PLANT TISSUES

I. PLANT ORGANS - (for monocot) found in roots tips

only.
The 3 primary organs found in plants are: - PRIMARY GROWTH (increase in length)
a. Leaves As cells in apical meristems divide and
b. Stems elongate, shoot tips and root tips grow
c. Roots longer
Since flowers are thought to have evolved
from leaves, they are called reproductive
structures.
Leaves, stems, roots, and flowers are all
made up of various tissues.

II. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF

THE PLANT BODY

Tissue- a group of similar cells

organized into a structural and functional
unit.
Tissue System- a tissue or group of
tissues organized into a structural and
functional unit; larger units of the plant
body.
There are 3 Tissue Systems
Ground
Vascular
Dermal

III. PLANT TISSUES

Plant Tissues fall into two large categories: Origin of Primary Tissues

a. Meristematic, or embryonic
tissues
Made up of young, actively dividing
cells that are small, cubical, thin walled,
and densely packed with protoplasm
where cell division is occurring.
During cell division, one cell becomes Root Apical Meristem
two cells. Each new cell can also divide.
1. Root cap initials
2. Protoderm
3 kinds of meristems: 3. Ground meristem
1. Apical Meristems 4. Procambium
- (for dicot) found in both root and 5. Root cap
shoot tip

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A bud is a dormant apical meristem.

Buds 3 basic types:

1. Vegetative-produce stems and leaves.

2. Flower-produce only flowers.
3. Mixed-produce stems/leaves and
flowers.

2. Intercalary Meristems (ONLY

MONOCOT)

- where the leaf bases connect to the 1. Vascular cambium

stem of the plant. meristematic tissue located between the
xylem and phloem.
The vascular cambium makes new
xylem and phloem cells.

2. Cork cambium
meristematic tissue located just below
the bark in woody dicot stems.
The cork cambium makes new bark
cells.

LATERAL MERISTEMS
Monocots, like grasses, have intercalary meristems
which allow the leaves to grow back after mowing.

3. Lateral Meristems (ONLY DICOT)

- SECONDARY GROWTH causes stems

and roots to grow larger in diameter.

b. Permanent (Non-Meristematic)
Three Types of Permanent Tissues

Lateral meristems come in two basic

types:

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 1. Derma tissues/skin
Cover and protect the leaves, stem, and
roots.
aid in gaseous exchange between plants
and their environment.
Epidermal cells are usually transparent
and lack chloroplasts.
Epidermis- outermost cell layer of the
primary plant body
Largely make up dermal tissue.
Often flattened, tile-like, and coated by a
waxy substance called CUTICLE. 2. Trichomes or epidermal hairs
-Protective (cuticle and water loss) and Epidermal outgrowths that differ in form in
aeration (stomata). different plants.
Help regulate heat and water balance of
Specialized cells found in the epidermis leaves.
1. Guard cells Cotton fiber
Peppermint (Mentha piperita) have
trichomes that contain a volatile oil called
menthol.
Marijuana plant (Cannabis sativa)
trichomes-produce tetrahydrocannabinols
(THC)

3. Root hairs
Help absorb water and minerals from the
soil.

PERIDERM
secondary protective tissues.
Rectangular in shape; cork cells.
Beneath the epidermis.
Protective and aeration (lenticels);
replaces epidermis.

o SUBERIN protective fatty substance.

2. Ground tissues
Found in most parts of the plant body.
Abound in the cortex and pith of stems
and roots.

Three basic functions:

1. Storage
2. Basic metabolism
3. support

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Three types of cells of the ground tissue
Parenchyma
Polyhedral to round in shape.
Occur throughout the plant body.
Photosynthesis, storage, and secretion.
Collenchyma
Elongate in shape.
Occur beneath the epidermis in young
stems.
Support young growing tissues.
Sclerenchyma- fibers and sclereids.
Long or stellate in shape.
Occur throughout the plant body.
Support (strengthen) and storage.
3. Vascular tissues
a) Xylem- principal water-conducting
tissue in vascular plants; dead at
maturity; lignified.
Compiled by : GUTIERREZ, Bernadeth F.
b) Tracheary Elements
1. Tracheid- elongate and tapering; pits, but
no perforations; seedless vascular plants,
gymnosperms, and some angiosperms.
2. Vessel element- elongate; pits and
perforations; angiosperms.
c) Phloem- principal food-conducting
tissue in vascular plants; living at
maturity; not lignified.
d) Gymnosperm Sieve Elements
- Sieve cell- elongate & tapering; with
sieve areas.
- Albuminous cell- elongate & tapering;
delivers substances to sieve cells.
e) Angiosperm Sieve Elements
- Sieve-tube element- elongate & tapering;
with a sieve plate.
- Companion cell- variable; delivers
substances to sieve-tube elements.
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