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Chapter 7
Worked
Examples
July 2002
Road Drainage Design Manual Chapter 7: Worked Examples
Manual Contents
7
Chapter 1
Overview
Chapter 2
Site Assessment
Chapter 3
Hydrology and Design Criteria
Chapter 4
Design
Chapter 5
Erosion and Sediment Control
Chapter 6
Maintenance and Remediation
Chapter 7
Worked Examples
Chapter 8
References
July 2002
Road Drainage Design Manual Chapter 7: Worked Examples
Table of Contents
Introduction 7-1
iv July 2002
Road Drainage Design Manual Chapter 7: Worked Examples
Chapter 7
Worked Examples
Introduction debris/water gradients and changes in cross
sections should have been surveyed for a distance
7
Worked examples of some of the more commonly of at least 500 metres both upstream and
used design calculations are given in this chapter. downstream of the job site.
It has been considered more appropriate to give For smaller culvert structures to calculate tail-
other worked examples immediately following water levels or for small open channels, shorter
the description of design principles in other distances upstream and downstream down to an
chapters. For example, substantial calculations are absolute minimum of 100 metres should similarly
shown in the Appendix to the Underground be surveyed.
Drainage Systems Chapter.
For the larger catchments, field inspections in
Worked examples in this Chapter are: accordance with the Departments Form 2759,
Field Report - Bridge Waterways should have
7.1 Open Channel flow been carried out including interviews with local
residents about observed or reported floods at or
7.2 Hydrology - Calculation of the Design
near the site.
Flood Discharge
For all jobs either a site investigation should have
7.3 Procedure for the Selection of Culvert Size
taken place or adequate photographs are available
7.4 Gully Inlets on Grade to define the roughness of the bed and banks of
the open channel and areas of any overflow.
7.5 Aquaplaning
Preliminary
Figure 7.1
Check that a reasonable effort has been made to
ensure that the channel cross section and slope has (a) The average slope over a section of the
been adequately defined, as indicated by the stream for 200 m both upstream and
following. downstream of the cross section is 0.001
For a bridge size catchment (nominally greater m/m.
than 5 km in area with a major channel), bed and
(b) The stream is fairly uniform in cross section cover as in the main channel, the roughness
and alignment over this 400 m section and is coefficient will be higher up to a certain limit.
lined mainly with thick grass about 200 mm Also for shallower flow, the hydraulic radius will
high. be smaller and so will be the velocity, for the same
hydraulic gradient.
(c) The flood debris levels from a recent flood
are known to be at the top of the banks. Divide the flow path into three sections as shown
in Figure 7.3 to allow for the above differences.
Step 1
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
Select an appropriate value of vegetal retardance
for the stream from Table 4.5 (viz. C), determine
a value of n for the stream flow to debris level Step 3
from Figure F19C. Then, assuming a trapezoidal
For rating curves (discharge versus height), the
channel shape as illustrated, calculate the flow to
area and wetted perimeter need to be calculated
debris level (height 22.0 m) using Mannings
for various flood heights for discharge calcula-
formula (for more irregular shaped sections, a
tions. In this example, it is required to find the
planimeter is necessary to determine cross-
flood level corresponding to a total discharge of
sectional areas).
42.5 m/s.
Depth of flow (debris level - bed level) = 2 m
For a water to water boundary such as that
A = 20 m between each overflow and the main channel, half
the depth of the water at such boundaries may be
20 added to each wetted perimeter as illustrated
R = (area / wetted perimeter, ABCD)
15.8 below.
= 1.27
Assume a flood height 22.5 m, giving a depth of
n = 0.03 flow of 0.5 m in each overflow.
7
V = 1.50 m/s (Mannings formula) Length of catchment (L) = 26.2 km
Q = A.cos100.V = 27.5 x 0.985 x 1.50
Weighted average slope (H) = 74 m in 26200m
Q = 40.63 m/s = 0.28 %
The Modified Friend Formula for time of the maximum reported/recorded flood level;
concentration is used as the catchment is larger
than 5 square kilometres. at or just over the main stream bank; or
The Rational method is used for the design berm or intermediate bank level, if there is a
discharge, but other procedures for a catchment large cross-section for a small catchment.
this size are not shown.
7
flood level, Ht 294.70 m. The average hydraulic
radius at this level is Rs. = 0.65 Rs where there are significant lengths
of contrasting steep and flat sections of the
stream slope
Step 2
n = average coefficient of roughness of the
Find the average hydraulic radius at the site, main channel and overflows over the whole
Rs for a flood at Ht 294.70 m. stream length. It may be the same or 0.005
From open channel calculations, for the 3 to 0.01 higher than n at the site.
sections, with S = 0.0017 m/m in all sections: L, M and H are as defined in Given above.
A1= 67.6 m; WP1 = 113.5 m; R1 = 0.60m; Adopt R= 0.75Rs = 0.75 x 1.78 = 1.34m
n1 = 0.065; V1 = 0.48 m/s; q1 = 32.6 m/s
1.340.167
A2 = 53.3 m; WP2 = 21.4 m; R2 = 2.49 m; ch =
0.06
n2 = 0.055; V2 = 1.36 m/s; q2 = 72.6 m/s
ch = 17.49
A3 = 28.2 m; WP3 = 73.1 m; R3 = 0.39 m;
n3 = 0.065; V3 = 0.33 m/s; q3 = 9.4 m/s 8.5x 26.2
Tc =
17.49 x118.2 0.1 x 0.280.4
Qtot = 32.6 + 72.6 + 9.4
Qtot = 114.6 m/s Tc =13.1 hours
q1R1 + q 2 R 2 + q 3R 3
Rs = Step 4
Q tot
32.6x 0.60 + 72.6x 2.49 + 9.4 x 0.39
Calculate the average rainfall intensity for the
Rs = time of concentration for the design storm.
114.6
Rs = 1.78 m i.e. for this example, the average rainfall intensity
for a storm of 13.1 hours duration and an ARI of
50 years is required.
Step 3
The RAIN2 Program from the Hydraulics Section
Calculate the time of concentration using the
of Main Roads and available in most Districts is
Modified Friend Formula.
used. Other programs are available which also use
It should be noted that as the time of concentration parameters from Australian Rainfall and Runoff
is for zero (start of rainfall) to maximum flow in a (IEAust, 1987).
creek, an adjustment to the hydraulic radius at the
The RAIN2 Program which is interactive requests
site and possible adjustments to the roughness
the following input data. The actual Map number
coefficient are made.
and value of parameter from ARR is also shown.
8.5L
Tc =
chM 0.1H 0.4
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTOR F2 = 4.28 (Map 8) Adopt Q50 = 175.6 m/s at flood Ht 295.04 m.
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTOR F50 = 16.6 (Map 9)
7
increased.
using ke = 0.4 from Table 4.2, for area of
(h) Length = 12.0 in. box = 2.4 x 1.5 = 3.60 m,
H = 0.26 m
Figure 4.7 is recommended as suitable to record
calculations and to facilitate checking. Therefore,
HW = 0.26 + 1.8 - 0.12 = 1.94 m
Step 2 (c) As the HW for outlet control is higher than
Determine the first trial culvert size: that for inlet control, outlet control is the
governing factor; and being less than the
(a) From the equation A = Q/V area of allowable height of 2.0 m is acceptable.
waterway: A = 19.3/1.8 m = 10.72 m
Step 4
(b) Select a culvert size where the soffit would
be above or just below the tailwater to Try a culvert of another type or shape, if a
utilise the full waterway opening, if comparison of alternative design costs is to be
practical. made and determine size and headwater by the
Depth of Tailwater = Flood level - Invert above procedure.
level of natural channel = 31.8 - 30.0 = 1.8
Assuming a height of 1.5 m and selecting a Step 5
standard size R.C. slab deck culvert:
Compute the velocity through the 3/2400 x 1500
Try 3/2400 x 1500 mm culvert (Area 10.80 m)
RCBC.
(a) Assume INLET CONTROL Outlet velocity = Q/Ao = 19.3/10.8 = 1.79 m/s
Determine the discharge (Q) per cell
i.e.Q = 19.3 / 3 = 6.43 m/s Step 6
Find the ratio of discharge to width Q/B =
Make selection and record all relevant data on
2.68 m/s per metre), then using the
Figure F7 or similar form.
nomograph in Figure 4.8A determine the
HW/D ratio.
HW/D = 0.91
HW= 0.91 x 1.5= 1.37 m
This headwater is satisfactory as it is less
than the allowable given in the design data,
item (f) of Step 1.
7
F34 and Note 3.
Figure 7.6
Step 1
S lintel, design capture flow = 0.8 x 188 = 150 (c) The third inlet in the sag (end of grade) will
litres/sec take a total flow
= flow from 75 m roadway + bypass from
M lintel, design capture flow = 0.8 x 216 = 173 inlet 2
litres/sec
= 0.043 + 0.168
L lintel, design capture flow = 0.8 x 228 = 182 = 0.211 m/s
litres/sec
Select a gully inlet to capture 0.211 m/s at
the sag. From the BCC Capacity Charts, the
Step 4 Type A concrete gully with an S lintel, with
depth of water 95 mm at the undepressed lip
Locate the inlets.
of channel will capture this flow. The depth
(a) First, place an inlet at the point where the of water at the kerb face will be 132.5 mm
allowable spread occurs. which is acceptable < 138 mm allowed from
Step 1.
Using Figure F31
For Q = 0.35 m/s (from Step 2) List the final selections as shown in Figure 7.7.
and W = 11.1 m(given)
the length of contributing road L = 625 m
Selecting the concrete gully with the L
lintel, from Step 3,
Inlet capacity = 0.182 m/s and
Bypass = gutter flow - inlet capacity
= 0.35 - 0.182 = 0.168 m/s
The following example shows a check for This is unacceptable as it is > 4 mm.
aquaplaning in the transition area between reverse
superelevations, one of the main areas of potential Step 3
aquaplaning because of the small to zero
crossfalls. Increase the changes in crossfall by the maximum
rate of rotation given in the Road Planning and
Reference should be made to Section 4.4.4.2 of Design Manual. This changes the longest length
7
the Manual. of drainage path and its slope to give:
7
barrel (m)
List the design data:
It is required to extend the outlet protection so that
at the end of the protection, the velocity of flow (a) 1/1200 x 900 RCBC
does not cause erosion.
(b) Outlet velocity = 4.0 m/s at depth of 800
mm.
Preliminary
(c) Extended outlet protection required with
The performance of existing culverts in similar theoretical velocity at the end of the
natural surface conditions should first be assessed. protection not to exceed 1.2 m/s.
Normally this would be an assessment of scouring
caused by existing culverts in the immediate (d) The dimensions of the outlet protection,
locality of the new design and the design velocity ABCDEF in Figure 7.9 are to be defined.
for those culverts.
Step 1
Figure 7.8
Therefore,
BC 1 .4
AC = 0
=
tan 13.1 0.233
AC = 6.0 m
7
extension of the wingwalls or from the calculated
Figure 7.9 flare angle if it falls outside the extension of the
wingwalls.
Step 3
Find the width BE at the end of the protection 7.7 Energy Dissipators for
where the velocity will not cause erosion. Supercritical Flow
Assume that the depth (d) of the water remains A concrete channel 1.5 m wide has a design flow
constant as it flows downstream from the culvert of 6.86 m/s at a depth of 0.5 m and velocity 9.15
barrel, increasing its width at a uniform rate. m/s. The channel has a slope of 6% (0.06 m/m)
Then, as and discharges into a wide, relatively flat existing
Discharge = area x velocity channel.
= width x depth x velocity To minimise any scouring at the downstream
and is constant, then channel, it is necessary to dissipate the energy
WidthBE x d x VBE = WidthAF x d x VAF from the flows from the concrete channel, by
creating a hydraulic jump by either
Therefore,
A. A horizontal apron with unchanged channel
Width BE VAF width;
=
Width AF VBE
B. A simple drop structure with widened
Substituting, channel and lowered bed; or
BC
tan =
AC
Figure 7.10 7
Figure 7.10 shows the required hydraulic jump
with water depth, D1 becoming D2 after the jump.
Figure 7.11
It is the simplest of all energy dissipators, but it
also has the longest length of of apron, L1 to be
Step 3
protected. The sides also have to be protected.
Find the length of horizontal apron required to
In this example,
induce the hydraulic jump.
V1 = 9.15 m/s
D1 = 0.5 m From Figure 7.12 (Bureau of Reclamation, 1964)
Step 1
Therefore, F = 4.13 L1
= 5.76
D2
Step 2 Therefore, L1 = 15.44 m
Find the sequent depth, D2. For this design, a horizontal apron, 15.44 m long
and protected against scouring is required.
From Figure 7.11 (Bureau of Reclamation, 1964) Because of turbulence, the sides of the channel
D2 1 along the apron length have also to be protected to
= ( 1 + 8F2 1)
D1 2 a height of D2 plus freeboard.
Therefore,
D2 = 2.68 m
By both widening the channel and dropping the Locate the basin where the flow downstream of
bed level, the length of apron required to induce the basin is sub-critical or where a simple tran-
the hydraulic jump may be considerably sition as in Example 7.6 will lead to non scouring
shortened. The design shown below has the (usually sub-critical) flow. i.e. locate the basin at
maximum effective widening consistent with the or near the end of the 6% slope. (Sub-critical flow
natural flare of the water entering the drop occurs when the Froude No. is < 1).
structure.
Acceptable Design:
2 x 3 0.52 + 1
The design will be acceptable when the water W1 = 1.5 +
3x 4.13
surface level at the end of the basin (top of y2) is
below the tailwater level at this point. The
W1 = 2.04 m
tailwater is required to be higher to induce the
hydraulic jump.
Figure 7.13
Step 5 Step 7
Find the water depth, y1, at the start of the Find the sequent depth, y2 after the hydraulic
horizontal apron. jump has formed, and the water surface height.
Final trial giving acceptable results gave: The floor of the drop basin should be concrete
Lower basin floor 2.25 m from edge of channel, protected and the vertical sides also.
giving: A trapezoidal channel for convenience of
7
Z0 = 5.0 m, Z1 = Z2 = 2.75 m construction may require changes to the design
LT = 4.5 m procedure.
W0 = 1.5 m (unchanged) Approximate basin lengths of standard USBR
W1 = WB = 2.52 m (calc.) Basins from graphs (Bureau of Reclamation,
1964) are:
y1 = 0.258 m (calc.)
L = 9.8 m for Type II Basins with chute blocks
F1 = 7.24 (calc.)
and dentated end sill.
y2 = 2.52 m (calc.)
L = 6.2 m for Type III Basins with chute blocks,
Height of water surface of y2 @ 105.27 m baffle piers and solid end sill.
Tailwater height @ 105.32 > 105.27
7
Ye2.5 for sand)
Particularly where the tidal range is small, special At Mackay Outer Harbour, HAT = 6.41 m
care should be taken to check that tide levels at Height above 2/11/98 morning high tide =
the job site have not been affected by rainfall
runoff in the catchment. = 6.41 - 5.54 = 0.87m
7
HAT (Highest Astronomical Tide) height is 0.44 m = 2.96 m
required at the job site.
Adopt calculated HAT height 2.96 m.
Successive high - low - high heights have been
measured and a typical tidal range is that on the 2 Note: It is again emphasised that the more
November, 1998. The nearest tide gauge measurements of low to high or high to low tides
(Queensland Transport) is that at Mackay Outer at the job site, the more accurate the calculation
Harbour and the nearest high and low tide levels the tide ratio and predicted tide levels become.
on that day are shown for comparison below.
Step 3
Time Tide Heights (m)
Job Site Mackay Outer Harbour Calculate the Mean High Water Springs
9.00 2.052 (MHWS) and Mean Low water Springs
9.09 5.52 (high tide) (MLWS) heights at the job site.
10.00 2.522
At Mackay Outer Harbour,
11.00 2.482
12.00 1.422 MHWS = 5.28 m
13.00 0.432 MLWS = 0.72 m
14.00 -0.038
15.27 0.40 (low tide) Difference in spring tides = 5.28 - 0.72 m = 4.56 m
7.10 Floodway Calculations (to the extreme of a flood free road) may reduce
the overall cost of the job.
The following example illustrates principles of
floodway design described in Section 4.2.3. Step 1
Reference should be made to this Section for
design curves and to Section 4.2.2. List all relevant criteria:
Required standard: Trafficable in a 20 year ARI
This example initially fixes the allowable depth of
flood.
water over the road i.e. the headwater, and the
7
order of calculations is different to that shown in Time of closure: Maximum of 1 day in a 50 year
Section 4.2.2. ARI flood. (Calculated hydrograph shows this
maximum only a matter of hours - not included
However, both Case A and Case B calculations in here).
the Section are also carried out, Case A being
Batter protection: Grass.
critical to check the allowable velocity through
the culverts and Case B to calculate the afflux for Width of floodway: 10 m.
floods larger than the design flood. Road crossfall: 3 %
Required:
Step 2
A floodway with 20 year trafficability is required
to be designed over a natural open channel Calculate the rating curve for the unrestricted
approximately trapezoidal in shape. channel.
The floodway would be approximately 90 to From open channel hydraulic calculations similar
100m long and for cost reasons, road batters will to those shown in Section 7.1, key results are:
be grass covered only for protection against scour. Q50 = 162 m/s @ Ht 322.76 m
Q20 = 130.4 m/s @ Ht 322.58 m,
Preliminary Considerations: V = 0.68 m/s
Because the batters will be protected by grass Q10 = 108.1 m/s @ Ht 322.44 m
only, culverts will be required to build up the Q = 70 m/s @ Ht 322.13 m
tailwater to not more than 300 mm below the
edge of the downstream shoulder when
Step 3
overtopping of the road first occurs. Allowing
for crossfall, there will be a head of 450 mm Adopt a road level and calculate the maximum
and a velocity of about 2.30-2.45 m/s through allowable depth of water over the road.
the culverts if this minimum tailwater is
adopted. Is this acceptable on this job? (This Adopt the road level at the unrestricted 20 year
will be answered in the example). ARI flood level and show the cross-sectional
details in Figure 7.14.
For 20 year ARI trafficability, the floodway
level should be at the 20 year unrestricted flood
level to allow the maximum amount of water
over the road and save on culvert and overall
costs.
In general it is only in very long floodways
with very little velocity in the open channel
and/or where costly protection is unavoidable, Figure 7.14
that increasing culvert requirements by raising
the road, thus decreasing the flow over the road
7
These considerations apply to this example and
V2 0.682
h=H = 0.300 the velocity is acceptable. The discharge of
2g 2 x 9 .8 70m/s required through the culverts corresponds
to a tailwater Ht 322.13 m (0.45 m below the
h = 0.28 m
crown of the road).
Step 4
Step 6
Calculate the discharge over the road and
Detailed culvert design
through the culverts in a 20 year ARI flood.
Case 1 requires culverts to take a discharge of
The total discharge over the road and through the
104.5 m/s operating under a head of 0.3 m.
culverts must equal the discharge in the
unrestricted channel downstream with flow at Case 2 requires culverts to take 70 m/s from a
height 322.58 m. head of 450 mm.
i.e. Qtot = QR + QC = 130.4 m/s Obviously more culverts will be required from
Case 1. Proceed with the design of culverts to take
Flow over the road,
104.5 m/s.
QR = CfLH1.5 (Section 4.2.3.3 for free flow,
tailwater not above crown level of road) Height of culvert opening, D, from
D = crown level of road - crossfall - minimum fill
where Cf = coefficient of discharge
above culvert - thickness of deck slab - invert
Cf = 1.674 (From Figure F14, level
H/1 =.30/10 = 0.03 <0.15)
D = 322.58 - 5 x 0.03 - 0.100 - 0.180 - 320.55
L = length of floodway = 94 m D = 1.60 m.
Step 7