STUDENTS DECLARATION

I, Liyana Maisarah bt. Ab Majid (2015827312) hereby declare that the work in report is my

own work and the appropriate credit has been given where references have been made to the

work of other researchers.

_______________________________________

Student Name : Liyana Maisarah bt. Ab Majid

Student ID : 2015827312

Date : 30th November 2017

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At first, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and honours to Almighty as He allows

me to do this project and finally finished it within the dateline. I am very grateful and would

like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Hjh. Kartini

Kamaruddin for her invaluable guidance, continuous encouragement and constant support in

making this research possible. I really appreciate her guidance from the initial to the final level

that enabled me to develop an understanding of this research thoroughly. Without her advice

and assistance, it would be a lot tougher to completion. I also sincerely thanks for the time

spent proofreading and correcting my mistakes.

I would also like to express very special thanks to my senior colleagues, Dyg. Siti Quraisyah

bt. Abg Adenan for her suggestions and co-operation and I also enjoyed discussing this research

work with her. A special appreciation should be given to the technical staffs of the Concrete

Laboratory, UiTM Shah Alam for the help I received from them during my laboratory work.

My sincere thanks go to all lecturers and members of the staff of the Civil Engineering

Department, UiTM Shah Alam, who helped me in many ways and made my education journey

at UiTM Shah Alam pleasant and unforgettable. Many thanks also go to my classmates for

their excellent co-operation, inspirations and supports during this study. This two and half

years experience with all you guys will be remembered as important memory for me to face

the new chapter of life as an engineer.

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I acknowledge my sincere indebtedness and gratitude to my parents for their love, dream and

sacrifice throughout my life. I am really thankful for their sacrifice, patience, and understanding

that were inevitable to make this work possible. Their sacrifice had inspired me from the day I

learned how to read and write until what I have become now. I cannot find the appropriate

words that could properly describe my appreciation for their devotion, support and faith in my

ability to achieve my dreams.

Lastly, I would like to thanks any person which contributes to my final year project directly

and indirectly. I would like to acknowledge their comments and suggestions, which was crucial

for the successful completion of this study.

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 ABSTRACT

Concrete as construction material has the largest production of all materials used in

construction. This is produced ten billion tonnes every year and it stands next to the total

consumption of water. Conventionally, concrete is a mix of cement, sand and coarse aggregate.

In our environment, transportation and other constraints make the availability and use of natural

sand as fine aggregate less attractive. So, a substitute or replacement product for the concrete

needs to be found.

The study covers the use of quarry dust as a sand replacement in the concrete with grade of

G30. Quarry dust was obtained from Negeri Roadstone Sdn Bhd that is located in Nilai, Negeri

Sembilan. The size of quarry dust that was used in this study was 5 mm and below. It was used

to replace fine aggregate which is sand by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by volume of cement.

The primary goals of the research are to determine the workability of various percentage of

quarry dust as fine aggregate replacement in self-compacting concrete, to evaluate the

compressive strength performance of various replacement of quarry dust as fine aggregate

replacement in self-compacting concrete and to study the relationship between the workability

and the compressive strength performance of various replacement of quarry dust as fine

aggregate replacement in self-compacting concrete.

Research processes used Type 1 Ordinary Portland cement, sand and quarry dust with

maximum size of 5 mm, coarse aggregate with maximum size of 10 mm, potable water,

superplasticizers, 100 mm3 of cube moulded shape, testing the workability of fresh concrete by

using normal concrete slump test according to BS EN 12350-2:2009 for control mix but used

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slump flow test according to BS EN 12350-8:2010 for the self-compacting concrete and testing

the compressive strength using Auto Test 3000 compressive machine according to BS EN

12390-3:2009 at 7 and 28 days of curing. The hindrances found during the research were; error

in the laboratory works, time constraints and lack of expertise and framework. The highest

value for the slump flow test was obtained at 50% replacement of quarry dust with value of

625 mm. This shows that the concrete mix is more flowable than the other mixes. On the other

hands, the optimum compressive strength of concrete with different percentage of quarry dust

achieved through the compressive strength testing was at 10% replacement of quarry dust with

80.37 MPa for 28 days of curing.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

STUDENTS DECLARATION I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
ABSTRACT IV
TABLE OF CONTENT VI
LIST OF TABLES IX
LIST OF FIGURES X
LIST OF EQUATIONS XI

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Objective of The Study 5
1.5 Scope of Work 6
1.5 Significance of Study 8
1.6 Limitation of Study 10

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Quarry Dust 13
2.2.1 Physical Characteristics of Quarry Dust 14
2.2.1.1 Absorption and Moisture State 14
2.2.1.2 Void Content 15
2.2.1.3 Particle Shape 15
2.2.1.4 Fineness Modulus (FM) 16
2.2.1.5 Specific Gravity 17
2.2.2 Benefits of Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate 17
2.2.3 Concrete with Quarry Dust as Fine Aggregate 19

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2.3 Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) 21
2.3.1 Self-Compacting Concrete Properties 23
2.3.2 Self-Compacting Concrete Uses 24
2.3.3 Self Compacting Concrete Benefits 24
2.3.4 Factors Affecting Self Compacting Concrete 25
2.4 Aggregates 25
2.5 Admixtures 26
2.5.1 Superplasticizers 26
2.6 Workability of Fresh Concrete 27
2.6.1 Slump Flow Test 27
2.7 Compressive Strength of QD in SCC 28
2.8 Gap of Research 30
2.9 Summary of Literature Review 31

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Preparation of Materials 34
3.2.1 Fine Aggregate 34
3.2.1.1 Sand 34
3.2.1.2 Quarry Dust 34
3.2.1.3 Sieve Analysis 35
3.2.1.4 Fineness Modulus 40
3.2.1.5 Method of Replacement 41
3.2.1.5.1 Replacement by Volume 41
3.2.2 Coarse Aggregate 42
3.2.3 Cement 42
3.2.4 Water 43
3.2.5 Admixtures 44
3.2.5.1 Superplasticizer 44
3.2.5.1.1 Replacement by Weight 45

VII
3.3 Preparation of Samples 45
3.3.1 Concrete Mix Design 47
3.3.2 Workability of Fresh Concrete (Slump Flow Test) 49
3.3.3 Curing Process 53
3.3.4 Compressive Strength Test 55

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSSION

4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Workability of Fresh Concrete by Using Slump Flow Test 56
4.3 Compressive Strength Test 60
4.4 Relationship Between Workability and Compressive Strength 62

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 64
5.2 Conclusion 64
5.3 Recommendation 65

REFERENCES 67

APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Concrete Mix Design 70
APPENDIX B: Raw Data of Compressive Strength 74
APPENDIX C: Laboratory Work 75

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Number of ages and specimen for Compressive Strength Test
of (100 mm 100 mm 100 mm) size 7

Table 3.1 Sieve Analysis of Sand According to BS 882:1992 38

Table 3.2 Sieve Analysis of Quarry Dust According to BS 882:1992 38
Table 3.3 Overall limits, Sand and Quarry Dust Percentage of Weight
Passing Sieve According to BS 882:1992 39

Table 3.4 Fineness Modulus of Sand According to BS EN 933-1:2012 40

Table 3.5 Fineness Modulus of Sand According to BS EN 933-1:2012 40

Table 3.6 Number of Ages and Specimens for Compressive Strength Test 46

Table 3.7 Mix Proportion for Concrete Mixture for Concrete Grade 35 48

Table 3.8 Proposed Mix Design of Quarry Dust in Various Percentages 49

Table 4.1 Data for Slump Test and Slump Flow Test 57
Table 4.2 Compressive Strength Data 60

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Flow of Study 33

Figure 3.2 Quarry Dust in Negeri Roadstone Sdn Bhd, Nilai 35

Figure 3.3 Sieve Size of 5 mm Diameter for Fine Aggregates 36

Figure 3.4 Sieve Size of 10 mm Diameter for Coarse Aggregates 37

Figure 3.5 Example of Sieve Size and Sieve Shaker for Fine Aggregates 37

Figure 3.6 Grain-size Distribution Curve for Sand, Quarry Dust, Upper Limit
and Lower Limit of Fine Aggregates According to BS 882:1992 39

Figure 3.7 Apparatus in Slump Flow Test 51

Figure 3.8 Slump Flow Test for SCC 51

Figure 3.9 Slump Flow Base Plate 52

Figure 3.10 How Curing Process Occur and Cubes Submerged in Curing Pond 54

Figure 3.11 Compressive Strength Test for Cube and Cube Failure After the Test 55

Figure 4.1 Graph Representing the Slump Flow Test Values 57

Figure 4.2 Graph Representing the T500mm Slump Flow Value 58
Figure 4.3 Graph of Compressive Strength 61
Figure 4.4 Graph of Relationship Between Workability and Compressive Strength 62

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 LIST OF EQUATIONS

Eq. 3.1 Fineness Modulus 40

Eq. 3.2 Ratio QD and Sand 48

Eq. 3.3 QD Content 48

Eq. 3.4 Addition by Weight (SP Content) 48

Eq. 3.5 Compressive Strength 55

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