C2 Crib Sheet All the essential information you need

Remainder & Factor Theorem

When f(x) is divided by x a , the remainder is f(a)
If f(a) = 0 then x a is a factor of f(x)
b
When f(x) is divided by ax b , the remainder is f
a
b
If f = 0 then ax b is a factor of f(x)
a

Trigonometry
a b c sin a sin b sin c
Sine Rule: or
sin a sin b sin c a b c
1
Cosine Rule: a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A Area of a triangle = ab sin C
2
180
To convert degrees to radians, multiply by To convert radians to degrees, multiply by
180
r 2
Length of an arc of a circle = 2r r Area of a sector = r 2
2 2 2
Solving trig equations requires you to write the equation in the form sin(angle) = number or
cos(angle) = number or tan(angle) = number.
S A This may require factorising. 030456090sin01cos10tan01

T C
Use calculator to establish a possible angle. Draw line in appropriate sector. Ask yourself in this equation,
does sin/cos/tan(angle) = positive/negative? Draw other line in appropriate sector. Remember the acute
angle to the horizontal is always the same! Work out angles within required range.

Logarithms
Logs are often used to solve equations which have the unknown as a power
a
log x ab log x a log x b log x log x a log x b
b
log x a n n log x a log x means log10 x
log x x 1 log x 1 0
log y a
To change the base: log x a
log y x

To antilog, equations must be of the form:

log x LHS log x RHS or log x LHS RHS
Antilogged, they become:
LHS = RHS or LHS x RHS
The Binomial Expansion
n n n!
C r where n! n n 1 n 2 ......3 2 1
r r!( n r )!
Use the n C r button on your calculator to find these values.

n n n n 2 n 2 n 1 n 1 n 0 n
a b n a n b 0 a n 1b1 a n 2b 2 ....... a b a b a b
0 1 2 n 2 n 1 n

a bx n a n bx 0 a n 1 bx 1 a n 2 bx 2 .......
n n n n 2 n 1 n
a bx a bx a 0 bx
n2 n 1 n

0
1
2
n 2 n 1 n

1 bx n 1 bx 1 bx 2 .......
n n n n n
bx bx bx
n 2 n 1 n

1 2 n 2 n 1 n

1 x n 1
n 1 n 2 n n 2 n n 1 n n
x x ....... x x x
1 2 n 2 n 1 n
n n 1 2 n n 1 n 2 3 n n 1 n 2
1 nx x x ....... x nx n 1 x n
2! 3! 2!

Coordinate Geometry

x1 x2 y1 y2
Mid-point of x1 , y1 and x2 , y2 : ,
2 2

Distance between x1 , y1 and x2 , y2 : x1 x2 2 y1 y2 2 (Pythagoras theorem)

Equation of a circle: x x coordinateof centre y y coordinateof centre radius

2 2 2

or x 2 y 2 2 gx 2 fy c 0 with centre g , f and radius g2 f 2

c

Series
A Geometric Series is given as a ar ar 2 ar 3 .... ar n 1 ,
where a is the first term, r is the common ratio and ar n 1 is the nth term.
a 1 r n
The sum of a Geometric Series is given by S n .
1 r
a
The sum of an infinite Geometric Series (assuming 1 r 1 ) is given by S
1 r
.
If a series is given in sigma notation, always write out the first 3 terms and the last
15

95 4 r
95 54 95 45 95 54 ... 95 45
6 7 8 15
term, to identify the series, e.g. 5
r 6

This is a Geometric Series with first term 95 54 , common ratio
6
45 , last term 95 54 15
and 15 5 = 10 terms (r = 1 to 5 are missing, hence why we take 5 from 15 and not 6).
Calculus
Differentiation

For an increasing function f(x) in the interval (a, b), f(x) > 0 in the interval a x b .

For a decreasing function f(x) in the interval (a, b), f(x) < 0 in the interval a x b .

A stationary point is a point where the gradient is zero. It may be a maximum, minimum
or a point of inflexion.

The stationary value is the value of the y-coordinate of the stationary point.

To determine the nature of a turning point (i.e. determine whether it is a max or min or
d2y
point of inflexion) you can find the second derivative (e.g. ) and if it is positive you
dx 2
have a min, if it is negative you have a max. The problem arises if the second derivative is
zero since this can be any of a max, min or point of inflexion. In this case determine the
dy
slope of the function either side of the turning point using .
dx

Integration
The definite integral a f ' ( x) dx f ( x) a f (b) f ( a ) .
b b

y = f(x)

x
a b
The area between the curve y f (x ) and the x-axis and the lines x a and x b is
b b
given by a
ydx
a
f ( x ) dx

Remember that if the curve dips below the x-axis, that part of the area is negative.

Also remember the trapezium rule. The formula is given in the formula book.

BE FAMILIAR WITH WHAT IS GIVEN IN THE FORMULA BOOK!