UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING (U.V.C.E.)

7th SEMESTER B.E. MECHANICAL

6ME708: HEAT TRANSFER AND IC ENGINES
LABORATORY

BATCH :
BATCH IN-CHARGE :
STUDENT NAME :
REGISTER NUMBER:
 BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Smt/Sri ___________________________________________

has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in Practical HEAT

TRANSFER AND IC ENGINES prescribed by the BANGALORE

UNIVERSITY in the Laboratory of this college in the year 2011-2012.

Date:

Signature of Teacher In Charge of Batch

Name of the Candidate: ____________________

____________ Register Number : ____________________
Exam Center : __________________
Date of Practical Examination: ____________
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT PAGE No.

No.
I.] HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY:
01. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER
02. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL
03. HEAT TRANSFER FROM A PIN FIN APPARATUS
04. CONDENSATION PHENOMENON IN HORIZONTAL TUBE
05. NATURAL CONVECTION
06. PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
07. COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
08. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE EMISSIVITY
09. EMISSIVITY OF BRASS PLATE
 EXPERIMENT NO.01

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER

AIM: To determine the Thermal conductivity of an insulating powder.

INTRODUCTION: The Thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the rate of heat
transfer through unit thickness of the material per unit area per unit temperature difference.

The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the ability of the material to conduct heat.
A high value for thermal conductivity indicates that material is good heat conductor and low
value indicates that the material is a poor heat conductor or insulator.

APPARATUS: Insulating sphere, heater, wattmeter, thermocouples, heat control or regulator,

control and display panel, etc.

PROCEDURE:

Switch on the mains and set up the heater.

Switch on the thermostat and set temperature setting to a safe value of less then 150C
Set the heat control / regulator and adjust the input power to the heater, about 100W.Watt
for about 10 minutes till the temperatures T 1 to T 7 are constant, i.e. a steady state is
reached.
Read all the temperatures T 1 to T 7 using the channel selector and the digital indicator.
Read the input power to the heater from the wattmeter
Using the measured temperatures, calculate the Thermal conductivity of the insulating
powder using the appropriate formulae discussed below.
FIGURE:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Oil
Temp
Case Power Upper Hemisphere (C) Lower Hemisphere (C) (C) K
(watts)
(W/mC)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

B
FORMULAE USED:

1.) Ti = Temperature of the oil = T 7 (oC)

2.) To = Average surface temperature

= (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+T6)/6 (oC)

3.) Difference in temperatures = T= (Ti-To) (oC)

4.) Conduction shape factor for sphere = R = (4RoRi)/ (Ro-Ri) (m)

Ri = Radius of the inner sphere (m)

Ro = Radius of the outer sphere (m)

5.) Total heat transfer rate = Q

= P = Power supplied by the heater (watts)

K = Thermal conductivity of the powder

= Q/RT (W/mC)
OBSERVATIONS:

1.) Ri = Radius of the inner sphere = 0.1 m

2.) Ro = Radius of the outer sphere = 0.125m

CALCULATIONS:

CASE (A):

For P = ____________watts

Ti = T7 = ___________ = Temperature of the oil

To = (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+T6)/6

= _______________________C

T = Ti To

= _________________C

R = (4RoRi) / (Ro Ri)

=
 = ___________________________m

K = Q/RT

= __________________________W/mC

CASE (B):

For P = _____________________ watts

Ti = T7 = _______________ =Temperature of the oil

To = (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+T6)/6

= ______________________C

R = (4RoRi)/Ro Ri)

= _______________________ m

K = Q/(T X R)

=
 = ___________________ W/mC

_____________________________________________________________________________
RESULT: The Thermal conductivity of the given insulating powder was found to be

= _______________________________________ W/moC

*****

EXPERIMENT NO.02

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL

AIM: To determine the rate of heat transfer through Hylum and Plaster of Paris walls.

APPARATUS: Hylum and Plaster of Paris wall, Plate Heater, Watt Meter, Thermocouples,
control and display panel.

DESCRIPTION:

A Plate heater is inserted between the two same size walls. Among them one is made up of
Hylum and the other is made up of Plaster of Paris. This arrangement is put as a single unit by
insulating the circumference of the plate. And the heater is connected to power mains. And six
thermocouples are attached to the inside walls of the arrangement, in this three are for Hylum
wall and the rest three for Plaster of Paris wall. Similarly six thermocouples are attached to the
outer side of the walls, in this three are for Hylum wall and other three for Plaster of Paris wall.
All these thermocouples are attached to the display unit at the other end. Main is also connected
to the Wattmeter, to measure the heat input to the arrangement.
 After noting down the temperatures, we can find out the rate of heat transfer through the
walls.

The heat balance equation is given by,

P = Q h + Q p + Losses.

Where, P = Power input.

Q h = Heat flow through Hylum wall.

Q p = Heat flow through Plaster of Paris wall.

PROCEDURE:

Switch on the mains and the console

Adjust the heat control regulator that is giving heat to the heater up to the required value.
Wait up to attaining of steady state.

After attaining the steady state note down the heat input value that is displayed in the
display panel.

Note down the temperatures at the defined points by using temperature measurement
knob.
 If needed, the experiment is repeated for one more trial by changing the heat input to
another value.

After the completion of experiment bring heat control regulator to the zero position and
switch off the mains.

FIGURE:

OBSERVATIONS:

X h = Thickness of the Hylum wall = 0.019 m

X p = Thickness of the Plaster of Paris wall = 0.025 m

Kh = Thermal Conductivity of Hylum wall = 0.29 W / mC

Kp = Thermal Conductivity of Plaster of Paris wall = 0.93 W / mC

D = Diameter of the plate = 200 mm = 0.2 m

A = Cross-Section Area of the plate (D2/4) = 0.0314 m2

TABULAR COLUMN:

Plaster of Paris wall Hylum wall

Power input to the INNER (C) OUTER(C) INNER(C) OUTER(C)

Heater, P ( watts)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12

CALCULATIONS:

Average Inner Surface Temperature (Ti)

Ti = (T1+T2+T3+T7+T8+T9)/6
=
= ________________________ C
Average Outer Surface Temperature of Plaster of Paris wall (Tp),
Tp = (T4+T5+T6)/3
=
= _________________ C

Average Outer Surface Temperature of Hylum wall (Th)

Th = (T10+T11+T12)/3
=
 = __________________ C
Temperature Gradient in Plaster of Paris wall (Tp)
Tp= (Ti Tp)
=
= ____________________ C

Temperature Gradient in Hylum wall (Th)

Th= (Ti Th)
=
= ____________________ C
Heat flow through Hylum wall (Q h) = KhA (Th/Xh)
=
= __________________ watts

Heat flow through Plaster of Paris wall (Q p) = KpA (Tp/Xp)

=
= __________________ watts
______________________________________________________________________________
RESULT:
Heat flow through Hylum wall (Qh) = _________________ watts
Heat flow through Plaster of Paris wall (Qp) = __________________ watts

*****
 EXPERIMENT NO.03

HEAT TRANSFER FROM A PIN FIN APPARATUS

AIM: To study the temperature distribution along the length of a pin fin by natural and forced
convection.

DESCRIPTION:
The surface area exposed to the surroundings is frequently increased by the
attachment of protrusions to the heat transfer surfaces and the arrangement provides a means
by which heat transfer rate can be substantially improved. The protrusions are
called fins or spines. In other words, the extended surface attached to a plane wall
are called FINS or SPINES.

The fins are broadly classified as follows:

Straight fin

Annular fin

Pin fin

A pin fin or spine is an extended surface of circular cross-section, which may be uniform or non-
uniform. Thus, a spine represents thin cylindrical or conical wall protruding from a wall.

Common applications of finned surfaces are with:

Economizers for steam power plants.

Convectors for steam and hot water heating systems.

Air-cooled cylinders of air craft engines, I.C.engines and air compressors.

Electrical transformers and motors.

Cooling coils and condenser coils in refrigerators and air conditioners.

Electronic equipment etc

APPARATUS:
Delivery pipe, orifice plate, duct, blower, heater, fin rod, control and display panel and
thermocouples.

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE:

NATURAL CONVECTION:

1. Start heating the fin by switching on the heating element.

2. Adjust the voltage to a certain value.

3. Note down the Thermocouple readings 1 to 5

4. When the steady state is reached, record the final readings 1 to 5 and record the ambient
temperature reading 6.

5. Repeat the same experiment with other voltage values.

FORCED CONVECTION:

1. Start heating the fin by switching on the heating element.

2. Adjust the voltage to a certain value.

3. Start the blower and adjust the difference of level in the manometer.

4. Note down the Thermocouple readings 1 to 5 at a time interval of 5 minutes. When the
steady state is reached, record the final readings 1 to 5 and record the ambient
temperature reading 6.

5. Repeat the same experiment with other voltage values.

FIGURE:
OBSERVATIONS:

1.NATURAL CONVECTION:

Diameter of the pin fin = D = 12.7 mm

Length of the pin fin = L =12.5cm
Thermal conductivity of Aluminium fin = KAl = 232.6 W/mC
Ammeter reading = A = __________amperes
Voltmeter reading = V = __________volts
Power = AV = ________watts

TABULAR COLUMN-1:

Ts T Tmf Gr Gr.Pr Nu m
Power input
Temperature in C C C (%)
 (W)

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

(Ta)

CALCULATIONS-1:

Tm =Ts= (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5)/5

= C

T=Tm-Ta

= C

Tmf=(Tm+Ta)/2

= C

Tf=T6=Ta
 = C

b=1/(Tmf+273)

= K-1

b = co efficient of thermal expansion

Grashoffs number = Gr = (g bD3 T) / n2

Where;

g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2

T =temperature difference

n= kinematic viscosity

Prandtl number = Pr= (Cp.m)/Kair

Nussetl number = Nu = 0.53 (Gr.Pr)0.25

h = (Nu.Kair)/d but, Nu = (h.d)/ Kair

m=((. )/( )) =

=
Where ;

P = d = perimeter of the pin fin (m)

A = (d2)/4(m2)

Efficiency of the fin = = (tan h(m.L)/(m.L)

Temperature distribution along the length of the fin:

cos [ ()]
=
1- cos [ ]

X cms 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5

T C

2.FORCED CONVECTION:

Duct size = 15cm 15 cm = 1510-3m2 = A duct

w = 1000kg/m3
Head of water = H = 1510-3 m

Orifice Diameter = 1410 -3m

Ammeter reading = A = __________ amperes

Voltmeter reading = V = __________volts

 Power = AV = ____________ watts

TABULAR COLUMN-2:

Power Temperature in C Tm Tmf V Re Nu hair m Qfin

Input C C (m/s) (%)

(W) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

(Ta)

CALCULATION-2:

Tm =Ts= (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5)/5=

Tmf = (Ts +Ta)/2 =

Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.62

Initial manometer reading = _____________mm

Final manometer reading =______________ mm

H=ImrFmr=

= ______________ mm

= = (. duct2. . . 2 )/
=

= _______________________ m3/s

Velocity of air = V a= Q air/A duct =

= _____________________ m/s.

Velocity of flow of the fluid at the mean temperature = V mf = (Va/Ta).Tmf

=______________________ m/s.

Reynoldss number = Re = (Vmf.D)/n =

Nu = 0.615 (Re)0.416

hair= (Nu.K air)/D =

air.
m= =
KAl Afin
Q fm= air. . (Ti-Ta). tan h (m L)

= (tan h (m L))/ (mL)

Temperature distribution along the length of the fin:

cos [ ()]
=
1 cos [ ]

X cms 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5

T C

____________________________________________________________________________

RESULT: The variation of experimental and predicted values is more as the length of the fin
increases. Efficiency is more in forced convection compared to that of natural convection. A
graph of variation of temperature along the length of fin is shown.

*****
 EXPERIMENT NO.04

CONDENSATION PHENOMENON IN HORIZONTAL TUBE

AIM: To determine the convective heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the horizontal steam
tube.

INTRODUCTION:

Condensation occurs when the temperature of a vapor is reduced below its

saturation temperature Tsat. This is usually done by bringing the vapor in
contact with a solid surface whose temperature Ts is below the saturation
temperature Tsat of the vapor. But condensation can also occur on the
free surface of a liquid or even in a gas when the temperature of the liquid or gas to which the
vapor is exposed is below Tsat. In the latter case the liquid droplets suspended in the gas form a
fog. In this experiment condensation on solid surfaces is done.

Two distinct forms of condensation are observed: Film condensation and

Dropwise condensation. In Film condensation, the condensate wets the surface
and forms a liquid film on the surface that slides down under the influence of
gravity. The thickness of the liquid film increases in the flow direction as more
vapor condenses on the film. In Drop wise condensation, the condensed vapor
forms droplets on the surface instead of a continuous film; the surface is
covered by countless droplets of varying diameters.

In film condensation, the surface is blanketed by a liquid film of increasing

thickness, and this liquid wall between solid surface and the vapor serves as
a resistance to heat transfer. The heat of vaporization released as the vapor
condenses must pass through this resistance before it can reach the solid
surface. In dropwise condensation, the droplets slide down when they reach a
certain size clearing the surface and exposing it to vapor. There is no liquid
film in this case to resist the heat transfer; hence heat transfer is large in this
case.
APPARATUS:

The condensation Phenomenon in Horizontal Tube Set-up consists of the following:

Water tank

Steam generator

Steam tube condenser

Thermocouples fixed at particular distances on the tube

Measuring Jar

PROCEDURE:

Fill the water tank, open the water valve and fill steam generator completely with water.

Switch on the mains, console and then the heater.

Regulate the flow of water to the Steam generator such that the steam generated is
equivalent to the water supplied to the steam generator.

Wait for 10 minutes till the steam inlet and outlet temperatures are constant i.e., a steady
state is reached.

Using the channel selector, measure the temperature at steam inlet (T1) and outlet
temperature (T5) and surface temperatures (T2,T3 and T4).

Collect the condensate from the steam tube for a specific period and obtain the
condensation rate in kgs/sec.

Measure the atmospheric temperature.

 Using these measurements, convective heat transfer co-efficient can be calculated using
the formulae.

FIGURE:

OBSERVATIONS:
Heat lost by the steam tube = Heat lost by the steam due to condensation
Qs = Qc
Hence hAT =WL

h = convective heat transfer coefficient of the steam tube wall (W/m2C)

A = surface area of the tube (m2)

T = (Ts T)C

Average steam tube temperature, Ts = (T2+T3+T4)/3(C)

 T= Ambient temperature (C)

W = Flow rate of Condensed water (kg/s)

L = Latent heat of condensation (J/kg)

= 2.255 x 106 J/kg

h= [WL]/[AT] (W/m2C)

Outer diameter of the tube = 76mm

Radius of the tube = 38mm

Length of the tube = 620mm

Thickness of the tube = 1.5mm

SPECIMEN CALCULATION:

T1 = ___________C
T2 = ___________C
T3 = ___________C
T4 = ___________C
T5 = ___________C
Water collected in 15 seconds, W = ______________ ml
i.e., = _____________ kg/s

Ts= (T2+T3+T4)/3 (C)

=
= _____________C

T= ____________C

Hence T = (Ts T )C
= ______________C
A = 2 (R L) +2R2 (m2)
= ______________________m2

h = [WL]/[AT] (W/m2C)
= _________________________W/m2C

______________________________________________________________________________
RESULT: The convective heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the steam tube is:
h = ___________________________ W/m2C.

*****

EXPERIMENT NO.05
NATURAL CONVECTION

AIM: To determine the heat transfer co-efficient for air or fluid under free convection.

DESCRIPTION:
There are some situations in which the fluid motion is produced due to change in density
resulting from temperature gradient. The mechanism of heat transfer in these situations is called
free or natural convection. Free convection is the principal mode of heat transfer from pipes,
transmission lines, refrigerating coils, hot radiators and many other practical situations in
everyday life. The movement of fluid in free convection is due to the fact that the fluid particles
in the immediate vicinity of the hot object become warmer than the surrounding fluid resulting in
a local change of density. The colder fluid creating what are called convection currents would
replace the warmer fluid. These currents originate when a body force acts on a fluid in which
there are density gradients. The force that includes these convection currents is called a
buoyancy force which is due to the presence of a density gradient within the fluid, and a body
force.

APPARATUS:
Stainless steel tube.

Duct open at the top and the bottom.

 Thermocouple.

Control and display panel.

PROCEDURE:
Put on the supply and adjust the knob to get the required heat input. Power to the heater is
varied by rheostat and measured by a wattmeter.

Wait till the steady state is reached.

Surface temperatures at various points T1 to T7 are taken from the set up.

Note down the ambient temperature, Ta.

Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.

FIGURE:

OBSERVATIONS:
Diameter of the outer tube = 38 mm
 Diameter of the inner tube = 34 mm

Length of the tube = 500mm

TABULAR COLUMN:

Temperatures, C
Input
power(W) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Ta

CALCULATIONS:

1. The average surface temperature, Ts = (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+T6+T7)/7

=
= _____________________C

2. T = (Ts-Ta) =
Where Ta = room temperature. (C)
= __________________________ C

3. Tmf = (Ts +Ta)/2

=

= __________________ C
At temperature Tmf , the following values for air are noted from the HMT Data Hand Book:
Prandtl number, Pr =
Thermal conductivity, K =
Kinematic viscosity, =

4. Coefficient of thermal expansion,

1
=
Tmf+273
= ______________________ K-1

5. Grashoff number,
2
Gr = =
2
Where, L = length of the tube (m)
= co efficient of thermal expansion (K-1)

g = acceleration due to gravity , (m/s2)

T = (Ts Ta) (K)
= kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

6. Nusselt number,
Nu = 0.59 (Gr Pr)1/4 =
= _____________________

7. The Heat transfer coefficient,

h= =

= ______________________ W/m2K.

RESULT: The heat transfer coefficient for air under natural convection is,
 h = _______________________ W/m2 C .

*****

EXPERIMENT NO. 06
PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

AIM: The main objective of this experiment is to study and compare the:
1. Temperature distribution in a parallel flow heat exchanger.
2. Heat transfer rate in a parallel flow heat exchanger.
 3. Overall heat transfer coefficient of the parallel flow heat exchanger.
4. To obtain the effectiveness of the given parallel flow heat exchanger.

DESCRIPTION:

Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. Common
examples of heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of a domestic
refrigerator and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant.

Heat exchangers are classified in three categories:

1. Transfer type
2. Storage type
3. Direct contact type.

A transfer type of heat exchanger is one in which both fluids pass simultaneously through the
device and heat is transferred through separating walls. In practice most of the heat exchangers
used are transfer type ones.

The transfer type heat exchangers are further classified according to flow arrangements as.
1. PARALLEL FLOW in which both the fluids flow in the same direction.
2. COUNTER FLOW in which both the fluids flow in the opposite direction.
3. CROSS FLOW in which they flow at right angles to each other.

A simple example of transfer type of heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube in tube type
arrangement with one fluid flowing through the inner tube and the other through the annulus
surrounding it. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube.

FIGURE:
APPARATUS:

The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid is hot water which is
obtained from an electric geyser and it flows through the inner tube while the cold fluid is cold
water flowing through the annulus.

The hot water flows in one direction and the flow rate of which is controlled by means of a
value. The cold water can be admitted at one of the end enabling the heat exchanger to run as a
parallel flow apparatus or a counter flow apparatus. This is done by valve operations as shown
figure.

The temperatures are measured by mercury in glass thermometers and the flow rates by a
graduated measuring flask and stop clock. The readings are recorded when steady state is
reached. The outer tube is provided with adequate thermocole insulation to minimize the heat
losses.

PROCEDURE:
Place the thermometers in position and note down their readings when they are at room
temperature and no water is flowing at either side. This is required to correct the
temperature.

Start the flow on hot water side.

Start the cold water flow through the annulus and run the exchanger in the parallel flow
mode.

Put on the geyser.

Adjust the flow rate on hot water side, between the ranges of 1.5 to 4 L/Min.

Adjust the flow rate on cold water side, between the ranges of 3 to 8 L/Min.

Keeping the flow rates same, wait till the steady state conditions are reached.

Record the temperatures on hot water and cold water side and also the flow rates
accurately.
SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Material of the inner tube = Brass.

Di = diameter of inner tube
Di = _______________mm

2. Material of the outer tube = Cast iron.

Do = diameter of the outer tube.
Do = _______________mm

3. Length of heat exchanger L = ____________m

TABULAR COLUMN:

Parameters to be noted down Parallel flow

Quantity of hot water collected, Mh (kg/s)

Quantity of cold water collected, Mc (kg/s)

Inlet temperature of heat water, Thi C

Inlet temperature of cold water, Tci C

Outlet temperature of hot water, Tho C

Outlet temperature of cold water, Tco C

CALCULATIONS:

1. Heat transfer rate:

qh = heat transfer rate from the hot water.

qh = Mh Cph ( Thi-Tho)
qh = _____________Watts
qc = heat transfer rate to the cold water
qc = Mc Cpc ( Tco-Tci)
qc =______________Watts

Where Mh = the mass flow rate of hot water (kg/s)

Mc = the mass flow rate of cold water (kg/s)
Cph = specific heat of hot water (kJ/kgC) =
Cpc = specific heat of cold water (kJ/kgC) =
The mean heat transfer rate, q = (qh + qc)/2 =
q = _________________ kJ/s or Watts

2. The LMTD (Logarithmic mean temperature difference):

T1 = Thi-Tci
T1=___________C
T2 = Tho-Tco
T2= ___________C

12
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) = 1
ln( )
2
 LMTD = _____________________C

3. The Overall heat transfer coefficient (U):

q= U A Tm
U = q/A Tm
Where A = area based on inner tube (Ai)or outer tube (Ao). (m2)
Tm= Logarithmic mean temperature difference (C)
q = heat transfer rate (watts or KJ/s)
Uri based on Ai= DiL =
= _____________________ m2

Uri =
= _______________________W/m2C
Uro based on Ao = DoL=
= ____________________ m2

Uro =
= ______________________________W/m2C

The effectiveness () of the heat exchanger :

Tco-Tci
= =
Thi-Tci

= ____________________

RESULTS: The calculated results are tabulated as shown below:

Calculated parameters Parallel flow

Heat transfer rate, q( Watts)
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (C)
Overall heat transfer coefficient based on Ai .Ui (W/m2C)
Overall heat transfer coefficient based on Ao Uo (W/m2C)

Effectiveness,

*****

EXPERIMENT NO. 07
COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

AIM: The main objective of this experiment is to study and compare the:
1. Temperature distribution in the counter flow heat exchanger.
2. Heat transfer rate in the counter flow heat exchanger.
3. Overall heat transfer coefficient of the counter flow heat exchanger.
4. To obtain the effectiveness of the given counter flow heat exchanger.

DESCRIPTION:

Heat exchangers are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. Common
examples of heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of a domestic
refrigerator and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant.

Heat exchangers are classified in three categories:

1. Transfer type
2. Storage type
3. Direct contact type.
A transfer type of heat exchanger is one in which both fluids pass simultaneously through the
device and heat is transferred through separating walls. In practice most of the heat exchangers
used are transfer type ones.

The transfer type heat exchangers are further classified according to flow arrangements as.
1. PARALLEL FLOW in which both the fluids flow in the same direction.
2. COUNTER FLOW in which both the fluids flow in the opposite direction.
3. CROSS FLOW in which they flow at right angles to each other.

A simple example of transfer type of heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube in tube type
arrangement with one fluid flowing through the inner tube and the other through the annulus
surrounding it. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube.

APPARATUS:

The apparatus consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid is hot water which is
obtained from an electric geyser and it flows through the inner tube while the cold fluid is cold
water flowing through the annulus.

The hot water flows in one direction and the flow rate of which is controlled by means of a
value. The cold water can be admitted at one of the end enabling the heat exchanger to run as a
parallel flow apparatus or a counter flow apparatus. This is done by valve operations as shown
figure.

The temperatures are measured by mercury in glass thermometers and the flow rates by a
graduated measuring flask and stop clock. The readings are recorded when steady state is
reached. The outer tube is provided with adequate thermocole insulation to minimize the heat
losses.

PROCEDURE:
Place the thermometers in position and note down their readings when they are at room
temperature and no water is flowing at either side. This is required to correct the
temperature.
 Start the flow on the hot water side.

Start the cold water flow through annulus and run the exchanger in the counter flow
mode.

Put on the geyser.

Adjust the flow rate on hot water side, between the ranges of 1.5 to 4 L/Min.

Adjust the flow rate on cold water side, between the ranges of 3 to 8 L/Min.

Keeping the flow rates same, wait till the steady state conditions are reached.

Record the temperatures on hot water and cold water side and also the flow rates
accurately.

FIGURE:
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Material of the inner tube = Brass.
Di = diameter of inner tube
Di = ______________mm

2. Material of the outer tube = Cast iron.

Do = diameter of the outer tube.
Do =______________mm
3. Length of heat exchanger L = __________m

TABULAR COLUMN:

Parameters to be noted down Counter flow

Quantity of hot water collected, Mh (kg/s)
Quantity of cold water collected, Mc (kg/s)
Inlet temperature of heat water, Thi C
Inlet temperature of cold water, Tci C
Outlet temperature of hot water, Tho C
Outlet temperature of cold water, Tco C
CALCULATIONS:

1. The Heat transfer rate(q):

qh = heat transfer rate from the hot water.

qh = Mh Cph ( Thi-Tho) =
qh = _______________watts
qc = heat transfer rate to the cold water
qc = Mc Cpc ( Tco-Tci) =
qc = _________________watts

Where Mh = the mass flow rate of hot water (kg/s)

Mc = the mass flow rate of cold water (kg/s)
Cph = specific heat of the hot water (KJ/kgC) =
Cpc = specific heat of the cold water (KJ/kgC) =

The mean heat transfer rate, q = (qh + qc)/2 =

q = __________________kJ/s or Watts

2. LMTD (Logarithmic mean temperature difference):

T1 = Thi-Tco
T1 = ____________ C
T2 = Tho-Tci
T2= _____________ C

12
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) = 1
ln( )
2

LMTD = _________________C
 3. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U):
q= U A Tm
U = q/A Tm
Where A = area based on inner tube (Ai) or outer tube (Ao). (m2)
Tm= Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) (C)
q = heat transfer rate (Watts or kJ/s)

Uri based on Ai= DiL=

= ___________________________ m2
Uri =

= _________________________W/m2C
Uro based on Ao = DoL =
Uro =

=__________________________W/m2C

4. The effectiveness () of the heat exchanger can be calculated by using the expression
coci
= =
hici

= ________________

______________________________________________________________________________

RESULTS: The calculated results are tabulated as shown below:

Calculated parameters Counter flow

Heat transfer rate, q( Watts)
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (C)
Overall heat transfer coefficient based on Ai .Ui(W/m2C)
Overall heat transfer coefficient based on Ao Uo (W/m2C)

Effectiveness,

*****

EXPERIMENT NO. 08
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE EMISSIVITY

AIM: To determine the emissivity of the Radiation Surface.

INTRODUCTION:

Radiation is the mode of heat transfer which does not require any material medium for its
propagation. The mechanism is assumed to be electro- magnetic in nature and is a result of
temperature difference. Thermodynamic considerations show that an ideal radiator or black body
will emit energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature of the body.

When two bodies exchange heat by radiation, the net heat exchange is given by:
q = A (Th4 Tc4).(1)

Where,
q is heat transfer rate (Watts)
= Stefan Boltzmanns constant = 5.669 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
A is the surface area(m2)
Th is the temperature of hot body (K)
Tc is the temperature of cold body (K)

The above equation is called Stefan Boltzmanns law of thermal Radiation and it is applicable
only for black bodies.
Emissivity of grey surface is given by:
q = A1 E1(Th4 Tc4) (2)
Where
E1 is the Emissivity of the emitter
A1 is the Area of the emitter (m2)

APPARATUS:

Black body, Test body, enclosure, heater, digital voltmeter and ammeter, thermocouples,
regulator, etc.

FIGURE:

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the mains and the control.
 2. Switch on the heater to the black body and adjust the power input to the heater to a
suitable value using regulator.
3. Switch on the heater to the test body and keep the power input to a value less that input to
the black body.
4. Observe temperature of block body and test surface in close time intervals and adjust
power input to the test body heater such that both body surface temperatures are same.
(This procedure requires trial and error method and has to wait sufficiently long time to
reach steady state).
5. After attaining steady state, record input power to heaters (V1I1 and V2I2 ) and
temperatures of black body, test body and enclosure (T1,T2 and T3).
6. Using the above measurements, calculate the emissivity of the test surface by using

the difference in power inputs to the heaters are related to the Emissivity by the relationship

W1-W2 = (Eb E) A (T14 T34)/0.86

Where
W1 = heat input of the black surface in (watts)
W1 = V1I1
V1 =voltage across heater to black surface (volts)
I1 =Current to the black surface (amps)
W2 = heat input of the test plate (watts)

W2 = V2I2
V2 = voltage across heater to test plate surface (volts)
I2 = current to the test plate (amps)
A = area of the black body (m2)
T1 = temperature of the black body (K)
T3 = inside temperature of the enclosure (K)
Eb = emissivity of the black body (=1)
E = emissivity of the test plate
= Stefan Boltzmanns constant = 5.669 x 10-8 W/m2 K4

TABULAR COLUMN:

Black body Grey(Test) body Emissivity,

E
 V1 I1 T1 W1=V1 I1 V2 I2 T2 W2=V2 I2

(Volts) (Amps) ( C) (Watts) (Volts) (Amps) ( C) (Watts)

CALCULATIONS:

V1 = _________ Volts
I1 = __________Amperes
W1 = V1 I1
=
= ___________ Watts

V2 = __________ Volts
I2 = ___________ Amperes
W2 = V2 I2
=
= ___________ Watts

Diameter of black body, D = 173mm

Area of black body, A = x 0.1732/4 = 0.0235 m2

T1 = __________________ C =__________________ K

T2 = __________________C = __________________K
T 3= __________________C = __________________K

0.86(W1-W2)
E=1 =
A(T1434)
______________________________________________________________________________
RESULT: The Surface Emissivity of the given test body (grey body) was found to be,

E= _____________
*****
 EXPERIMENT NO.09
EMISSIVITY OF A BRASS PLATE

AIM: To experimentally determine the surface emissivity of a brass plate of 150mm

diameter.
APPARATUS: Emissivity apparatus, measuring flask, thermometer and a stop watch.

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE:

Switch on the heater and allow water to flow through the sink at a very slow rate.
Adjust the heat input to obtain the required temperature of the source.
Leave the apparatus in this condition until the whole system reaches the
equilibrium state.
After the system has reached equilibrium, the temperature readings T1 and T2 on
the hot plate and temperature readings T3 and T4 on the cold plate are noted down.
Water is supplied to cool the hot plate, and the final temperatures T1 and T2 are
then noted.
Using a measuring flask and stop watch the water flow rate in m3/s is measured.
Since the source and the sink surfaces are made exactly the same, their emissivity
are also the same. Thus by equating the heat gained by cooling water and the heat
lost by the sink to the cooling water, the emissivity of the given brass plate is
determined.

FIGURE:

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Diameter of the specimen, D= __________________mm
2. Area of the specimen, As=
= _______________________ m2
3. Specimen material = Brass
4. Stefan Boltzmann constant, = 5.67 10-8 W/m2K-4
5. Density of water, = 1000 kg/m3
6. Specific heat of water, Cpw=

TABULAR COLUMN:

Voltmet Amme Hot plate Cold plate Water Water Dischar

er ter temperature temperature temperature collecte ge(kg/s)
Reading Readin (C) (C) (C) d in
g T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Ti To T 60s(m3)

CALCULATIONS:

Volume of water collected =

Volume rate of flow of water,q=
= _______________________m3/s

Mass rate of flow of water = mw = q=

=_________________________ kg/s.

The Heat flow rate to water = Q = mw (To Ti) Cpw=

= __________________ Watts.

Also, The heat gained by the cooling water = Heat lost by the sink to cooling water

o4i4
Q= AsE ( )
2
Finally, by rearranging the terms, we have, the emissivity of brass plate,

2
E= =
+s(o4i4)

= ____________________________.

______________________________________________________________________________

RESULT: The Surface Emissivity of the given brass plate was found to be:

E= _________________________.

This implies that the brass plate emissivity is _______________% of the incident radiation of a
perfect black body (which is 100%).