate to power and gender role within Hinduism? stp gfe nn ci a aroma NESCNELIRTONYCOARRSERNERCZCOMCtt to acoee salvation mesa through hus and sods Peshaps the ulimate example of indivi persnd! lives belgie byte todo of Hing rhe way of fe chose by sya ‘there known esd ren) and ads (omen). You wil ea ‘he explanation of the Vedas earlerin hschoptr that rencation i ur age of fe Some Hlndus bacon snd nd snd enon ori in onder tr achtve ston fas) throwgh developing thd rn spt pacice They choot olive ie aloe on he eae of ocd Sur the bu of bly verso ia rugged werner aren Some tie a hermit communes called asvamas (tes ae not tobe conf Ufesres). Sadhu td nfl ther bave saved beads r log td wre ochre ober rare naked Their bodies ae equnty Covered The nature of power and its effect on gender rol “The sama and jt system was outline ear in this chapter Te hashes etc ofthis sytem have snadeconperzons wh both the etm of Bet hss end the segregating characteris ofthe formar ter of aparcbeld fn South Affi Reflect on what ws writen sbout the power strtare iene in vars and jt consdrig the economic and soci rmieao etree Dice vr an jot ram the penpete of nd, Wel you See or tet th fom of conta Gender roles within Hinduism ‘Taiional gender cern Hindu ae ‘iced scipfres otal throagh the epic poems for sample the Ramayana} apd the Lava of Manu Beet women were requied to b fateh and devoted to their sbands, obedeny Men were suppowed tobe noble, wrsous, loyal 2d ‘ewded olds wife in the highest par inorder forthe fay Fours, but onthe other han, she wer slo though o be pallating toh fering menstrason thove that are madlled inthe Marriage Vuh (acisge) is considered tobe the most portent of all he Hl Le eyelets The sacred scipture the Lav af Man states that marie lifes repaded av ascifce sad person who dor not enter hie sak soimeone without sacrifice» can e half rn, te other ale he wie. Padova, Hinds women in taitonal eommnies ce often ex hen end suffer considerably Becase offer peition within the powe fracture Ther state is very low for example, they ofr do nt ova ‘property and widower ae peevened Bom remarring The Hindu Marvag andthe Hind Widles Remarriage Ac both pased inthe 19505 enabled toto ihe propery legalsed vor sod removed the relies ‘iGluon of wad estarying However, studs sod actual prctics ae lng mc longer ta change {Se was moe ga ses women commited satburt themselves ‘ES hutbeod' ner pyres Vigorous campaiging by Ram Mobun Ros, ious rove hcied bring above the 1859 aw tat abolished this he Tiowever fa Continued fr sme te aftereeds in more remote THis then, a woman's oe im Hinds society is one of homemaker Trmothur sens bead bythe suthony of her kasbsadThe treba ture ofthis sation is ater retforeed bythe fac that nen ae slowed Sanction a pri so only Sos can ‘alter rged mariage oxher pice hat infuences women's (ed men ive tngonet of aig Pent segs args between cope Un ae ‘peach he young nun and woman taking wo atin te eraty ‘Bowmakingprocem The thr ofthe wie be pun dowey of ether 22 yea ain ad active tey cr gods othe fare husband fly. This pace continues, eer pc he it that te payment of dow as now been ade es Potomac ohould be noted het aa nd ol tt adios Sa dete! wth women sd aay Many epi in nore western ae Si aun re ove br in he interpreting es nerd pon ofan ee sincere calls only between 5 an 10 pm \icimaing remain fest of Hing fm fe. Earie he adement tbove aed dss the eeence beweer fs susln are te way onlin ay lk for ppetve hsbnds or wes indus, marrage i sacrament Iti parma pf over the years grows stonger snd more sable, Some ofthe Folin in the meeige ritual ghight thie smpec, or example touching FRending ona sons which sass the iden thatthe mariage should be Sng and able ike stone By cosecly performing the domestic and social tual the couple's deb, {he po i tepals by hoving cen, ther debe tote ancestors sepa ‘nef cious sbligetins are dependent onthe presence of is wife I ‘Eire important to msntain the marsage bonds Divore, the, aren ‘eo scngy In sdtion» wera ie conaiered to belong to her husband's tly, who wil she belong ta aera divorce? Her owa parents are ite tho spun het ore dae take place fa Hinduism, t would seem to fo fr example she is baron o ly snion and one ths, the man. Certain eases he can divorce wi, ts him ple Ningslongate tne, of the ood ovat Bievortant tance wooéen gods Dre said to enya she ‘cope often we” Hefty ening emer WF Hehe actvte are "Last eek te ama made witout roy unas e en a Sat aay oe pate Doe Ain Se Pooley wey toms xcs ‘Tre Kumari goddess j In Nepal, where 0 percent of people are Hindus there is «tation of | selecting one young eit bea iving goddese She lives in an orzatly | ‘Scorted cotter and her ole sto appese sever times «day in her ‘Stbonte god garment fo blew devotees gathered inthe ret blow 1 festa day he cared rough Kethznand ina chariot. The Koma odds mr retire whan she resehos Read the acl ied of ving goddess unde re, comidering the ‘end oon ied wih fly When she bens 1 1 ‘Sere. ats hese The bee ove pe ‘Eamon by power ry Sy Me ‘he toskedsheapny Repasitemasonal inte The guly meni ofthe Newan cae iSEeniseateconvenon Couers-seaplcte, wit esd whieh the mats chen and WSs of fe se Noy tems Then she vse en enue st many ape encanta hrc fe al ee pcm i oot gotdes, te fat swage wens she anted ht alee Ft esc ery su 276 | seinem sectery ne coves © MEO ‘ee Se Talean of hora epee nat re ‘ipl hy humor mah atte re sreerne pan hs aoe lieth bos ah denis sinus at ave abaret te Vaa ea te ements Pepe ete te tderstenig the sen Sogn iar sera fr th aston devodasis: Hindu wore specificrole fr Hindu women was tobe a temple dancers denadast ity, tie devadasts ae the incaratien of Urvrh, the eeestal yp te teri sumangal refers 20 sn suspious mrtied woman. Shei her sans part athe fllment of charme, This Wes was esis While their duties to the temple pod were som tery a suspicion (Come were actully prosties o the temple pss) re were ue nia sumagal, that aways fevoursble ie triple dencers were msty fund nthe oats af ada uod were ally Saves They dane for the delight of Lord Sim and were spinal Edt han Sine the devas belonged sand were sybelclymaied temple dancers td they were mame fn widowhood a gods ze moral Temple ace pertmancn He ew itataf ke dance thet the demadacs performed prayed smpecs of the eney USA ‘life oh Ananda Thandavem ‘of Lond Sis ‘with ‘fl dance im the golden tem River Ganges a lowed through his matted ods entvined wath fs The heavenly beings danced and sing whe the world watched in voked the sound wth etzaal word, acording tothe Yellamma cult ty theres cult of dada in southern Inds who devotes of fdas Vellamma, They could be seen as sensing from core Hindu 1a Tse devotes (les and female but moet omen of ow ess) gely exploited and son Semned ap being proses. One ofthe often Interprets spect of thi cut heeds t serve thei deity by Ing dhe needs of the general public This ncudes satisying the sexu ts of men Some ofthe site governments in southern India have banned Glvotce biannual ital vst the Years shrine, when they are ved tobe ue or seml-nade Yelluama devotes ano confet with other pein che community who hold more maintveum Hinds morals ange for Hindu women + powcr and leadership of the Beshmins and the dominance of mals in ‘fe tociery has long afecte the ives of women. The tditona oe onsen a see dows ine Las of Man sewer that she sould not independent Rath, te shouldbe dependent Bt on her father, then Trobend and when ber gusbaad iden on ber sons Toda a sal portion of women have swerted ther independence by gulag tertiary quaifcations a institutions such athe Womnea’s Unvesiy in Mum (formerly Bombay) and some work lawyers, engineers sccoustats Jumnalats and managers However, the vrt majority of indian Hinde ‘ens subject other ten and work because of ecezty rther ano ‘Th slowly emeyping independence doer elec: reser understanding} {eine worten of the posites ouside the confine of Hinds ison? The Arya Samaj movement 4 Even frm witha Hinduism there has been # movernent tht bis nce {evaluation of some aspects of worn ole The Arya Sens) move founded by Dayana Saas in the easly 18005 med to restore ‘indian tosh atonal and exhical system it once was ts pre Vedic Dayananda advocstd these reforms + mariage fom tholition of child mariage + tempor lance of widows and widower for companionship sad hldresring oice rather than by arrangement ; «education for women “Encourigement for women ta take thar ah place sn Hinds roy filed through Hind meee uch a Vivekananda and Reman td inprationa leaders ike Gand Thy were concerned tat women ‘reaced july, Gaadht, for example sid am for of he opiion eh, Toda’ elvtion depends onthe enlightenment of her worsen To ell wo) the weaker sex ir mans infuse to woman Seme changes for women ome frm the Arye Sama} movement sed what fllowed, bt these ave bean ampere bythe dominance of males Hind soe) Posisve role models for contemporary Finds women and the chilege male dominance can be sen in peopl such s fda Gand apd the He Mother Se Sera Dev, who frequety tavls o speak in were count Women’s mavement in Hinduism i Aa rer of glbaltin, the Hind women’s movement i being Hi influenced by the idalogy of womens group a westem societies Hl (lemann.ldian Hind women face the challenge of conaderng. and at peu nplemensing aon tadtonl esr thst quation the abort save aspects ofthe traditional Hindu womens role. Hindu wormens ay sre beginning to be heard, fr example female fimmsker Deepa Mets dhs directed « movie entitled Fire, which confronts traditionalists wath an ‘exploration ofa lesbian relationship. i “Als the Indian magazine Manas: A Juenal About Women and Society : ‘explores the notion that men and women are equal One of the main goals } # banc isto gather information sbout the ble statins of people wh Yelong eo diferent communities within Inds. This i dane through rtiles a on women’s lives and work, cil liberties and human sights sues, intervie 4 [isorcl pecs lm and book eens, fio, poetry an responses fom rendors Manas sos ts rle bang to sake soley moce us and Bu aq tit i Ee 1 Go to Marv’ website and ev ot of he maga artle eneening worers sn Hid : 2 Cale naval norton ato how insu! women aoe the seers Hinds 278 | setneneny Secaery aap cocrase future for Hind women eeat prot of religious fondementls ony reinforces the ea that Sea Eider he contel of men. Hind women have adeancad thei “So aame degree through the increasing participation of higher class Sonim monapement ob barezcrey, bt this is cotercted by the “ikl suppres and exploitation of the mass of lower class women. $eSaivngc a the feminist moveren in India today ito balance ‘hon and change In tadiooa Findus, women are choupt o be se casenng, paive ond giving. Global Hinduism, ip by die much 2 Vivelananda snd Ramana, ig developing, Within hs et women's voles are beginning to be heard. The feminist magazine men sd Women ae et: ‘aah, for ample, express te Nho will change the world? se wopes’s movements tin —Wiheone movement peng But chew’ «anger ith cee ee Seu, dase ave tse, and eee aka) pai a we, Thee a foie” geeieonh hc onan Lefand wat ie i ha wien st atthe pail pe rnens moveat rene oo only ae evens Set tte ate mioed ou! on eer amet atc toons of osm, is Sack sr ign che Sceaey eal, poialy a Peeper anak morvaticalt-otall pope. Whatever ek dere : re fue ‘coo cang sows cites ening Hed f tral ai Se a So ESS athe sae me eating ae spcalind the est Ip SGOT TSR. Te what ater enstes up Spl what ey ats whe te, of ae See hee ened unc Woe we (Sia batome aie. etc" Vina apo act “Actus Chaeeat ea ee song WE and scat ees ha any Cache Dah ries, Ws cae och otbenort! aft male te sake of thing we peed 8 moe ses pee on angel, cso al the tom. ote fren of pre fey mole Say fs much wove atthe onewe maya a pat BO, fem bth ae he hd and a, 3 eswing te Se a ae ing cpio we fave td. Do you That war wl eel 0 ep ie abot filing. nto te ‘primacy esi. Secicetacpeccms cert ots Soe Se ey see etek Oris kgs gruesome teed en ces and gender? hy ot onset 1 ei ae ae cote, utes on ne ent te stage of maraicd ous Soptelog ws diflenc gue areal ngage In te poe (orp Whe acs bave ase, Sel tansfoaton and Sa Seto go? eva ould be reget anply eat ferent face 1 a ePeecncry hat we pel to be dking bel co match de soatey © 1 tania catalase Spit of sce ete Tiernan of soo wth e wong Ci 700g sooo sete Be ange Syllabus content: '* The internal structure In the belief system or ideology: = The role of important people and power structures Role of important people and power structures India's caste systemis perhaps the words longest surviving soca hierarchy. A doing feature of Hinduism, casts encompasses a complex ordering of socal groups on the basis of ritual purty A person is considered a member ofthe caste into ‘which he or she is born and rains within that caste unt death, although the particular ranking of that caste may vary among regions and overtime. Diferences in status are (raditonaly justified bythe religious doctrine of karma, a beef that one's place Inf ls determined by one’s deeds in prvious etines. Traditional scholarship has describes this ‘mare than 2,000-yesr-old system witin the context of the four principal varnas, or large caste ‘categorie. In ordarof precedence these are the Brahmins (priests and teachers), the Keyairyas (rules and solsers), the Vaisyas (merchants and traders), and the Shudras (laborers and arisans). A fith category falls outside the vara system and consists of those known 2s “untouchables” of Dalts; they are offen assigned tasks too eitualy pouting to merit inclusion within the tratonal vara system. ‘Within the four principal castes, there are thousands of sub-castes, also called jis, endogamous groups that are further vided siong cccupational, sectarian, regional and linguistic nes. Colectively all of hase are sometimes refered to as “caste Hindus” or those faling within the caste system, The Dalts are described as vara-sankara: they are “ouside the system’—s0 inferior io ather castes that they are deemed polling and therefore “untouchable.” Even as outcasts, they thomselves are divided into further sub-cases, ‘Atthough “untouchabilty” was abolished under Article 17 of the Indian constitution, the practice continues to determine the socio-economic and religious standing of those at the bottom of the caste hierarchy. Whereas the first four varnas are free to ‘choose and change their occupation, Dalits have generally been confined to the ‘occupational structures into which they are born. os pe cin ti ata eTghe RUAN ASTD OrAlpudt nt 1.Pom Stine 8 Pale -Gange Doce ‘The conettuion has merely prescribed, but has not given any description of the ground reality, We can make dent only if we recognise tho fact thal the caste systems @ major ‘soutee, indeed an obnoxious one, of human rights violations With ite land of thelr own to cutvato, Dat men, women, and chin numbering inthe tens ‘of millons work 25 agricultural laborers for afew kilograms of rice or Rs. 1510 Rs. 35 (USS0.28 to $0.88) a day. Most ve on the brink of destitution, barely abe to feed thet fais and unable to send ther chien to school or break away fom cycles of debt bondage that ae passed on from generation to ganeration. At the end of day they return toa rutin their Dat colony wit no electric, klometers away tram the nearest water source, and “segregated from al nr-Dalis, known a8 caste Hinds. They are forbidden by caste Hindus to enter places of worship, to draw water rom puble wells, oto wear shoes in caste Hindu presence, They are made tog the vilage graves, dispose of dead animals, clean human ‘waste with ther bare hands, andto wash and use Separate tea tumblors a neighborhood tea sla, allbecause—

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