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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
COMPULSORY EXPERIMENTS:
10. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Pyramidal Horn Antenna &
Determination of 3-dB Beamwidth
11. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Parabolic Disc Antenna &
Determination of 3-dB Beamwidth
12. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Microstrip Patch Antenna
& Determination of 3-dB Beamwidth.
OPTIONAL EXPERIMENTS:
17. Measurement of Power Gain of a Microstrip Patch Antenna & Determination of 3-dB
Beamwidth
18. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Dielectric Antenna &
Determination of 3-dB Beam width
19. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Slotted Waveguide (broad
wall) Antenna & Determination of 3-dB Beam width
20. Measurement of E-plane & H-plane Radiation Patterns of a Slotted Waveguide (narrow
wall) Antenna & Determination of 3-dB Beam width
21. To Study the Voice Communication by Using Microwave Test Bench & Antennas
22. To Study the PC to PC Communication by Using Microwave Test Bench & Antennas
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS:
1. DETECTOR
2. METER SCALE
3. VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR
4. POWER SUPPLY
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
d
2
c
f
b b
L 0
ln 4 *10 7 ln H / m
a a
C = /ln (b/a) F/m
Z = 120ln(b/a)
R = 8.31*108 f/a /m
R
= Np/m
2Zo
2
= Rad./m
a = 2.0 mm
a= radius of copper line
b= separation between two wires
d= Average distance between two minima or between two maxima.
L= Inductance, C= Capacitance, R= Resistance of the copper wire per unit length.
Z= Characteristic Impedance
= Attenuation constant,
= Phase constant
open circuit
VHF KLYSTRON
OSCILLATOR POWER 220V
SUPPLY
MICROWAVE LAB
ON
APPARATUS:
1. GUNN POWER SUPPLY
2. GUNN DIODE
3. ISOLATOR
4. PIN MODULATOR
5. ATTENUATOR
6. DIRECT READING FREQUENCY METER
THEORY: Some materials like GaAs exhibit a ve differential mobility ( that is, a decrease in the
carrier velocity with an increase in the electric field) when biased above a threshold voltage of the
electric field. The behaviour was first observed by Ridley, Watkins and Hilsum and the
experimental observations of microwave oscillators based on this behaviour was first observed by
Gunn. This behaviour is known as Transferred Electron Effect or Gunn Effect.
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Draw I-V Characteristics of the Gunn Diode and Find out Peak Voltage, Peak Current and Valley
Voltage, Valley Current
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS:
THEORY: Waveguide is a very low loss guided transmission medium and generally used at
Microwave and Millimeter wave frequencies. Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic
(TM) modes can propagate through a waveguide. For a rectangular waveguide for Transverse
Electric wave, TE10 mode is the fundamental or dominant mode. Depending on the frequency of
propagating wave and dimensions of the waveguide, a waveguide has a cut-off frequency, below
which wave cannot propagate through the waveguide. At cut-off frequency the phase velocity of the
wave is infinite. Above cut-off frequencies the phase velocity decreases and approaches to the free-
space velocity of light at infinite frequency. When waves propagate through the waveguide, the
wavelength inside the guide is known as guided wavelength (g ).
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the component as shown in the block diagram and tune- up at the
Operating frequency.
2. Measure the inner dimensions of the rectangular wave-guide a, b.
3. Measure the frequency of the incoming wave by direct reading frequency
Meter.
4. Move the probe on the slotted section to locate a minimum or maximum, where
VSWR meter reading will be minimum or maximum. Note its location from the scale
on the slotted section. Move to the left or right to find out next consecutive minimum
or maximum. Note its location from the scale. Find out distance between two minima
or two maxima.
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS
Wave-guide dimensions:
a=
b=
Position of 1st minimum or maximum, d1=
2
c 1
1 1 1 o
o 2 g 2 c 2
g 1/ 2
o 2
1 ( )
c
= free space wavelength
c g
= 1/ 2
c 2 g 2
c
fo =operating frequency =
0
c
2
Phase Velocity, Vp=
1 o
c
c
2
= f
1 c
f o
o 2
Group velocity, Vg= c 1 ( )
c
VpVg=c2
Zc = o
2 2
For TE wave
1
c
Where h = 120
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS:
1. GUNN POWER SUPPLY
2. GUNN OSCILLATOR
3. ISOLATOR & PIN MODULATOR
4. ATTENUATOR
5. FREQUENCY METER
6. CRYSTAL DETECTOR WITH DETECTOR MOUNT
7. MICRO AMMETER
8. VSWR METER
THEORY: Crystal Detectors are point contact Schottky Diodes. Microwave Crystal is non-linear,
non-reciprocal device which rectifies the received signal and produces a current proportional to the
input power. Since the current flowing in the crystal is proportional to the square of the voltage, the
crystal is referred to as a square-law detector.
PROCEDURE:
2.By varying the attenuator setting, the output power is varied and is measured first
using a power meter or VSWR meter and then using the diode detector.
OBSERVATIONS:
Frequency =
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Pf
4 3
Pi DIRECTIONAL COUPLER Po
1 2
Pf
Pb
Termination
Po
Pi Pi
C =10log10 (Pi/Pf) dB
D =10log10(Pf/Pb) dB
L =10log10(Pi/Po) dB
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
Direct Reading Frequency Meter Reading =
Calculate Coupling Coefficient, Directivity and Insertion loss of the Directional Coupler.
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY: An E-plane Tee is a waveguide Tee in which the axis of its side arm is parallel to the
E-field of the main guide. If two input waves are fed into port 1 and port 2, the output wave at
port 3 will zero. If input is fed into port 3, the wave will split equally into port 1 and port 2 in
opposite phase.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on Gunn Power Supply in Microwave Bench and measure Input Power.
2. Connect E-Plane Tee according to block Diagram and measure power in any of the two
ports while other port is terminated by matched termination.
3. Change input port and repeat the procedure no. 2.
If input is at port X and you are taking output at port Y, then terminate port Z by matched
termination.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. GUNN POWER SUPPLY
2. GUNN OSCILLATOR
3. ISOLATOR
4. PIN MODULATOR
5. ATTENUATOR
6. DIRECT READING FREQUENCY METER
7. H-PLANE TEE
8. MATCHED TERMINATION
9. VSWR METER WITH DETECTOR MOUNT OR POWERMETER
THEORY: An H-plane Tee is a waveguide Tee in which the axis of its side arm is shunting the
E-field or parallel to the H-field of the main guide. If two input waves are fed into port 1 and port
2, the output wave at port 3 will be in phase and additive. If input is fed into port 3, the wave will
split equally into port 1 and port 2 in phase.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on Gunn Power Supply in Microwave Bench and measure Input Power.
2. Connect H-Plane Tee according to block Diagram and measure power in any of the
two ports while other port is terminated by matched termination.
3. Change input port and repeat the procedure no. 2.
If input is at port X and you are taking output at port Y, then terminate port Z by matched
termination.
Diagram of H-plane Tee
OBSERVATION TABLE:
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. GUNN POWER SUPPLY
2. GUNN OSCILLATOR
3. ISOLATOR
4. PIN MODULATOR
5. ATTENUATOR
6. DIRECT READING FREQUENCY METER
7. MAGIC TEE
8. MATCHED TERMINATION
9. VSWR METER WITH DETECTOR MOUNT OR POWERMETER
THEROY: The Magic Tee is combination of E-plane and H-plane Tee. If two waves of equal
magnitude and of same phase are fed into ports 1 & 2, the output will be zero at port 3 and additive
in port 4. If a wave is fed into port 4, it will be divided equally between port 1 and port 2 and will
not appear in port 3. If a wave is fed into port 3, it will produce an output of equal magnitude and
opposite phase at ports 1 and port 2. The output at port 4 is zero. If a wave is fed into one of the
collinear arms at port 1 or port 2, it will not appear at port 2 or port 1 because E-arm causes a
phase delay where the H-arm causes a phase advance.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on Gunn Power Supply in Microwave Bench and Microwave input power.
2. Connect Magic Tee according to block diagram and measure power in any of the
three arms while other two ports are terminated by matched terminations.
3. Change input port and repeat the procedure 2 for all ports.
Diagram of Magic Tee
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Input Power Output Power Output Power Output Power C12 C13 C14
at Port 1(dB)= at Port 2(dB)= at Port 3(dB)= at Port 4(dB)=
Input Power Output Power Output Power Output Power C21 C23 C24
at Port 2(dB)= at Port 1(dB)= at Port 3(dB)= at Port 4(dB)=
Input Power Output Power Output Power Output Power C31 C32 C34
at Port 3(dB)= at Port 1(dB)= at Port 2(dB)= at Port 4(dB)=
Input Power Output Power Output Power Output Power C41 C42 C43
at Port 4(dB)= at Port 1(dB)= at Port 2(dB)= at Port 3(dB)=
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
For an antenna
4 Ae 4e Ap
Directivity, D=
2 2
4 abe
Theoretical gain gth =
o 2
Pt Gt Aer
Received power, Pr
4d 2
2
Aer Gr
4
1. Set the bench as shown in block diagram and tune at the operating frequency, adjust
the power level at proper level.
2. Measure PT with the help of VSWR meter or power meter and measure the frequency
using D.R frequency meter, the dimensions of the horn.
3. In the far-field, separation d>2D/ place the receiving antenna in line of sight of two
Horn antennas for maximum power reception. Measure the received power. Measure
the separation between antennas. Where is the free space wavelength and D is the
maximum dimension of the Horn Antenna.
OBSERVATIONS:
1 Frequency
5 Transmitted Power PT
6 Received Power PR
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit for Transmitting and Receiving Horn antennas as shown in the
block diagram.
2. Determine the frequency of operation using the direct reading frequency meter.
3. Align the Receiving Horn antenna such that it receives the maximum radiation from
Receiving Horn antenna. This will occur when Transmitting and Receiving horn
antennas are aligned and they face each other, and separation>2D/.
4. Note the power reading corresponding to this arrangement is taken as 0.
5. Rotate the horn antenna clockwise and anticlockwise is steps of 2 and tabulate the
corresponding readings.
6. Normalize the power readings by maximum value and plot the graph of normalized
readings Vs angle on Polar Chart. Obtain 3-dB Beamwidth.
OBSERVATIONS:
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit for Transmitting Horn Antenna and Receiving Parabolic Disc
antennas as shown in the block diagram.
2. Determine the frequency of operation using the direct reading frequency meter.
3. Align the Receiving Parabolic Disc antenna such that it receives the maximum radiation
from Transmitting Horn antenna. This will occur when Transmitting Horn Antenna
and Receiving Parabolic Disc antennas are aligned and they face each other, and
separation>2D/.
4. Note the power reading corresponding to this arrangement is taken as 0.
5. Rotate the Horn antenna clockwise and anticlockwise is steps of 2 and tabulate the
corresponding readings.
6. Normalize the power readings by maximum value and plot the graph of normalized
readings Vs angle on Polar Chart. Obtain 3-dB Beamwidth.
OBSERVATIONS:
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
AIM: Determination of radiation patterns in E-Plane & H-Plane of a Receiving Microstrip Patch
Antenna & determination of 3-DB beamwidth
APPARATUS:
THEORY: Microstrip antenna in its simplest configuration consists of a radiating patch on one side
of the dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side. The patch conductors normally
can assume virtually any shape, but regular shapes are generally used to simplify analysis and
performance prediction. Ideally the dielectric constant, r, should be low (r 2.5), to enhance the
fringe fields that account for the radiation. There are numerous substrates that can be used for the
design of patch antenna and their dielectric constants are usually in the range of 2.2< r <6. There
are many feeding techniques that can be used to feed microstrip antennas. The four most popular are
the microstrip line, coaxial probe, aperture coupling and proximity coupling.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit for Transmitting Horn Antenna and Receiving Microstrip Patch
antennas as shown in the block diagram.
2. Determine the frequency of operation using the direct reading frequency meter.
3. Align the Receiving Microstrip Patch antenna such that it receives the maximum
radiation from Transmitting Horn antenna. This will occur when Transmitting Horn
Antenna and Receiving Microstrip Patch antennas are aligned and they face each
other, and separation>2D/.
4. Note the power reading corresponding to this arrangement is taken as 0.
5. Rotate the horn antenna clockwise and anticlockwise is steps of 2 and tabulate the
corresponding readings.
6. Normalize the power readings by maximum value and plot the graph of normalized
readings Vs angle on Polar Chart. Obtain 3-dB Beamwidth.
OBSERVATIONS:
GUNN
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY SLOTTED
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER SECTION
VARIABLE
TUNER
VSWR
METER WITH
DETECTOR
MOUNT
OR
POWER METER
WITH CO-AXIAL
To WAVEGUIDE
ADAPTER
TRANSMITTING RECEIVING
HORN ANTENNA HORN ANTENNA
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF POWER GAIN OF PYRAMIDAL HORN ANTENNA
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
CRYSTAL
GUNN DETECTOR VSWR
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY WITH METER
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER DETECTOR
VARIABLE MOUNT
TUNER
MICRO
AMMETER
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SQUARE-LAW CHARACTERISTICS OF
A MICROWAVE CRYSTAL DETECTOR
VSWR METER
WITH
DETECTOR
MOUNT OR
POWER METER
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN D.R
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER
VARIABLE
TUNER
3600
ROTATING
SYSTEM
Trans. Rec.
Horn Antenna Horn Antenna
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF E-PLANE AND H-PLANE RADIATION
PATTERNS OF A PYRAMIDAL HORN ANTENNA
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE D.R WAVEGUIDE
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR FREQUENCY DIRECTIONAL
VSWR
VARIABLE METER COUPLER
METER WITH
TUNER DETECTOR
OR
POWER
METER
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS OF A DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN
OSCILLATOR
WITH PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY
VARIABLE ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER
TUNER
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE DETERMINATION OF I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF A GUNN DIODE
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
VSWR
METER WITH
GUNN D.R.
PIN VARIABLE H-PLANE DETECTOR
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
MODULATOR ATTENUATOR TEE OR
WITH ISOLATOR METER POWER METER
VARIABLE
TUNER
VSWR
METER
GUNN D.R.
PIN VARIABLE E-PLANE WITH
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
MODULATOR ATTENUATOR TEE DETECTOR
WITH ISOLATOR METER OR
VARIABLE
POWER
TUNER
VSWR
METER
GUNN D.R.
PIN VARIABLE MAGIC WITH
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
MODULATOR ATTENUATOR TEE DETECTOR
WITH ISOLATOR METER OR
VARIABLE
POWER
TUNER
GUNN
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY SLOTTED
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER SECTION
VARIABLE
TUNER
VSWR
METER WITH
DETECTOR
MOUNT
OR
POWER METER
WITH CO-AXIAL
To WAVEGUIDE
ADAPTER
TRANSMITTING RECEIVING
HORN ANTENNA PARABOLIC DISC
ANTENNA
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF POWER GAIN OF PARABOLIC DISC ANTENNA
GUNN
POWER
SUPPLY
GUNN
OSCILLATOR PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY SLOTTED
WITH ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER SECTION
VARIABLE
TUNER
VSWR
METER WITH
DETECTOR
MOUNT
OR
POWER METER
WITH CO-AXIAL
To WAVEGUIDE
ADAPTER
TRANSMITTING RECEIVING
HORN ANTENNA MICROSTRIP PATCH
ANTENNA
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF POWER GAIN OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
MICROWAVE LABORATORY
ON
APPARATUS:
As per the Block diagram
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the dial frequency.
2. Measure first minima. This is the reference short. Measure second minima.
3. Measure the shift to left for the device under test (DUT). Also note the voltage
standing wave ratio (VSWR) on the VSWR meter.
4. From the information obtained, the impedance can be found out with the help of
Smith Chart.
OBSERVATIONS:
Dial Frequency=
First minima=
Second minima=
Reference Short Rf=
Without connection-
S1=Shift of minima to the left=
Net Shift=Rf-S1
VSWR=
REFERENCES:
Samuel Iliad (MicrowaveDevices&circuits)
MEASUREMENT OF UNKNOWN IMPEDANCE
o
Dial frequency = ( b) ( a)
2
o =
VSWR=
Position of 2nd minimum = (c)
VSWR =
(d)
Shift in terms of wavelength =
o
For dummy antenna (1000-P4)
( f)
Shift in terms of wavelength =
o
MICROWAVE LAB
ON
AIM: (i) To measure the frequency from the standing wave pattern. Calculate the % error.
(ii) To measure the Zc and attenuation constant and the primary and secondary parameter of
the co-axial cable (GR-874-A2).
APPARATUS:
As per the Block diagram
PROCEDURE:
(b) Calibration of signal generator.
(i)By varying the position of the probe along the slotted section at points of maxima &
minima and intermediate the position and micrometer readings are noted.
(ii) From (i) graph is plotted between A reading Vs position and compare
with the dial reading.
(c) Calculation of attenuation constant :
(i) VSWR is measured for slotted section shorted and with the co-axial (other end
shorted)
(ii) Length of the cable is measured.
(c) Calculation of co-axial line parameter:
(i) L, C, Rm, R, Zo, G, , r are calculated and compared with theoretical formula.
OBSERVATIONS:
For calibration and to measure frequency of source
Frequency=
REFERENCES:
Electromagnetic wave & radiating systems. (2nd edition) by ec.jordan & k.g.balmain
CALCULATION:
V max Im ax
(VSWR) 1 =S1 =
V min Im in
(VSWR)2 =S2 =?
=? =Attenuation
L, C, R, G, r, r?
Where, =conductivity of cm
w ho
\ Rm =5.7*107s
2s
1 R
(ii) = GZ o G ? J / m
2 Z o
2w o r "
r " ?
h b
(iv) L= ln (ix) %error in frequency.
2 a
Dialfrequ Measuredfrequency
= *100
Dialfrequency
60 b
(v) Zo= ln
r ' a
r ' ?
2 o r '
(vi) C= b
ln
a
1
(vii) Vpn=
LC
V pn
(viii) f meas ?