Utility Programs for DRAINS

Geoffrey O'Loughlin
Anstad Pty Ltd

March 2008

This collection of spreadsheet utilities can be applied to create inputs for the DRAINS Program (www.watercom.com.au).
DRAINS can accept a number of inputs from spreadsheets, such as rainfall intensity patterns, detention basin elevation-st
relationships, weir characteristics and hydrographs.

Some of the procedures set out here may be eventually in corporated into DRAINS, but most are more easily implemented
using the capabilities of Excel.

Disclaimer

These worksheets are supplied to users of the DRAINS program by Anstad Pty Ltd on the basis that they will check the va
of the results obtained and the methods used. Tests can be made by varying the program inputs and inspecting cell formu

Anstad Pty Ltd does not accept liability for loss or damage of any kind claimed to arise either directly or indirectly
from use of this spreadsheet.

INDEX

The following worksheets are provided in this version:

Under the 'Rainfalls' Tag:

1. Worksheet Calculating Intensities from Australian Rainfall & Runoff 1977 Polynomials
2. Worksheet Calculating Probable Maximum Precipitation Patterns from Bureau of Meteorology (2003)
3. Worksheet Setting Up Embedded Design Storms
4. Temporal Patterns for Gold Coast City Council Area

Under the 'Ponding' Tag:

Worksheet defining Ponded Volumes at Sag Pits for use in DRAINS

Under the 'Basin Areas' Tag:

Worksheet Calculating Elevation-Surface Area Relationships for Detention Basins of Certain Shapes

Under the 'Weirs' Tag:

1. Worksheet Calculating an Elevation-Discharge Relationship for a Series of Weirs
2. Worksheet Calculating an Elevation-Discharge Relationship for a Parabolic Weir

Under the 'Orifices' Tag:

Worksheet Calculating an Elevation-Discharge Relationship for a Circular Orifice or for Multiple Orifices

Under the 'Pumping' Tag:

Worksheet Establishing a Pumping Curve Relationship for use with DRAINS

Under the 'Tailwater' Tag:

Worksheet Setting Time-Varying Tailwater Levels
 gram (www.watercom.com.au).
erns, detention basin elevation-storage

most are more easily implemented and varied

e basis that they will check the validity

m inputs and inspecting cell formulae.

her directly or indirectly

orology (2003)

ultiple Orifices
Four sheets are provided here.

1. Worksheet Calculating Intensities from Australian Rainfall & Runoff 1977 Polynomials

Enter the 49 required factors in the table below. Results appear in the green cells.

ARI Factors
(years) A B C D E F

1 2.5841 -0.5792 -0.0132 0.00935 -0.001792 -0.0004220

2 2.8558 -0.5853 -0.0145 0.00817 -0.001339 -0.0002754
5 3.1293 -0.6054 -0.0133 0.00776 -0.001225 -0.0001459
10 3.2768 -0.6162 -0.0130 0.00716 -0.001019 -0.0000301
20 3.4463 -0.6254 -0.0130 0.00677 -0.000855 0.0000469
50 3.6459 -0.6362 -0.0131 0.00596 -0.000570 0.0001824
100 3.7837 -0.6435 -0.0130 0.00542 -0.000415 0.0002791

Duration Average Recurrence Interval (years)

(minutes) 1 2 5 10 20 50

5 44.2 59.2 81.8 97.6 118.4 148.9

6 41.4 55.3 76.4 91.1 110.4 138.8
7 39.0 52.1 71.8 85.5 103.6 130.0
8 37.0 49.4 67.9 80.7 97.6 122.3
9 35.2 47.0 64.4 76.5 92.4 115.7
10 33.7 44.9 61.4 72.8 87.9 109.8
12 31.1 41.3 56.3 66.6 80.2 99.9
15 28.0 37.1 50.3 59.3 71.3 88.5
20 24.3 32.1 43.2 50.8 60.8 75.2
25 21.6 28.5 38.2 44.7 53.5 65.9
30 19.6 25.8 34.5 40.2 48.0 59.1
35 18.0 23.7 31.5 36.7 43.7 53.7
40 16.7 22.0 29.1 33.9 40.3 49.5
45 15.6 20.5 27.2 31.6 37.5 46.0
50 14.7 19.3 25.5 29.6 35.2 43.0
55 13.9 18.3 24.1 27.9 33.1 40.5
minutes 60 13.3 17.4 22.9 26.5 31.4 38.3
hours 1.5 10.5 13.7 17.9 20.6 24.3 29.6
2 8.8 11.5 15.0 17.2 20.3 24.5
3 7.0 9.1 11.7 13.4 15.7 18.9
4 5.9 7.6 9.8 11.2 13.1 15.7
6 4.6 6.0 7.6 8.7 10.1 12.1
9 3.6 4.7 6.0 6.8 7.9 9.4
12 3.1 3.9 5.0 5.7 6.6 7.8
18 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.4 5.1 6.1
24 2.0 2.5 3.2 3.7 4.3 5.1
36 1.5 1.9 2.5 2.8 3.3 3.9
48 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.3
60 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.8
72 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.5
2. Worksheet Calculating Probable Maximum Precipitation Patterns from Bureau of Meteorolog

A developed version of the method given in previous Bulletins 51 and 53 is available for download from www.bom.gov.au/h
This procedure only determines the rainfall patterns. It does not apply the spatial distribution procedure described in Secti

FOLLOW THE PROCEDURES BELOW, ENTERING VALUES IN THE YELLOW BOXES.

1. Use one of the procedures below to determine probable maximum precipitation depths for various durations.

If area >= 1 km2,

Catchment Area (km2) 2 Duration Smooth

Percent Rough (%) 25 Section 4.2 (h) Depth
Elevation of Catchment (m) 50 Section 4.3 (mm)
Moisture Adjustment Factor (%) 67 Figure 3 0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
Enter depths from Figure 4
If area < 1 km2, for the particular catchment area.

Catchment Area (km2) 1 Duration Smooth

Percent Rough (%) 25 Section 4.2 (h) Depth
Elevation of Catchment (m) 50 Section 4.3 (mm)
Moisture Adjustment Factor (%) 67 Figure 3 0.25 245
0.5 350
0.75 440
1 510
1.5 580
2 647
2.5 690
3 722
4 793
5 856
6 900

2. Transfer the results from either Note: Depths are calculated from tho
of the above procedures to corresponding to zero area and to 1 k
the coloured columns below.

Adjusted
Depth 3. The intensities in the coloured columns given below can be transferred directly to the ra
(mm) Using your mouse, select the numbers in the pairs of columns required and choose Copy from t
160 Go to the DRAINS rainfall data base using the Project -> Rainfall Data
230 When the new window appears, click the Paste button. The numbers and accompanying graph
290 Repeat the process as required.
340
400 15 Minute Pattern 30 Minute Pattern
450 Time IntensitiesPercentages Time Intensities
490 (minutes) (mm/h) (%) (minutes) (mm/h)
520 0 845 44 0 552
580 5 730 38 5 662
630 10 346 18 10 552
660 15 15 497
20 331
25 166
30

1.5 Hour Pattern 2 Hour Pattern

Time IntensitiesPercentages Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h) (%) (minutes) (mm/h)
0 240 5 0 252
5 336 7 15 324
10 384 8 30 306
15 432 9 45 270
20 384 8 60 252
25 336 7 75 198
30 336 7 90 126
35 336 7 105 72
40 288 6 120
45 288 6
50 288 6
55 288 6
60 240 5
65 192 4
70 144 3
75 144 3
80 96 2
85 48 1
90

4 Hour Pattern 5 Hour Pattern

Time IntensitiesPercentages Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h) (%) (minutes) (mm/h)
0 139 6 0 101
15 186 8 15 151
30 232 10 30 202
45 209 9 45 176
60 209 9 60 176
75 186 8 75 176
90 186 8 90 176
105 162 7 105 176
120 162 7 120 151
135 139 6 135 151
150 139 6 150 126
 165 116 5 165 126
180 93 4 180 126
195 70 3 195 126
210 46 2 210 101
225 46 2 225 76
240 240 76
255 50
270 50
285 25
300

Note: The method can only be used for durations up to 3 hours

over a large part of southern and central Australia, including South Australia,
western NSW and western Victoria - see Figure 2 of the Bulletin.

3. Worksheet Setting Up Embedded Design Storms

The applicability of the design rainfall patterns in Australia Rainfall and Runoff has been questioned by Phillips (1995), Rigb
who have suggested that rainfall burst patterns be embedded into longer patterns of the same ARI, to allow for rainfall occ

This section shows an example of an embedded storm, and provides the numerical percentage data specifying the pattern
shown in Figure 3.2 of Australian Rainfall and Runoff (1987). It is not possible to provide a general procedure because ma
storm durations are involved Those wishing to use this procedure will need to set up their own cells in the same way as sh
are provided for all zones.

References:
Phillips, B.C. (1995) Drainage Design Practice for Land Development - Rational Formula Procedures
Rigby, E.H. and Bannigan, D.J. (1996) The Embedded Design Storm Concept - A Critical Review
Rigby, T., Boyd, M., Roso, S., VanDrie, R. (2003) Storms, Storm Bursts and Flood Estimation, A Need for Review of the A

The following example shows a 1 hour storm embedded in a 9 hour duration pattern.

1 hour intensity (mm/h) 99 9 hour intensity (mm/h) 25.4

Total Depth (mm) 99 Total Depth (mm) 228.6

Depth of Highest 1 Hour (mm) 71.5518 Correction Factor

1. Set out the 9 hour 2. Locate the 1 hour pattern over

pattern using the shorter the highest 1 hour part of the 3. Select the orange columns below
time step for the 1 hour 9 hour pattern, and scale other and transfer to the rainfall datab
pattern. depths by the correction factor. in DRAINS.

Original Adjusted
9 hour 1 hour 9 hour
Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall
Period Time Depths Depths Depths Time
(minutes) (mm) (mm) (mm) (minutes)

1 0 3.31 2.74 0
2 5 3.31 2.74 5
3 10 3.31 2.74 10
 4 15 3.31 2.74 15
5 20 3.31 2.74 20
6 25 3.31 2.74 25
7 30 4.57 4.26 4.26 30
8 35 4.57 7.23 7.23 35
9 40 4.57 15.94 15.94 40
10 45 4.57 11.48 11.48 45
11 50 4.57 21.48 21.48 50
12 55 4.57 9.90 9.90 55
13 60 7.35 8.91 8.91 60
14 65 7.35 5.94 5.94 65
15 70 7.35 5.15 5.15 70
16 75 7.35 3.47 3.47 75
17 80 7.35 2.97 2.97 80
18 85 7.35 2.28 2.28 85
19 90 1.52 1.26 90
20 95 1.52 1.26 95
21 100 1.52 1.26 100
22 105 1.52 1.26 105
23 110 1.52 1.26 110
24 115 1.52 1.26 115
25 120 1.37 1.13 120
26 125 1.37 1.13 125
27 130 1.37 1.13 130
28 135 1.37 1.13 135
29 140 1.37 1.13 140
30 145 1.37 1.13 145
31 150 1.79 1.48 150
32 155 1.79 1.48 155
33 160 1.79 1.48 160
34 165 1.79 1.48 165
35 170 1.79 1.48 170
36 175 1.79 1.48 175
37 180 2.36 1.95 180
38 185 2.36 1.95 185
39 190 2.36 1.95 190
40 195 2.36 1.95 195
41 200 2.36 1.95 200
42 205 2.36 1.95 205
43 210 0.84 0.69 210
44 215 0.84 0.69 215
45 220 0.84 0.69 220
46 225 0.84 0.69 225
47 230 0.84 0.69 230
48 235 0.84 0.69 235
49 240 2.06 1.70 240
50 245 2.06 1.70 245
51 250 2.06 1.70 250
52 255 2.06 1.70 255
53 260 2.06 1.70 260
54 265 2.06 1.70 265
55 270 1.18 0.97 270
56 275 1.18 0.97 275
57 280 1.18 0.97 280
 58 285 1.18 0.97 285
59 290 1.18 0.97 290
60 295 1.18 0.97 295
61 300 2.74 2.26 300
62 305 2.74 2.26 305
63 310 2.74 2.26 310
64 315 2.74 2.26 315
65 320 2.74 2.26 320
66 325 2.74 2.26 325
67 330 4.19 3.46 330
68 335 4.19 3.46 335
69 340 4.19 3.46 340
70 345 4.19 3.46 345
71 350 4.19 3.46 350
72 355 4.19 3.46 355
73 360 1.22 1.01 360
74 365 1.22 1.01 365
75 370 1.22 1.01 370
76 375 1.22 1.01 375
77 380 1.22 1.01 380
78 385 1.22 1.01 385
79 390 0.88 0.72 390
80 395 0.88 0.72 395
81 400 0.88 0.72 400
82 405 0.88 0.72 405
83 410 0.88 0.72 410
84 415 0.88 0.72 415
85 420 0.72 0.60 420
86 425 0.72 0.60 425
87 430 0.72 0.60 430
88 435 0.72 0.60 435
89 440 0.72 0.60 440
90 445 0.72 0.60 445
91 450 0.57 0.47 450
92 455 0.57 0.47 455
93 460 0.57 0.47 460
94 465 0.57 0.47 465
95 470 0.57 0.47 470
96 475 0.57 0.47 475
97 480 0.91 0.75 480
98 485 0.91 0.75 485
99 490 0.91 0.75 490
100 495 0.91 0.75 495
101 500 0.91 0.75 500
102 505 0.91 0.75 505
103 510 0.50 0.41 510
104 515 0.50 0.41 515
105 520 0.50 0.41 520
106 525 0.50 0.41 525
107 530 0.50 0.41 530
108 535 0.50 0.41 535
540 540
Check 228.6 99 228.6
4. Temporal Patterns for Gold Coast City Council Area

These are taken from Attachment 3.5D in Section 3.5 of the Gold Coast City Council Land Development Guidelines
They differ from the Australian Rainfall and Runoff patterns.

5 Minute Pattern 10 Minute Pattern 15 Minute Pattern

ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1

Intensity 100 Intensity 100 Intensity 100
(mm/h) (mm/h) (mm/h)
Time Intensities Time Intensities Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h)
0 100 0 39.9 0 32.3
5 5 60.1 5 45.3
10 10 22.4
15

25 Minute Pattern 30 Minute Pattern 45 Minute Pattern

ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1

Intensity 100 Intensity 100 Intensity 100
(mm/h) (mm/h) (mm/h)
Time Intensities Time Intensities Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h)
0 13.7 0 13.2 0 6.2
5 33.6 5 29.8 5 9.7
10 24.5 10 22.5 10 11.2
15 18.4 15 17.2 15 24.3
20 9.8 20 10.1 20 18.6
25 25 7.2 25 13.5
30 30 7.7
35 4.9
40 3.9
45

1.5 Hour Pattern 2 Hour Pattern 3 Hour Pattern

ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1

 Intensity 100 Intensity 100 Intensity 100
(mm/h) (mm/h) (mm/h)
Time Intensities Time Intensities Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h)
0 2.9 0 2.0 0 4.4
5 4.4 5 2.6 15 16.5
10 8.3 10 5.5 30 23.0
15 9.0 15 14.3 45 10.8
20 16.5 20 11.4 60 7.0
25 13.1 25 6.7 75 6.1
30 6.6 30 7.9 90 5.2
35 6.3 35 6.1 105 7.0
40 5.8 40 4.5 120 10.2
45 5.1 45 3.9 135 3.9
50 3.7 50 3.5 150 3.3
55 4.1 55 3.2 165 2.6
60 3.3 60 3.0 180
65 2.6 65 2.4
70 2.4 70 2.7
75 2.1 75 3.3
80 2.0 80 2.5
85 1.8 85 2.9
90 90 2.2
95 2.1
100 1.9
105 1.8
110 1.8
115 1.8
120

6 Hour Pattern 9 Hour Pattern 12 Hour Pattern

ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1

Intensity 100 Intensity 100 Intensity 100
(mm/h) (mm/h) (mm/h)
Time Intensities Time Intensities Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h)
0 3.9 0 2.6 0 1.8
30 4.5 30 3.2 30 1.2
60 5.9 60 1.7 60 1.5
90 10.8 90 2.3 90 1.7
120 22.9 120 4.1 120 2.3
150 8.0 150 3.7 150 2.4
180 16.2 180 5.4 180 2.9
210 6.9 210 7.1 210 4.0
240 5.2 240 10.8 240 4.8
270 3.2 270 10.2 270 3.9
300 9.9 300 17.5 300 4.8
330 2.6 330 6.9 330 11.1
360 360 5.2 360 5.7
390 4.6 390 14.9
420 2.9 420 6.8
450 1.9 450 5.5
480 6.4 480 4.3
 510 3.5 510 3.3
540 540 3.5
570 2.1
600 2.6
630 3.0
660 3.0
690 2.9
720

24 Hour Pattern 30 Hour Pattern 36 Hour Pattern

ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1 ARI (years) 1

Intensity 100 Intensity 100 Intensity 100
(mm/h) (mm/h) (mm/h)
Time Intensities Time Intensities Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h) (minutes) (mm/h)
0 2.4 0 2.4 0 1.7
60 1.0 120 2.0 120 0.9
120 1.5 240 1.6 240 1.2
180 1.0 360 2.9 360 2.0
240 1.8 480 3.2 480 2.3
300 3.4 600 5.5 600 6.9
360 4.5 720 5.9 720 3.6
420 5.5 840 10.6 840 4.3
480 3.6 960 9.1 960 5.6
540 4.8 1080 22.6 1080 3.2
600 6.8 1200 14.5 1200 20.9
660 7.9 1320 7.3 1320 11.4
720 16.2 1440 4.0 1440 9.4
780 3.7 1560 3.3 1560 13.4
840 7.5 1680 5.1 1680 6.0
900 9.4 1800 1800 3.1
960 3.7 1920 2.6
1020 3.2 2040 1.5
1080 2.1 2160
1140 2.6
1200 1.9
1260 1.9
1320 1.8
1380 1.8
1440

72 Hour Pattern

ARI (years) 1
Intensity 100
(mm/h)
Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h)
0 5.3
240 2.0
480 3.5
720 6.3
960 3.8
1200 2.4
1440 12.6
1680 17.2
1920 25.0
2160 6.3
2400 3.1
2640 2.6
2880 2.3
3120 1.8
3360 1.6
3600 1.5
3840 1.4
4080 1.3
4320
noff 1977 Polynomials

appear in the green cells.

0.0000784 This is an obsolete method for calculating

0.0000419 rainfall intensities using polynomial equations.
0.0000198 While it was superseded by another method
-0.0000060 in the 1987 Australian Rainfall & Runoff, it is
-0.0000220 still widely used, and the parameters A to G
-0.0000531 are still available on information provided by the
-0.0000733 Bureau of Meteorology.

100

174.1
162.3
152.0
142.9
135.0
128.0
116.3
102.8
87.1
76.2
68.1
61.9
56.9
52.9
49.4
46.5
44.0
33.8
28.0
21.5
17.8
13.7
10.6
8.9
6.9
5.8
4.5
3.7
3.2
2.8
 s from Bureau of Meteorology (2003)

or download from www.bom.gov.au/hydro/has/gsdm_document.shtml

ribution procedure described in Section 6 of the document.

ion depths for various durations.

Rough Averaged Adjusted Rounded

Depth Depth Depth Depth
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Enter depths from Figure 4
or the particular catchment area. Check - Depths taken from Figure 4
Point 1 km2 Point 1 km2
Rough Averaged Adjusted Rounded Value Value Value Value
Depth Depth Depth Depth (Smooth) (Rough) (Rough)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
245 245 164 160 250 245 250 245
350 350 235 230 360 350 360 350
440 440 295 290 460 440 460 440
510 510 342 340 570 510 570 510
655 599 401 400 640 580 740 655
770 678 454 450 710 647 880 770
852 731 489 490 760 690 990 852
938 776 520 520 810 722 1090 938
1065 861 577 580 900 793 1250 1065
1176 936 627 630 960 856 1360 1176
1242 986 660 660 1000 900 1450 1242

Note: Depths are calculated from those in Bulletin 53

corresponding to zero area and to 1 km2.

an be transferred directly to the rainfall data base in DRAINS.

mns required and choose Copy from the View menu.
Rainfall Data option in DRAINS. Click the Add a New Storm button.
e numbers and accompanying graph will appear. Enter a suitable title.
 45 Minute Pattern 60 Minute Pattern
Percentages Time IntensitiesPercentages Time IntensitiesPercentages
(%) (minutes) (mm/h) (%) (minutes) (mm/h) (%)
20 0 418 12 0 326 8
24 5 592 17 5 490 12
20 10 522 15 10 490 12
18 15 487 14 15 490 12
12 20 452 13 20 449 11
6 25 383 11 25 408 10
30 313 9 30 367 9
35 209 6 35 326 8
40 104 3 40 286 7
45 45 204 5
50 163 4
55 82 2
60

2.5 Hour Pattern 3 Hour Pattern

Percentages Time IntensitiesPercentages Time IntensitiesPercentages
(%) (minutes) (mm/h) (%) (minutes) (mm/h) (%)
14 0 196 10 0 166 8
18 15 294 15 15 250 12
17 30 274 14 30 250 12
15 45 255 13 45 250 12
14 60 235 12 60 229 11
11 75 216 11 75 208 10
7 90 196 10 90 187 9
4 105 137 7 105 166 8
120 98 5 120 146 7
135 59 3 135 104 5
150 150 83 4
165 42 2
180

6 Hour Pattern
Percentages Time IntensitiesPercentages
(%) (minutes) (mm/h) (%)
4 0 106 4
6 15 106 4
8 30 158 6
7 45 158 6
7 60 158 6
7 75 158 6
7 90 158 6
7 105 158 6
6 120 158 6
6 135 132 5
5 150 132 5
 5 165 132 5
5 180 132 5
5 195 132 5
4 210 106 4
3 225 106 4
3 240 79 3
2 255 79 3
2 270 79 3
1 285 53 2
300 53 2
315 53 2
330 26 1
South Australia, 345 26 1
360

en questioned by Phillips (1995), Rigby and Bannigan (1996) and Rigby et al (2003),
he same ARI, to allow for rainfall occurring before the design burst.

ercentage data specifying the patterns applying to the eight zones of Australia
vide a general procedure because many combinations of times steps and
their own cells in the same way as shown in the example. Percentage rainfalls

mula Procedures, 2nd International Symposium on Urban Stormwater Management, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Melbourne
itical Review, 23rd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Hobart
stimation, A Need for Review of the AR&R Procedures, 28th Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Institution of Engineers, Aus

Correction Factor 0.82522436

3. Select the orange columns below

and transfer to the rainfall database
in DRAINS.

Adjusted
9 hour 25.00
Rainfall
Intensities
(mm/h)

32.82 20.00
32.82
9 hour Pattern
32.82
Adjusted Pattern including 1 hour Pattern
l Depths (mm)

15.00
 20.00

9 hour Pattern
Adjusted Pattern including 1 hour Pattern
32.82

Rainfall Depths (mm)

32.82 15.00
32.82
51.08
86.72
191.27
137.81 10.00
257.80
118.80
106.92
71.28 5.00
61.78
41.58
35.64
27.32
15.09 0.00
15.09 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738
15.09
15.09
15.09
15.09 Base Data:
13.58
13.58 Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 1, South-East Coast Division and Tasmania,
13.58
13.58 Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
13.58 Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
13.58 Period
17.73 1 100 57 32 19 17 16
17.73 2 43 50 43 28 25
17.73 3 18 30 39 33
17.73 4 8 9 9
17.73 5 7 11
17.73 6 6
23.39 7
23.39 8
23.39 9
23.39 10
23.39 11
23.39 12
8.30 13
8.30 14
8.30 15
8.30 16
8.30 17
8.30 18
20.37 19
20.37 20
20.37 21
20.37 22
20.37 23
20.37 24
11.70
11.70 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
11.70
11.70
11.70 Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 1, South-East Coast Division and Tasmania,
11.70
27.17 Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
27.17 Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
27.17 Period
27.17 1 100 54 33 20 18 16
27.17 2 46 47 40 26 24
27.17 3 20 30 35 30
41.50 4 10 11 10
41.50 5 10 12
41.50 6 8
41.50 7
41.50 8
41.50 9
12.07 10
12.07 11
12.07 12
12.07 13
12.07 14
12.07 15
8.68 16
8.68 17
8.68 18
8.68 19
8.68 20
8.68 21
7.17 22
7.17 23
7.17 24
7.17
7.17 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
7.17
5.66
5.66 Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 2, Murray-Darling Division, ARI <= 30 years
5.66
5.66 Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
5.66 Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
5.66 Period
9.06 1 100 57 32 19 17 16
9.06 2 43 50 43 28 25
9.06 3 18 30 39 33
9.06 4 8 9 9
9.06 5 7 11
9.06 6 6
4.90 7
4.90 8
4.90 9
4.90 10
4.90 11
4.90 12
13
14
15
 16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 2, Murray-Darling Division, ARI > 30 years

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 54 33 20 18 16
2 46 47 40 26 24
3 20 30 35 30
4 10 11 10
5 10 12
6 8
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 3, North-East Coast Division, ARI <= 30 years

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 57 32 19 17 16
2 43 50 43 28 25
3 18 30 39 33
 4 8 9 9
5 7 11
6 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 3, North-East Coast Division, ARI > 30 years

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 54 33 20 18 16
2 46 47 40 26 24
3 20 30 35 30
4 10 11 10
5 10 12
6 8
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 4, Timor Sea and Gulf of Carpenteria Divisio

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 57 32 19 17 16
2 43 50 43 28 25
3 18 30 39 33
4 8 9 9
5 7 11
6 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 4, Tomor Sea and Gulf of Carpenteria Divisio

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 54 33 20 18 16
2 46 47 40 26 24
3 20 30 35 30
4 10 11 10
5 10 12
6 8
7
8
9
10
11
12
 13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 5, Lake Eyre and Western Plateau Divisions,

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 57 32 19 17 16
2 43 50 43 28 25
3 18 30 39 33
4 8 9 9
5 7 11
6 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 5, Lake Eyre and Western Plateau Divisions,

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
 1 100 54 33 20 18 16
2 46 47 40 26 24
3 20 30 35 30
4 10 11 10
5 10 12
6 8
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 6, South Australian Gulf Division, ARI <= 30

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 57 32 19 17 16
2 43 50 43 28 25
3 18 30 39 33
4 8 9 9
5 7 11
6 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
 22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 6, South Australian Gulf Division, ARI > 30 ye

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 54 33 20 18 16
2 46 47 40 26 24
3 20 30 35 30
4 10 11 10
5 10 12
6 8
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 7, Indian Ocean Division, ARI <= 30 years

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 57 32 19 17 16
2 43 50 43 28 25
3 18 30 39 33
4 8 9 9
5 7 11
6 6
7
8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 7, Indian Ocean Division, ARI > 30 years

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 54 33 20 18 16
2 46 47 40 26 24
3 20 30 35 30
4 10 11 10
5 10 12
6 8
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 8, South-West Coast Division, ARI <= 30 yea
 Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 57 32 19 17 16
2 43 50 43 28 25
3 18 30 39 33
4 8 9 9
5 7 11
6 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Zone 8, South-West Coast Division, ARI > 30 years

Duration (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5 5 5 5
Period
1 100 54 33 20 18 16
2 46 47 40 26 24
3 20 30 35 30
4 10 11 10
5 10 12
6 8
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Land Development Guidelines (2005).

20 Minute Pattern
Percentage Rainfall Depths for Gold Coast City Coun
ARI (years) 1
Intensity 100 Duration (minutes) 5 10 15
(mm/h) Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5
Time Intensities Period
(minutes) (mm/h) 1 100 39.9 32.3
0 19.9 2 60.1 45.3
5 38.3 3 22.4
10 27.5 4
15 14.3 5
20 6
7
1 Hour Pattern 8
9
ARI (years) 1 10
Intensity 100 11
(mm/h) 12
Time Intensities 13
(minutes) (mm/h) 14
0 4.0 15
5 7.5 16
10 9.6 17
15 13.4 18
20 13.2 19
25 21.2 20
30 8.5 21
35 6.3 22
40 5.3 23
45 4.6 24
50 3.4
55 3.0 Total 100 100 100
60

4.5 Hour Pattern

Percentage Rainfall Depths for Gold Coast City Coun
ARI (years) 1
 Intensity 100 Duration (minutes) 5 10 15
(mm/h) Time Step (minutes) 5 5 5
Time Intensities Period
(minutes) (mm/h) 1 100 45.1 33
0 8.5 2 54.9 39.6
15 6.2 3 27.4
30 4.4 4
45 7.2 5
60 4.8 6
75 5.4 7
90 3.6 8
105 9.3 9
120 17.7 10
135 12.7 11
150 4.0 12
165 2.6 13
180 2.3 14
195 2.1 15
210 1.4 16
225 2.9 17
240 3.2 18
255 1.7 19
270 20
21
22
23
24

Total 100 100 100

18 Hour Pattern

ARI (years) 1
Intensity 100
(mm/h)
Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h)
0 2.5
60 1.8
120 1.4
180 3.7
240 4.1
300 7.5
360 12.8
420 18.5
480 5.3
540 8.4
600 7.1
660 5.2
720 5.8
780 4.6
840 3.4
900 2.7
960 3.1
 1020 2.1
1080

48 Hour Pattern

ARI (years) 1
Intensity 100
(mm/h)
Time Intensities
(minutes) (mm/h)
0 1.7
120 1.4
240 1.5
360 1.6
480 2.5
600 2.7
720 1.8
840 3.0
960 2.2
1080 3.5
1200 3.3
1320 5.4
1440 19.4
1560 10.8
1680 6.9
1800 3.7
1920 5.8
2040 9.8
2160 3.3
2280 3.9
2400 2.0
2520 1.3
2640 1.3
2760 1.2
2880
Percentages

Percentages
rs, Australia, Melbourne

Institution of Engineers, Australia, Wollongong

ncluding 1 hour Pattern

ncluding 1 hour Pattern

2627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384

Period

t Division and Tasmania, ARI <= 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

4.8 3.9 3.2 2.2 5.3 1.5 3.6 2.2 1.4

14.2 7 5.9 5.3 17.6 5.3 7.8 6.2 4.4
24.7 16.8 14.6 3.1 25.1 10.2 11.4 4.1 3.3
18.3 12 8.2 4.9 8.7 7.8 25 4.3 1.5
9.5 23.2 10.4 9.6 12.1 19.1 16 3.1 0.5
11.6 10.1 21 5.2 7.6 13.6 8.2 10.9 2.4
7.5 8.9 5.4 18 5.5 4.5 6.7 2.5 2.3
6.1 5.7 5.3 12.4 6.4 3.1 6.7 4.5 4.6
3.3 4.8 4.4 5.6 4.3 6.8 4.7 7.6 3.5
3.1 3.1 3.1 3.5 5.5 5.7 18.9 2.3
2.6 4.3 3.3 2.4 4.3 2.7 13.8 3.4
1.9 3.4 4.2 1.5 3.4 1.5 6.5 7.1
2.1 4.3 3.6 5.3 9.6
2.4 2.1 2.5 3.2 17
2.2 2.2 3.5 2.1 3.3
1.3 3.4 2.4 2.4 0.6
1.5 1.9 1.5 1.1 4.8
1.3 1.2 1.4 1.3 11.9
1 6.1
2.3 5
0.9 1.4
1.3 2.5
1.1 0.6
1.4 0.5

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

t Division and Tasmania, ARI > 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

5.3 4.3 3.5 2.4 5.7 1.6 4.1 2.4 1.6

13.9 7.3 5.9 5.2 16.8 5.4 8 6.3 4.5
23.3 16.1 13.9 3.3 23.4 9.8 11 4.4 3.5
17.7 11.6 8 4.9 8.7 7.6 23.3 4.5 1.6
9.8 21.7 10 9.1 11.8 17.8 15.3 3.4 0.6
11.7 10 19.5 5.2 7.8 12.9 8.1 10.5 2.6
7.9 9 5.5 16.7 5.8 4.7 7 2.8 2.6
6.5 6 5.4 11.9 6.7 3.4 7 4.7 4.7
3.9 5.2 4.5 5.3 4.8 6.8 5.1 7.4 3.6
3.5 3.5 3.3 3.8 5.6 6.1 17.6 2.6
3 4.5 3.4 2.8 4.5 3.1 13.1 3.6
2.3 3.6 4.3 1.9 3.7 1.9 6.5 7
2.4 4.3 3.8 5.4 9.2
2.6 2.4 2.7 3.5 15.8
2.6 2.4 3.8 2.4 3.5
1.6 3.4 2.7 2.5 0.6
1.5 2.4 1.6 1.3 4.8
1.5 1.2 1.6 1.3 11.3
1.2 6
2.5 4.9
1.2 1.6
1.3 2.7
1.3 0.6
1.4 0.5

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

ivision, ARI <= 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

4.8 3.9 4.1 2.1 9.2 5 7.2 7.2 7.4

14.2 7 13 6.1 18.5 15.5 30.9 25.8 12.4
24.7 16.8 21.2 12.9 30.3 23.8 17.9 14.6 22.7
18.3 12 7.8 6.8 10.8 9.5 10.7 8.8 8.3
9.5 23.2 10.5 17.9 6.7 8.4 9.4 4.3 4.4
11.6 10.1 5.8 9.4 5.8 5.8 4.7 3.3 3.4
7.5 8.9 7.4 5.3 4.9 5.9 5.9 3.8 5.7
6.1 5.7 5.5 5 4 4.3 4 2.9 3
3.3 4.8 4.7 4.2 3.3 3.7 3.2 2.1 2.6
3.1 3.5 3.2 2.7 3.2 2.6 6 2.3
2.6 3 4.1 2.1 2.5 1.9 7.1 4.4
1.9 2.7 3.6 1.7 2.8 1.6 5.1 3.4
2.5 2.9 2.1 2.5 3.8
2.2 2.6 1.9 1.9 2.4
1.9 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.7
 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.5 2.2
1.4 1.8 1.3 1 2
1.1 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.6
1.5 1.4
1.3 1
1.2 1.3
1 0.9
0.8 1
0.5 0.7

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

ivision, ARI > 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

5.3 4.3 4.4 2.3 9.3 5.3 7.5 7.2 7.3

13.9 7.3 12.1 6 17.6 14.6 28.4 23.6 11.6
23.3 16.1 19.3 12.1 27.9 21.8 17 13.8 20.7
17.7 11.6 7.7 6.6 10.6 9.2 10.5 8.5 7.9
9.8 21.7 10.1 16.3 7 8.4 9.5 4.5 4.5
11.7 10 5.9 8.9 6.1 6 5.2 3.6 3.5
7.9 9 7.5 5.3 5.3 6 6.3 4.1 5.7
6.5 6 5.7 5.1 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.2 3.2
3.9 5.2 5 4.3 3.8 3.9 3.7 2.3 2.8
3.5 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.1 6.3 2.6
3 3.3 4.3 2.6 2.8 2.3 7.3 4.6
2.3 3 3.8 2.1 3.1 2 5.4 3.6
2.8 3.2 2.3 2.8 3.9
2.5 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.6
2.2 2.6 1.9 1.5 1.9
2 2.1 1.7 1.7 2.5
1.5 2.1 1.5 1.1 2.3
1.2 1.8 1.3 0.9 1.8
1.7 1.6
1.5 1.1
1.4 1.5
1.1 1
0.9 1.1
0.4 0.7

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Division, ARI <= 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

4.8 3.9 3.8 2.3 3.6 2.1 4.3 8.8 3.8

14.2 7 6.9 3.8 16.8 10.1 16.5 13 9.1
24.7 16.8 8.8 6.2 11.4 13.8 25.6 21.8 20.3
 18.3 12 4.6 4.2 24.1 18.7 4.8 3.7 3.7
9.5 23.2 12.8 11.3 9 7.1 12.6 3.2 6.6
11.6 10.1 5.7 4.3 8.1 6.8 8.9 4.4 13.7
7.5 8.9 16.7 14.5 6.9 5.8 7.7 6 1.8
6.1 5.7 10.4 9 4.8 3.5 4.9 1.9 1.7
3.3 4.8 5.1 7.3 5.8 3.1 5.8 5.1 2.2
3.1 4.8 4.4 4.1 4.4 3.6 2.7 4.3
2.6 4.3 4.2 3.1 5 3 7.2 3
1.9 2.3 3.8 2.3 5.7 2.3 11.4 6.6
3.4 3.4 3.9 2.8 4.9
3 3.1 2.8 1.9 2.7
2.7 2.8 2.4 1.6 2.5
2 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.5
1.6 2.6 1.6 2.1 1.5
1.1 2.3 1.3 1.1 3.4
1.8 2
1.4 1.2
1.7 1
1.3 1.1
1.1 0.8
0.8 0.6

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Division, ARI > 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

5.3 4.3 4.1 2.7 4.2 2.5 4.9 8.7 4

13.9 7.3 6.8 4 15.6 9.6 15.4 12 8.6
23.3 16.1 8.6 6 11.1 12.6 22.8 19.3 17.9
17.7 11.6 5 4.2 21.4 16.4 5.4 4 3.9
9.8 21.7 11.7 10.2 9 6.9 12.3 3.6 6.4
11.7 10 5.8 4.2 8.4 6.7 9 4.7 12.5
7.9 9 14.7 12.6 7.3 5.9 8 6.2 2.1
6.5 6 9.9 8.4 5.4 3.9 5.3 2.2 2
3.9 5.2 5.3 7 6.3 3.5 6.2 5.4 2.6
3.5 5.1 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.2 3.1 4.4
3 4.7 4.4 3.7 5.3 3.6 7.2 3.3
2.3 2.7 4 2.9 5.9 2.9 11 6.5
3.8 3.7 4.3 3.2 4.9
3.4 3.4 3.2 2.3 3
3.1 3.1 2.8 1.9 2.9
2.3 2.7 2.3 1.5 1.8
1.8 3 1.9 2.4 1.8
1.2 2.8 1.6 1.3 3.7
2.1 2.3
1.6 1.4
2 1.2
1.5 1.3
1.3 0.9
0.8 0.6
 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

ulf of Carpenteria Divisions, ARI <= 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

4.8 3.9 2.1 1.8 4.4 3.8 12.7 9.2 10.5

14.2 7 9.1 4.5 20.1 9.1 32.3 29.5 28.7
24.7 16.8 16.9 12.2 27.9 16.8 21.4 18.2 11.7
18.3 12 10.9 15.7 13.9 24.2 8.3 7.2 7
9.5 23.2 13.1 8.7 9.7 12.5 6.7 4.1 4.3
11.6 10.1 8 10.2 7.5 6 5 5.9 3.3
7.5 8.9 6 7 5.8 5.9 3.9 4.5 2.2
6.1 5.7 6.8 4.9 3.4 4.7 3 3.7 6
3.3 4.8 5 5.7 2.6 3.2 2.4 3.2 3.3
3.1 4.4 4 2.1 2.7 1.9 2.7 2.9
2.6 3.8 3.8 1.5 2.2 1.4 2.4 2.6
1.9 3.3 3.4 1.1 1.9 1 1.8 1.9
2.5 2.7 1.6 2.1 2.3
2.9 3 1.3 1.5 2.1
1.7 2.3 1.2 1.3 1.7
1.4 2.1 1.1 1 1.5
1.2 1.6 1 0.9 1.3
0.9 1.4 0.8 0.8 1.2
1.3 1.1
1.1 1
0.8 1
1 0.7
0.5 1
0.3 0.7

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

ulf of Carpenteria Divisions, ARI > 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

5.3 4.3 2.8 2.5 5.5 4.5 12.4 8.6 9.5

13.9 7.3 8.8 4.9 17.9 9.2 25.9 23.3 22.3
23.3 16.1 12.7 9.9 22.3 14.6 19.1 15.9 9.7
17.7 11.6 9.8 11.6 13.5 19 8.9 7.3 6.7
9.8 21.7 10.9 8.1 10.2 11.7 7.7 4.7 4.4
11.7 10 8.2 8.9 8.4 6.3 6.1 6.2 3.4
7.9 9 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.6 5.1 4.9 2.8
6.5 6 7.1 5.1 4.5 5.5 4.2 4.5 6
3.9 5.2 5.7 5.7 3.6 3.9 3.5 4 3.7
3.5 5.2 4.5 3.1 3.4 3 3.5 3.3
3 4.6 4.5 2.4 2.8 2.3 3.2 3.1
2.3 4.1 4.2 1.8 2.5 1.8 2.6 2.6
 3.3 3.5 2.2 2.9 2.8
3.7 3.8 1.8 2.2 2.8
2.2 3 1.7 2 2.4
1.8 2.9 1.6 1.5 2.2
1.5 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.9
1 2 1.2 1.3 1.9
1.9 1.8
1.4 1.6
1 1.7
1.2 0.4
0.3 1.8
0.1 1.2

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

estern Plateau Divisions, ARI <= 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

4.8 3.9 7.3 2.6 8.5 5.6 11 14.3 12

14.2 7 13.1 6.6 30 23.7 33.1 30.6 28.1
24.7 16.8 22 13.2 19.9 16.4 19.2 8.8 7.9
18.3 12 10.7 16.9 13 11.8 8.4 7.2 4.5
9.5 23.2 8.9 10.3 7 8.4 7.1 6.3 7.1
11.6 10.1 6 7.9 5.6 3.7 5.5 5.4 4.8
7.5 8.9 5.1 5.8 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.8 4.4
6.1 5.7 4.4 4.9 3.6 7 3.4 4.1 3.9
3.3 4.8 3.8 4.6 2.8 3.4 2.3 3.6 3.4
3.1 2.9 4 2.2 2.5 2.8 1.9 3
2.6 3.3 3.6 1.7 2.2 1.6 1.6 2.3
1.9 2.3 3.2 1.2 2.9 1.3 2.6 2.6
1.7 2.8 2 2.4 1.6
1.3 2.1 1.7 3.2 2.1
1.5 2.3 1.4 1 1.3
2.7 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.8
2 1.4 0.9 0.8 1.1
1 1.8 0.7 0.6 1.2
1.1 1.9
0.8 1
1 1
0.7 1
0.5 1
0.4 1

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

estern Plateau Divisions, ARI > 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30
 5.3 4.3 7.3 3.7 8.9 6.2 10.6 12 9.5
13.9 7.3 10.5 6.3 23.6 18 26.1 23.6 21.1
23.3 16.1 16.4 10.4 17.4 13.7 16.9 7.8 6.5
17.7 11.6 9.3 12.2 12.4 10.6 8.9 7 4.4
9.8 21.7 8.4 8.7 7.9 8.2 8 6.6 6.4
11.7 10 6.4 7.2 6.8 4.5 6.7 6 4.4
7.9 9 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.6 5.7 4.7
6.5 6 5.2 5.3 5 7.3 4.7 5.2 4.4
3.9 5.2 4.7 5.3 4.1 4.3 3.6 4.7 4
3.5 3.9 4.8 3.4 3.4 4.1 2.9 3.7
3 4.2 4.5 2.8 3.1 2.6 2.5 3
2.3 3.4 4 1.9 3.8 2.2 3.7 3.3
2.5 3.8 3 3.6 2.4
1.9 3.1 2.6 4.4 2.9
2.2 3.3 2.1 1.4 1.9
3.8 2.1 1.6 1.1 2.7
2.9 2.1 1.3 1.1 1.7
1.3 2.7 0.9 0.7 1.8
1.5 2.7
0.9 1.5
1.3 1.6
0.7 1.7
0.1 1.8
0.1 1.9

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Gulf Division, ARI <= 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

4.8 3.9 3.2 1.7 6.1 1.8 4.2 6.1 7.4

14.2 7 3.5 12.4 27.2 14.9 7.8 25.8 23.4
24.7 16.8 5.2 16.3 18.2 21.6 27.2 4.7 2.7
18.3 12 7.2 5.8 12.6 5.2 17.4 16 14.8
9.5 23.2 19.5 3.5 9.5 11 12.5 10.9 10.1
11.6 10.1 8.8 9.9 7.5 8.7 9.8 8.3 5.9
7.5 8.9 11.1 6.9 5 7.1 6.4 4.7 4.4
6.1 5.7 14.4 8.4 4.2 3.9 5.2 3.9 4.6
3.3 4.8 6 5.1 3.4 4.5 3.5 2.7 3.8
3.1 2.8 2.8 2.8 6 2.7 1.9 2.9
2.6 4 3.2 2.1 3.4 2 3.7 2.5
1.9 4.6 4 1.4 2.2 1.3 1.4 1.7
2.4 4.5 2.9 2.3 2.2
1.1 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.3
1.4 1.9 1.5 1.1 1.9
2.1 2.3 1.2 1.6 1.5
1.8 1.3 0.9 1 1.3
0.7 2.1 0.7 0.7 1.2
1.5 0.9
1.1 1
0.9 0.7
 0.8 0.6
0.6 0.7
0.4 0.5

100 100 99.8 100 100 100 100 100 100

Error in ARR87

Gulf Division, ARI > 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

5.3 4.3 3.2 1.8 6.1 1.9 4.3 6 7.3

13.9 7.3 3.5 12.3 26.9 14.8 7.8 25.5 23.2
23.3 16.1 5.1 16.1 18 21.4 26.9 4.7 2.6
17.7 11.6 7.1 5.7 12.6 5.1 17.2 15.8 14.7
9.8 21.7 19.3 3.4 9.5 10.9 12.5 10.8 10
11.7 10 8.7 9.8 7.5 8.6 9.8 8.2 5.8
7.9 9 11 6.8 5 7 6.4 4.7 4.4
6.5 6 14.3 8.3 4.3 3.9 5.2 3.9 4.6
3.9 5.2 5.9 4.9 3.5 4.5 3.6 2.7 3.8
3.5 2.8 2.7 2.9 5.9 2.8 1.9 2.8
3 4 3.1 2.2 3.4 2.1 3.7 2.4
2.3 4.6 3.9 1.5 2.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
2.4 4.4 2.9 2.3 2.1
1.4 2.6 2.5 3.2 3.3
1.7 2 1.6 1.3 1.9
2.2 2.3 1.4 1.7 1.6
1.9 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.4
0.9 2.1 0.9 0.9 1.3
1.7 1
1.3 1.1
1.1 0.8
1 0.7
0.7 0.9
0.5 0.6

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

ision, ARI <= 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

4.8 3.9 5.5 3.8 3.2 4.6 7.9 3.6 3.2

14.2 7 14.2 12.5 18.6 15.8 29.5 25.5 23.8
24.7 16.8 17.9 16.4 26.8 23.9 12.4 9.8 14.9
18.3 12 11.3 8.4 12.9 9.6 18.6 4.5 3.6
9.5 23.2 5.8 4.5 9.4 7 8 2.3 1.9
11.6 10.1 9.9 6.1 6.2 5.6 3.1 3.5 0.9
7.5 8.9 7.4 9.8 2.6 5 2 14.1 2.7
6.1 5.7 3.1 4.3 4.9 4.4 2.6 7 4.7
 3.3 4.8 3.6 4 7.8 3.8 4.7 9 11.4
3.1 4.7 3.5 4 3.3 5.9 5.5 8.2
2.6 4.1 3.4 2.1 2.8 3.9 2.7 6.1
1.9 2.7 2.8 1.5 2.9 1.4 2.2 2.6
1.7 3 2.4 2.4 2.3
1.2 2.5 2.2 1.2 2.1
2 0.9 1.9 1.7 1.6
1.6 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.8
2.4 2.1 1.6 2 1.2
0.9 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.3
1.1 1.5
1.6 0.9
1.9 0.8
2.3 1.1
1.4 0.9
0.6 0.5

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

ision, ARI > 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

5.3 4.3 6 4.2 4.4 5 8.7 4.1 3.6

13.9 7.3 11.7 9.8 16.3 13.1 23.6 19.7 18.3
23.3 16.1 13.5 11.9 21.3 18.3 11.9 8.7 12.4
17.7 11.6 10 7.5 12.3 8.4 16.4 4.9 3.8
9.8 21.7 5.9 4.1 9.6 6.4 8.1 3.2 2.7
11.7 10 9.4 5.6 7.2 5.4 4.3 4.2 1.4
7.9 9 7.4 8.2 3.7 5.1 3.1 11.7 3.1
6.5 6 4 4.2 6 5.1 3.8 7.1 4.8
3.9 5.2 4.5 4.1 8.6 4.6 5.8 8.6 10.2
3.5 5.4 4.1 5.2 4.1 6.9 5.8 7.7
3 4.9 4.2 3.1 3.8 5.1 3.3 6.1
2.3 3.6 3.8 2.3 3.7 2.3 3.2 3.2
2.4 3.8 3.3 3.1 2.9
1.7 3.5 3.2 1.9 2.8
2.8 1.3 2.8 2.6 2.3
2.4 2.1 2.8 2.3 2.7
3.3 3.1 2.6 3 1.9
1.1 2.9 2.3 2.6 2
1.7 2.3
1 1.5
2.9 1.4
3.3 0.7
2.3 1.6
0.4 0.6

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

t Division, ARI <= 30 years

 45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720
5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

4.8 3.9 5.5 1.2 12.8 6.6 9.1 14.8 13.8

14.2 7 18.7 17 29.2 22.7 18.3 9.2 27
24.7 16.8 13.8 12.4 18.3 11.3 4.2 29.3 8.5
18.3 12 11.1 8.2 4.9 8.8 30.6 4.6 4.3
9.5 23.2 7.4 5.8 6 14.4 12.9 7.2 6.7
11.6 10.1 6.4 6.7 9.4 3.5 6.4 6.2 5.5
7.5 8.9 9.1 9.9 7.4 2.5 4.3 5 4.2
6.1 5.7 2.4 5 3.9 5 5.3 4.4 4.9
3.3 4.8 3.6 2.1 2.4 6 3.3 3.8 3.7
3.1 4.1 1.8 3 3.5 2.3 2.3 1.6
2.6 3.1 3.1 1.7 2.7 1.9 1.9 1.8
1.9 2.7 2.8 1 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.4
4.8 1.7 1.2 3.1 3.1
1.5 1.3 1.8 1 2.7
1.2 2.3 2.2 1.3 2.3
2 2.6 4.7 2.7 2
1.8 3.9 1.5 0.9 1.2
0.8 3.5 0.7 0.8 0.9
4.4 0.4
1.5 1.1
1 1
0.8 0.7
0.6 0.7
0.4 0.5

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

t Division, ARI > 30 years

45 60 90 120 180 270 360 540 720

5 5 5 5 15 15 30 30 30

5.3 4.3 5.8 2.1 11.9 6.4 9.1 12.6 11.4

13.9 7.3 14.8 13.2 24.2 18.3 16.1 8.2 21.6
23.3 16.1 11.4 9.9 16.1 10 5.4 23.7 7.3
17.7 11.6 9.6 7.1 5.9 8.2 25.3 5 4.4
9.8 21.7 7.1 5.5 6.8 12.1 12 6.8 6
11.7 10 6.4 6.1 9.3 4.1 6.9 6.2 5.2
7.9 9 8.3 8.2 7.9 3.4 5.3 5.2 4.6
6.5 6 3.4 4.9 5.1 5.3 6.1 5 4.8
3.9 5.2 4.4 3 3.7 6.1 4.6 4.6 4.2
3.5 4.7 2.6 4.2 4.4 3.5 3.2 2.3
3 3.9 3.6 2.9 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.5
2.3 3.6 3.5 2 1.5 2.6 2.3 2.1
5.3 2.6 2 3.9 3.6
2.4 2.1 2.7 1.7 3.3
2 3.1 3.2 2.1 2.9
2.9 3.4 5.3 3.6 2.7
 2.8 4.2 2.3 1.6 1.9
1.2 4 1.2 1.5 1.6
4.5 0.7
2.4 1.8
1.6 1.7
1.2 1.2
0.8 1.3
0.4 0.9

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

for Gold Coast City Council Area, ARI <= 30 years

20 25 30 45 60 90 120 180 270

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 15 15

19.9 13.7 13.2 6.2 4 2.9 2 4.4 8.5

38.3 33.6 29.8 9.7 7.5 4.4 2.6 16.5 6.2
27.5 24.5 22.5 11.2 9.6 8.3 5.5 23 4.4
14.3 18.4 17.2 24.3 13.4 9 14.3 10.8 7.2
9.8 10.1 18.6 13.2 16.5 11.4 7 4.8
7.2 13.5 21.2 13.1 6.7 6.1 5.4
7.7 8.5 6.6 7.9 5.2 3.6
4.9 6.3 6.3 6.1 7 9.3
3.9 5.3 5.8 4.5 10.2 17.7
4.6 5.1 3.9 3.9 12.7
3.4 3.7 3.5 3.3 4
3 4.1 3.2 2.6 2.6
3.3 3 2.3
2.6 2.4 2.1
2.4 2.7 1.4
2.1 3.3 2.9
2 2.5 3.2
1.8 2.9 1.7
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

for Gold Coast City Council Area, ARI > 30 years

20 25 30 45 60 90 120 180 270
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 15 15

22 16.2 14.6 7.6 5.1 3.5 2.5 5.4 8.2

32.5 28 24.6 10.5 8 4.9 3.2 14.5 6.4
26.6 22.9 20.6 11.4 9.4 8 5.5 18.5 4.9
18.9 19.1 17.2 19.7 12.3 8.2 11.2 10.1 7.2
13.8 12.5 16.5 11.7 13.1 9.7 7.5 5.3
10.5 12.8 17 11.3 6.2 6.8 5.7
8.7 8.7 6.6 7 6.1 4.3
6.7 7 6.4 5.9 7.3 8.5
6.1 6.2 6.1 4.6 10 14.1
5.6 5.6 4.1 5 11
4.6 4.3 3.7 4.7 4.6
4.4 4.7 3.6 4.1 3.2
3.9 3.4 2.9
3.2 3.1 2.7
3 3.2 1.5
2.7 3.6 3.6
2.4 3.2 3.8
2.1 3.4 2.1
2.8
2.6
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.7

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Values in red are assumed, as they are not given in th

07172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100
1 01
1 02
1 03
1 04
1 05
1 06
1 07
1 08

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

1.4 0.6 1 0.1 2.3 2.4

3 1.3 2.8 1.1 3.4 3.1
2.2 1.5 4.2 2.2 2.3 5.8
4.1 2.3 7 3.2 4.5 3.5
6.3 4.2 3.8 6.1 3.4 26.6
6.2 1.4 16.2 4.9 6.6 7.8
19.8 2.3 7.9 7.6 10.3 13.2
5.9 3.2 10.1 9.6 2.9 4.6
13.6 3.4 24 22.9 13.7 9.8
8.2 6.7 13.1 15.8 20.9 0.2
10.4 9.2 4.9 11.7 7.9 1.4
5.2 17 2.1 4.1 4.4 0.3
4.3 11.5 1.9 4.3 5.6 18.2
2.3 3.2 0.9 3.1 1.4 1.3
3.2 4.3 0.1 1.1 1.5 0.4
1.4 4.6 0.9 2.5 0.4
1.2 6.9 1.2 1.4 0.5
1.3 5.6 0.1 0.7 0.5
2.3 1.3
3.3 1.5
2.2 0.3
1.3 0.4
1.2 0.5
0.5 0.3

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320
60 60 120 120 120 240

1.5 0.6 1.3 0.2 2.6 2.7

3.4 1.5 3.3 1.3 3.6 3.4
2.4 1.5 4.3 2.5 2.6 6
4.4 2.5 7.2 3.5 4.6 3.7
6.3 4.4 4.3 6.2 3.6 24.8
6.3 1.5 15.3 5.1 6.6 7.9
18.4 2.5 8.1 7.6 9.9 12.8
6 3.4 9.9 9.4 3.1 4.8
12.9 3.5 22.4 21.3 13 9.9
8 6.6 12.6 15 19.4 0.2
10 8.7 5.2 11.2 7.7 1.6
5.4 15.8 2.3 4.5 4.6 0.2
4.5 10.9 2.3 4.5 5.7 17.5
2.5 3.4 1.3 3.5 1.6 1.7
3.5 4.4 0.2 1.3 1.7 0.7
1.5 4.6 1.3 2.7 0.7
1.5 6.7 1.4 1.6 0.7
1.5 5.6 0.2 0.6 0.7
2.5 1.6
3.5 1.6
2.5 0.4
1.4 0.4
1.5 0.4
0.5 0.4

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

16.6 9.9 18.6 17.1 15.7 17.2

27.4 24.9 32.1 31.1 29 35.4
5.6 14.9 11.7 9.3 8.9 8.8
6.9 6.9 6.6 7.8 5.4 6.3
8.9 4.9 3.2 3.1 4.5 6.2
3.9 3.9 9 6.4 3.7 5
11.9 6.3 5.4 4.5 4.3 3.8
4.7 4.2 3.5 3.9 4.1 2.8
2.6 1.7 2.7 3.2 3.3 1.5
1.4 3.1 2.2 2.6 2.8 2.3
1.7 2.6 1.7 2.2 2.4 1.3
0.8 1.9 1.4 1.9 2 1.3
3.2 2.3 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.9
2.1 3.6 0.6 1.1 1.5 1.3
1.1 1.3 0.4 1.2 1.7 1.3
 0.6 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.2
0.4 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2
0.2 0.7 1 1 1.2
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 1
0.6 1
0.4 1
0.5 0.9

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

15.8 9.6 17.7 16.2 14.8 16.3

25.2 22.8 29.5 28.6 26.6 32.6
5.9 14.1 11.5 9.1 8.6 8.6
7.2 6.9 6.9 7.9 5.4 6.4
9 5.1 3.6 3.4 4.6 6.4
4.3 4.1 9.1 6.7 3.9 5.3
11.7 6.5 5.7 4.8 4.5 4.1
5.1 4.4 3.8 4.2 4.2 3.1
2.9 1.9 3.1 3.4 3.5 1.8
1.6 3.4 2.6 2.9 3 2.6
1.9 2.8 2.1 2.5 2.6 1.4
0.9 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.2 1.5
3.5 2.5 1.2 1.6 1.4 2.2
2.4 3.8 0.8 1.3 1.7 1.5
1.3 1.5 0.6 1.4 1.9 1.6
0.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.4
0.4 1 1.3 1.3 1.6
0.2 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.1 1.2
0.9 1.2
0.7 1.2
0.4 1.2
0.5 1.1

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

3 12.9 1.5 26.2 22.4 28.9

24.2 22 28.3 5.8 11.4 4.3
3.5 8.1 3.7 7.1 5.9 1.3
 2.2 6.8 4.7 1.8 0.7 0.5
4.1 4.9 0.8 3.3 1.1 1
11.4 2.6 3.1 2.7 0.8 2.2
1.5 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.6 12.3
1 1.8 1.9 0.6 0.9 18.2
8.8 2.9 2.4 0.9 1.4 5.6
7 0.9 9.2 2.2 4.2 2.7
1.8 1.3 7.3 0.5 7 0.7
1.2 1 17.2 1.4 2.2 1.7
4.9 3.3 12.3 4.7 2.6 7.3
15.9 4.3 6 16.5 1.9 9.3
5.8 3.8 0.5 12 8.7 3.4
2.6 2 9 11.4 0.3
0.7 1.1 3.9 5 0.2
0.4 5.8 0.3 1.6 0.1
8.5 3.6
1.5 1.3
2.3 1.1
0.6 3.1
0.5 0.6
0.4 0.5

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

3.4 11.9 1.9 23.3 19.8 25.8

21.5 19.5 25.3 6.1 10.5 4.7
3.9 8 4.2 7.2 6.1 1.7
2.6 6.8 5.1 2.2 0.8 0.7
4.5 5 1.1 3.7 1.3 1.3
11.1 2.9 3.6 3.1 0.9 2.6
1.9 0.8 1.5 1.4 0.7 12
1.2 2.1 2.3 0.9 1.1 17
8.8 3.2 2.9 1.3 1.6 6
7.1 1.1 9.3 2.6 4.5 3.1
2.2 1.5 7.5 0.8 7 1
1.5 1.2 16.1 1.7 2.5 2.1
5.2 3.6 12 5 2.9 7.5
14.8 4.5 6.4 15.3 2.2 9.4
6.1 4.1 0.8 11.6 8.6 3.8
3 2.3 9 11 0.5
0.8 1.3 4.3 5.2 0.5
0.4 6 0.5 1.8 0.3
8.1 3.9
1.8 1.5
2.6 1.3
0.7 3.5
0.6 0.7
0.4 0.6
 100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

33.3 30.2 36.4 33.8 30.2 32.6

18.9 16.5 16.5 14.8 12.3 10.2
5.3 7.5 7.1 5.1 3.8 1.2
10.4 5.6 4 4.5 1.8 1
5.2 3.7 1.9 2.5 1 1
4.5 2.9 1.2 1.1 1 3.2
4 3.1 1.1 1.1 0.8 9.4
2.5 1.8 1.3 1.2 1 7
1.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 0.8 1.4
2.1 1.1 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.1
1.4 1.2 2.6 2.2 4.4 1.7
1.1 0.9 3.2 1.9 1.5 4.2
3.2 0.5 6.8 4.4 5.3 13.2
1.3 0.6 9.2 7.1 7.1 5.4
1.2 1 5.1 9.6 9.4 1.2
1.6 1.7 3.5 2.7 1.5
1.2 1.4 3 1.3 2.7
1 1.5 1.4 1.2 2
2.2 0.8
2.7 1
2.4 2
3.7 3.1
4.5 3.6
2 2.3

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

26.4 23.6 29.1 26.7 23.6 25.8

16.6 14.1 14.7 12.9 10.3 9.6
5.4 6.7 7.4 5.4 4.2 1.7
9.9 5.3 4.9 5 2.4 1.6
5.6 3.8 2.8 3.2 1.4 1.7
5.1 3.4 2 1.8 1.5 3.9
4.8 3.5 1.9 1.9 1.3 9.6
3.2 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.6 7.5
2.4 2.1 2.1 1.9 0.6 2.1
2.7 1.9 3.1 2.3 2.2 1.8
2.1 2 3.5 2.9 4.6 2.3
1.9 1.6 4.1 2.6 2.2 4.9
 4 0.7 7.5 5.2 5.3 11.4
2 0.3 8.9 7.2 6.9 6.1
1.9 1.7 5.9 9 8.5 1.9
2.2 2.4 4.3 3.3 2.1
2 2.1 3.8 1.8 3.4
1.8 2.2 2.1 1.7 2.6
2.8 1.5
3.3 1.7
2.9 2.6
4 3.7
4.4 4.2
2.7 2.9

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

32.9 31.3 38 35.9 32.9 40.1

14.4 13.9 18 15.9 13.1 13.8
8.8 3.3 10.4 8.8 7.6 8.7
7.2 10.5 6.8 7.1 6.5 6.6
5.9 6 5.9 5.3 5.2 6
5.2 4.8 4.9 4.3 5.1 4.3
3.7 4.3 3.8 3.8 4 3.1
4.5 3.4 3 3 3.3 2
3.2 2.9 2.4 2 2.6 2.5
2.4 2.1 1.8 2.4 2.2 1.7
2.7 2.4 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5
2 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.4
1.9 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.4
1.6 1.5 0.9 1.5 1.2 1.4
1.3 1.1 0.7 1.4 1.2 1.4
1 0.7 1.4 1.2 1.4
0.7 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4
0.6 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.3
1.1 1.1
0.7 1.2
0.9 1.2
1 1.1
1 1.1
1 1.1

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240
 25.5 23.9 30 28 25.1 31.3
12.2 11.4 15.8 13.5 10.6 11.7
7.9 3.9 10 7.9 6.4 8
7.1 9.3 7.2 7 6 6.6
6.1 5.6 6.7 5.5 5 6.4
5.8 4.7 6 4.8 5.4 4.9
4.6 4.5 5 4.5 4.4 3.7
5.3 3.7 4.2 3.7 3.8 2.6
4.2 3.5 3.5 2.7 3 3.1
3.5 2.7 2.8 3.1 2.6 2.3
3.7 3 2.3 2.2 2 2
3 2.6 2 2.2 2.1 2
3 2.2 1.5 2.3 1.8 2.3
2.6 2.2 1.6 2.5 1.5 2.4
2.1 1.6 1.4 2.4 1.6 2.5
1.6 1.1 2.6 1.7 2.7
1 1.9 2.5 1.9 2.8
0.8 2.1 2.6 2 2.7
1.8 2.1
1.2 2
1.7 2.1
1.7 2.2
1.8 2.3
1.9 2.4

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

6.8 11.3 13.4 12.2 16 18.4

26.1 24.1 30.7 29.4 27.3 33.9
12.1 8.8 18.7 17.9 11.2 12.2
16.2 15.2 7.4 9 7.6 8.1
3.2 5.4 9.8 6.4 5.9 6.1
2.2 6.8 5.5 4.1 5.2 3.9
9.2 4.3 4.1 5.4 3.1 5.1
4.3 3.8 2.3 3.5 4.8 3
5.4 3.6 3.1 2.7 3.8 1.7
3 3 1.7 2.2 2.6 2.3
2.4 2.1 1.2 1.7 2.1 0.8
2 1.8 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.3
1.4 2.5 0.6 0.9 1.8 1
1.7 1.5 0.4 1.1 1.5 0.5
1.4 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.6
1 1.3 0.8 1 0.2
0.9 1.1 0.5 0.9 0.6
0.7 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.3
0.5 0.6
0.4 0.5
0.4 0.4
 0.1 0.3
0.2 0.4
0.3 0.4

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

6.7 11.2 13.3 12.1 15.8 18.2

25.8 23.9 30.4 29.1 27 33.6
12 8.7 18.5 17.7 11.1 12.1
16 15 7.3 8.9 7.5 8
3.2 5.3 9.7 6.3 5.8 6
2.2 6.7 5.4 4.1 5.1 3.9
9.1 4.3 4.2 5.3 3.1 5
4.3 3.8 2.4 3.5 4.8 3
5.3 3.6 3.2 2.7 3.8 1.7
3 3 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.3
2.4 2.1 1.3 1.7 2.1 0.9
2 1.8 1 1.3 1.2 1.4
1.6 2.5 0.7 1 1.8 1.1
1.7 1.6 0.5 1.2 1.5 0.7
1.5 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.7
1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.3
1.1 1.2 0.7 1 0.7
0.9 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.4
0.6 0.7
0.5 0.6
0.5 0.4
0 0.3
0.2 0.5
0.4 0.6

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

16 14.7 39.4 38.6 35.4 41

32.6 31.2 7.2 6.1 11.9 12.8
7.8 5.6 18.1 17 6.3 8.1
3.4 9.5 6.9 6.8 5.8 5.2
11.3 6.6 6.3 4.5 4 7.4
6 5.1 3.6 3.7 4.5 4.2
3.8 4.1 2.1 2.1 4 3.2
2.3 1.8 1.5 4.9 2.3 1.8
 3.2 2.2 2.9 3 2.7 1.5
1.9 3.4 1.8 1.9 2 1.5
1.3 1.6 2.4 1.6 1.6 1.5
2.7 0.8 4.7 2.5 3.2 2.5
1.6 0.3 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1
1.4 1.2 1 1.3 1.4 1.6
1.3 2.5 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.6
1.3 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.3
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.3
1 0.3 1.1 1.4 1.4
0.4 1.4
1 1.1
0.7 1.1
1.3 1.2
2.9 1.3
0.3 1.3

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

13.8 12.5 31.5 30.7 27.6 32.5

25.8 24.6 6.9 6 9.8 11
7.7 5.8 15.9 14.8 5.3 7.5
3.9 8.7 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.5
10.5 6.4 7 5 4 7.3
6.4 5.6 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.7
4.2 4.6 3.2 2.9 4.3 3.7
3 2.5 2.5 5.1 2.6 2.3
4 3 3.9 3.7 3 2.4
2.6 4 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.5
2 2.3 3.4 2.4 2 2.6
3.4 0.6 5.5 3.2 3.6 3
2.3 0.3 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.7
2.1 2 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.1
2.1 3.3 1.8 2.1 2 2.4
2.3 2.1 2 2.1 2.5
2 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.7
1.9 0.3 2.2 2.4 2.6
0.5 1.1
1.8 2.2
1.2 2.4
2 2.4
3.6 2.4
0.4 2.5

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320
60 60 120 120 120 240

15.4 13.9 10.8 15.2 14.1 33.1

28.1 26.4 30.8 10.5 28.4 16.7
10.3 8.7 17 28.9 8.5 10.5
3.8 7.1 8.1 7.4 6 7.8
8.9 4.6 6.8 6.1 6.4 5.4
2.5 7 4.8 5.5 5.3 6.9
7.3 3.7 6.3 3.9 4.8 2.7
5.6 5.6 3.8 4.8 3.4 4.3
2.5 3.1 1.1 1.7 1 1.3
3 3.6 1.5 1 1.1 1.7
4.4 2.6 2.4 2 2.1 2.1
2 2.2 0.9 2.5 1.3 0.3
1.4 1.9 1.9 3.6 0.8 0.7
1.7 1.6 3.1 2.9 4.1 0.5
1.1 1.4 0.7 1.1 1.5 0.6
0.8 1.2 0.7 2.4 3.4
0.7 1 1.4 0.9 1.1
0.5 0.6 0.8 1.8 0.9
0.9 0.7
0.3 2.8
0.5 0.6
0.9 0.6
0.5 0.7
0.7 0.7

100 100 100 100 100 100

1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

60 60 120 120 120 240

13.1 11.6 9.9 12.9 11.7 27

22.8 21.2 25.1 9.3 22.8 14.4
9.2 7.4 14.7 23.4 7.3 9.5
4.4 6.4 7.9 7 5.7 7.5
8.4 4.8 7.1 6.1 5.7 5.9
3.3 6.7 5.6 5.8 5.3 7.1
7.3 4 6.9 4.6 5 3.5
5.9 5.6 4.7 5.3 3.9 5
3.4 3.7 2 2.6 1.6 2.1
3.7 4.1 2.5 1.7 1.7 2.5
4.9 3.3 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.9
2.9 2.9 1.7 3.4 1.9 0.9
2.3 2.6 2.9 4.4 1.4 1.4
2.6 2.3 4.1 3.8 4.5 1.2
1.9 2.1 1.5 1.8 2.1 1.4
1.4 1.9 1.3 3 4.2
 1.4 1.6 2.3 1.5 1.9
1.1 1.1 1.4 2.5 1.6
1.5 1.2
0.5 3.3
0.9 1.2
1.6 1.3
1 1.3
1.2 1.4

100 100 100 100 100 100

360 540 720 1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320

30 30 30 60 60 120 120 120 240

3.9 2.6 1.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.7 1.7 5.3

4.5 3.2 1.2 1.8 1 2 0.9 1.4 2
5.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.5 3.5
10.8 2.3 1.7 3.7 1 2.9 2 1.6 6.3
22.9 4.1 2.3 4.1 1.8 3.2 2.3 2.5 3.8
8 3.7 2.4 7.5 3.4 5.5 6.9 2.7 2.4
16.2 5.4 2.9 12.8 4.5 5.9 3.6 1.8 12.6
6.9 7.1 4 18.5 5.5 10.6 4.3 3 17.2
5.2 10.8 4.8 5.3 3.6 9.1 5.6 2.2 25
3.2 10.2 3.9 8.4 4.8 22.6 3.2 3.5 6.3
9.9 17.5 4.8 7.1 6.8 14.5 20.9 3.3 3.1
2.6 6.9 11.1 5.2 7.9 7.3 11.4 5.4 2.6
5.2 5.7 5.8 16.2 4 9.4 19.4 2.3
4.6 14.9 4.6 3.7 3.3 13.4 10.8 1.8
2.9 6.8 3.4 7.5 5.1 6 6.9 1.6
1.9 5.5 2.7 9.4 3.1 3.7 1.5
6.4 4.3 3.1 3.7 2.6 5.8 1.4
3.5 3.3 2.1 3.2 1.5 9.8 1.3
3.5 2.1 3.3
2.1 2.6 3.9
2.6 1.9 2
3 1.9 1.3
3 1.8 1.3
2.9 1.8 1.2

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

 360 540 720 1080 1440 1800 2160 2880 4320
30 30 30 60 60 120 120 120 240

5 3.3 2.3 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.3 2.3 5.5

5.5 3.9 0.3 2.2 0.4 2.9 1.3 1.8 2.7
6.6 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.5 1.7 1.9 4
10.1 2.8 2 4.4 0.8 3.8 2.6 2.1 6.1
18.4 4.7 2.9 4.7 2.3 4 3 3.1 4.1
8.3 4.3 3 7.2 4 6 7 3.3 3
14.2 5.7 3.5 11.1 4.8 6.2 4.1 2.3 11.6
7.4 6.8 4.3 14.7 5.5 9.8 4.8 3.6 15
6.1 9.3 4.7 5.7 4 8.9 6 2.8 20
4.5 9.3 4.3 7.6 5 18.1 3.8 3.9 6.4
9.8 13.9 4.9 7.1 6.7 12.6 16.7 3.7 3.6
4.1 6.8 9.5 5.6 7.1 7.4 10.5 5.5 3.1
5.7 5.3 5.9 12.9 4.7 9.1 15.4 3
5.1 11.8 5.1 4.1 4 11.7 9.3 2.5
3.6 6 4.1 7.1 5.8 6.2 6.6 2.4
2.3 5.3 3.4 8.1 3.8 4 2.4
6.5 4.5 3.8 4.1 3.3 5.7 2.3
4.2 3.8 2.7 3.8 2.1 8.9 2.3
5 2.6 3.8
2.7 3.2 4.1
3.2 2.4 2.6
3.2 2.1 1.1
3.2 2.1 1.1
3.1 2.1 1.1

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

umed, as they are not given in the guidelines.

Worksheet defining Ponded Volumes at Sag Pits for use in DRAINS

This sheet is incomplete and is still subject to checking.

DRAINS requires that a volume and a ponding depth be supplied for each sag pit.
This sheet provides two methods for calculating ponded volumes.

METHOD 1 - USING IRREGULAR TETRAHEDRON SHAPES

This covers two cases which should account for most ponding situations.

At Pit A, flows come to a sag pit from two directions.

The extent of ponding will depend on a number of factors relating to the geom
The method below allows these to be altered, and defines volumes using equ
O'Loughlin, G.G., Darlington, D. and House, D. (1992) Mathematical Descrip
I.E.Aust. International Symposium on Urban Stormwater Management, Sydn

At Pit B, the situation may be different because ponding occurs at a corner.

This is not covered at present.

Street Dimensions
Longitudinal Longitudinal Depth of
Grade to Grade to Footpath Footpath Gutter Street Street
the Left the Right Width Crossfall (Kerb Height) Width Crossfall
(%) (%) (m) (%) (m) (m) (%)
1.8 1.8 4 2 0.12 8.5 3

Depth in
Gutter Elevation Volume
(m) (m AHD) (m3)
0.00 15.03 0.0 Volume at Kerb Height (m3) 1.1
0.05 15.08 0.1
0.10 15.13 0.6 Volume at Road Crown (m3) 19.6
0.12 15.15 1.1
0.15 15.18 2.1 Volume at Building Line (m3) 5.3
0.20 15.23 5.3
0.25 15.28 10.9
0.30 15.33 19.6 Volume = Volume on Roadway (2 irregular tetrahedrons (3-sided pyram
0.35 15.38 31.8 - Volume projected over crown
0.40 15.43 47.5 + Volume on Footpath (2 irregular tetrahedrons)
0.45 15.48 66.7 - Volume projected over building line
0.50 15.53 89.4
0.55 15.58 115.7
0.60 15.63 145.4
0.65 15.68 178.7
0.70 15.73 215.5
0.75 15.78 255.8
0.80 15.83 299.6
f factors relating to the geometry of the sag.
d defines volumes using equations developed in the paper,
992) Mathematical Description of Pit Entry Capacities,
mwater Management, Sydney

onding occurs at a corner.

Height of
Gutter Height of Building
Level Crown above Line above
Gutter Gutter
(m AHD) (m) (m)
15.03 0.30 0.20

etrahedrons (3-sided pyramids))

ular tetrahedrons)
Worksheet Calculating Elevation-Surface Area Relationships for Detention Basins of Certain Sh

This sheet demonstrates procedures for calculating surface areas for detention basins of various shapes, for use in the de
calculations in DRAINS. For general areas, such as natural or smoothed landforms, it will be necessary to determine areas
planimeters, polygons in CAD drawings or routines in digital terrain models such as 12d or Civil 3D.

Since DRAINS employs prismoidal calculations to determine detention basin volumes (as described in the
it is necessary to provide surface areas for eight or more horizontal slices keep errors in volumes within 1% for certain sh
These include wedges and bowl-shaped storages with sides that slope more steeply as the elevation increases.

The calculations below indicate how you can set up more complex calculations presenting elevation-storage relationships
from where they can be copied and pasted into the Detention Basin property sheet in DRAINS.

WEDGE (Increasing Area) SQUARE AREA increasing according to y = B.x

Elevation of Base (m AHD) 122.5 Elevation of Base (m AHD)

Rectangular Top Width (m) 4.5 Depth (or Height) (m)
Rectangular Top Length (m) 10.0 B in equation, y = B.x2
Depth (or Height) (m) 1.2

Depth Elevation Area of Depth Width

Slice (m) (m) Storage Slice (m) of Side
(m2) (m)
1 0 122.5 0 1 0 0
2 0.15 122.7 5.625 2 0.5 2
3 0.3 122.8 11.25 3 1 8
4 0.45 123.0 16.875 4 1.5 18
5 0.6 123.1 22.5 5 2 32
6 0.75 123.3 28.125 6 2.5 50
7 0.9 123.4 33.75 7 3 72
8 1.05 123.6 39.375 8 3.5 98
9 1.2 123.7 45 9 4.0 128

CYLINDER with horizontal axis

Elevation (m AHD) 16.7 Radius (m) 1.2

Length (m) 10.0

Depth Angle with Width Elevation Area of

Slice (m) Centre (m) (m) Storage
(radians) (m2)
1 0 0 0 16.70 0
2 0.075 0.3554212 0.835165 16.78 8.351647
 3 0.15 0.5053605 1.161895 16.85 11.61895
4 0.225 0.6223685 1.399107 16.93 13.99107
5 0.3 0.7227342 1.587451 17.00 15.87451
6 0.375 0.8127556 1.742843 17.08 17.42843
7 0.45 0.8956648 1.873499 17.15 18.73499
8 0.525 0.9733899 1.984313 17.23 19.84313
9 0.6 1.0471976 2.078461 17.30 20.78461
10 0.675 1.1179797 2.158124 17.38 21.58124
11 0.75 1.1863996 2.22486 17.45 22.2486
12 0.825 1.2529726 2.279803 17.53 22.79803
13 0.9 1.3181161 2.32379 17.60 23.2379
14 0.975 1.3821799 2.357435 17.68 23.57435
15 1.05 1.4454685 2.381176 17.75 23.81176
16 1.125 1.5082556 2.395308 17.83 23.95308
17 1.2 1.5707963 2.4 17.90 24
18 1.275 1.5082556 2.395308 17.98 23.95308
19 1.35 1.4454685 2.381176 18.05 23.81176
20 1.425 1.3821799 2.357435 18.13 23.57435
21 1.5 1.3181161 2.32379 18.20 23.2379
22 1.575 1.2529726 2.279803 18.28 22.79803
23 1.65 1.1863996 2.22486 18.35 22.2486
24 1.725 1.1179797 2.158124 18.43 21.58124
25 1.8 1.0471976 2.078461 18.50 20.78461
26 1.875 0.9733899 1.984313 18.58 19.84313
27 1.95 0.8956648 1.873499 18.65 18.73499
28 2.025 0.8127556 1.742843 18.73 17.42843
29 2.1 0.7227342 1.587451 18.80 15.87451
30 2.175 0.6223685 1.399107 18.88 13.99107
31 2.25 0.5053605 1.161895 18.95 11.61895
32 2.325 0.3554212 0.835165 19.03 8.351647 More than 33 slices may be needed
33 2.4 0 0 19.10 0

CYLINDER with sloping axis

Radius (m) 1.2 Lowest Elevation of Invert "A" (m AHD) 16.70

Length, L (m) 10.0 Highest Elevation of Invert "B" (m AHD) 16.90
Slope, S0 (%) 2.000 Lowest Elevation of Obvert "C" (m AHD) 19.10
Highest Elevation of Obvert "D" (m AHD) 19.30

Slope Angle, q (radians) 0.019997

Slope Angle, q (degrees) 1.145763
Mid point height, hm (m) 1.29974
Centre
Equivalent Depth Half Lower End Depth Half
Depth Depth Adjusted Angle with Surface Adjusted Angle with
Slice (m) (m) for Slope Centre Width for Slope Centre
D1 (m) (radians) B1 (m) D1 (m) (radians)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.025 0.025 0.025005 0.204501 0.487388 0 0
3 0.05 0.05 0.05001 0.289716 0.685633 0 0
4 0.1 0.1 0.10002 0.41118 0.959258 0.000019998 0.005773222
5 0.2 0.2 0.20004 0.585746 1.326771 0.100039996 0.411221252
6 0.3 0.3 0.30006 0.72281 1.587587 0.200059994 0.585775982
 7 0.4 0.4 0.40008 0.841158 1.788997 0.300079992 0.722835023
8 0.5 0.5 0.5001 0.948072 1.949502 0.40009999 0.841180457
9 0.6 0.6 0.60012 1.047313 2.0786 0.500119988 0.948092841
10 0.7 0.7 0.70014 1.141149 2.181871 0.600139986 1.047332248
11 0.8 0.8 0.80016 1.231101 2.262855 0.700159984 1.141167548
12 0.9 0.9 0.90018 1.318271 2.323883 0.800179982 1.231118496
13 1 1 1.0002 1.403517 2.366499 0.90019998 1.318288183
14 1.1 1.1 1.10022 1.48755 2.391689 1.000219978 1.40353416
15 1.2 1.2 1.20024 1.570596 2.4 1.100239976 1.487566917
16 1.3 1.2994802 1.29974 1.487584 2.391696 1.199740026 1.570579682
17 1.4 1.1994802 1.19972 1.570563 2.4 1.099720028 1.487132114
18 1.5 1.0994802 1.0997 1.487115 2.391602 0.99970003 1.403094721
19 1.6 0.9994802 0.99968 1.403078 2.366324 0.899680032 1.317840677
20 1.7 0.8994802 0.89966 1.317823 2.323614 0.799660034 1.230658911
21 1.8 0.7994802 0.79964 1.230641 2.262487 0.699640036 1.140690892
22 1.9 0.6994802 0.69962 1.140673 2.181394 0.599620038 1.046831894
23 2 0.5994802 0.5996 1.046813 2.077999 0.49960004 0.947559331
24 2.1 0.4994802 0.49958 0.947539 1.948755 0.399580042 0.840599045
25 2.2 0.3994802 0.39956 0.840577 1.788067 0.299560044 0.722179781
26 2.3 0.2994802 0.29954 0.722155 1.586407 0.199540046 0.584991774
27 2.4 0.1994802 0.19952 0.584962 1.325202 0.099520048 0.410135942
28 2.5 0.0994802 0.0995 0.410094 0.95687 0 0
29 2.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
ention Basins of Certain Shapes

f various shapes, for use in the detention basin.

ill be necessary to determine areas from

as described in the DRAINS Help system).

n volumes within 1% for certain shapes.
the elevation increases.

ng elevation-storage relationships in two columns,

according to y = B.x2 SQUARE AREA increasing according to x = B.y2

41.1 Elevation of Base (m AHD) 52.9

4.0 Depth (or Height) (m) 2.0
4.0 B in equation, y = (x/B)0.5 0.4

Elevation Area of Depth Width Elevation Area of

(m) Storage Slice (m) of Side (m) Storage
(m2) (m) (m2)
41.1 0 1 0 0 52.9 0
41.6 4 2 0.25 1.5811388301 53.2 2.5
42.1 64 3 0.5 2.2360679775 53.4 5
42.6 324 4 0.75 2.7386127875 53.7 7.5
43.1 1024 5 1 3.1622776602 53.9 10
43.6 2500 6 1.25 3.5355339059 54.2 12.5
44.1 5184 7 1.5 3.8729833462 54.4 15
44.6 9604 8 1.75 4.1833001327 54.7 17.5
45.1 16384 9 2.0 4.472135955 54.9 20
More than 33 slices may be needed to maintain accuracy in this case.

This shape is quite complicated. Rather than calculating areas from truncated parabolic shapes,
this procedure calculates the water surface widths at the centre of the cylinder and at the ends,
averages these and multiplies by the cylinder length. Potential errors can be reduced by taking
shorter divisions between layers at the lowest and highest depths.

Centre Depth Half Upper End Area of

Surface Adjusted Angle with Surface Elevation Storage
Width for Slope Centre Width (m) (m2)
B1 (m) D2 (m) (radians) B2 (m)
0 0 0 0 16.70 0
0 0 0 0 16.73 1.6246264364
0 0 0 0 16.75 2.2854418255
0.013856 0 0 0 16.80 3.2437123088
0.95935 4E-05 0.008165 0.019595 16.90 7.6857167796
1.326831 0.10006 0.411263 0.959441 17.00 12.912863621

Comparison of H

30
1.587632 0.20008 0.585806 1.326891 17.10 15.678402352
1.789033 0.3001 0.72286 1.587678 17.20 17.754044064
Comparison of H
1.949531 0.40012 0.841203 1.789069 17.30 19.390665629
2.078623 0.50014 0.948113 1.94956 17.40 20.700177407
30
2.181889 0.60016 1.047351 2.078646 17.50 21.744631739
2.262869 0.70018 1.141186 2.181907 17.60 22.562197435
2.323893 0.8002 1.231136 2.262883 17.70 23.177585972 25
2.366506 0.90022 1.318305 2.323904 17.80 23.606995652
2.391692 1.00024 1.403551 2.366513 17.90 23.860683925
20
2.4 1.09974 1.487149 2.391609 18.00 23.94434709
2.391605 0.99972 1.403112 2.366337 18.10 23.859807966
2.36633 0.8997 1.317858 2.323635 18.20 23.605224504 15
2.323625 0.79968 1.230677 2.262515 18.30 23.174878949
2.262501 0.69966 1.140709 2.181431 18.40 22.558487283
10
2.181412 0.59964 1.046851 2.078045 18.50 21.739814969
2.078022 0.49962 0.94758 1.948813 18.60 20.69409624
1.948784 0.3996 0.840621 1.788139 18.70 19.383072164 5
1.788103 0.29958 0.722205 1.586498 18.80 17.74452022
1.586453 0.19956 0.585022 1.325322 18.90 15.666139735
1.325262 0.09954 0.410178 0.957054 19.00 12.895742463 0
0.956962 0 0 0 19.10 7.6072108902 16.50 17.00 17.50
0 0 0 0 19.20 3.1895653485
0 0 0 0 19.30 0
bolic shapes,

ed by taking

Comparison of Horizontal and Sloping Cylinder Areas

Comparison of Horizontal and Sloping Cylinder Areas

Sloping
Horizontal

17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50

Three sheets are provided here.

1. Worksheet Calculating an Elevation-Discharge Relationship for a Series of Weirs

This can be used to model a number of rectangular weirs at different levels.

EL2
FOLLOW THE PROCEDURES BELOW, ENTERING VALUES IN THE YELLOW BOXES.

1. Enter Parameters for 1 to 10 weirs.

Weir No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Crest Elevation (m AHD) 38.99 39.25 39.5
Weir Width (m) 10 40 50
Weir Coefficient 1.7 1.7 1.7
The lowest weir
should be placed first.

2. Fill in the Required Depths in the yellow column in the table below.

Depth Elevation Discharge

(m) (m AHD) (m3/s)
0 38.99 0
0.05 39.04 0.190066 Discharge Curve
0.1 39.09 0.537587 100
0.15 39.14 0.987611
0.2 39.19 1.520526 90
0.25 39.24 2.125
80
0.3 39.29 3.337385
0.35 39.34 5.356067 70
Flow over Weir (m3/s)

0.4 39.39 7.862755

0.45 39.44 10.76347 60

0.5 39.49 14.00554 50

0.55 39.54 18.23369
0.6 39.59 23.67705 40
0.65 39.64 29.9231
30
0.7 39.69 36.84256
0.75 39.74 44.35974 20
0.8 39.79 52.42222
0.85 39.84 60.99045 10

0.9 39.89 70.03302 0

0.95 39.94 79.52411 38.8 39 39.2 39.4 39.6 39.8 40 40.2
1 39.99 89.4419
Elevation (m)

3. After Checking the Relationship, copy the two orange columns and paste this to DRAINS,
copying it into an Overflow Route or Culvert component.

2. Worksheet Calculating an Elevation-Discharge Relationship for a Parabolic Weir

This can be used to model a vertical curve on a road, or other weir surfaces that approximate a parabola.
It is appropriate to use this for a roadway over a culvert.

The curve is defined by the height above the low point, Y, at a horizontal distance X from the lowest point of the curve.

FOLLOW THE PROCEDURES BELOW, ENTERING VALUES IN THE YELLOW BOXES.

1. Select a Point on the Road Surface to Define the Parabola

Height above Low Point (m) 1 Focus of parabola =

Horizontal Distance from Low Point (m) 50 (Used to calculate discharges)

2. Specify Discharge Coefficient 0.9 Assuming CD = 0.848 and Cv = 1.05

3. Specify the Elevation of the Low Point (m AHD) 38.99

4. Fill in Required Depths in the table below.

Depth Elevation Discharge

(m) (m AHD) (m3/s)
0 38.99 0
0.05 39.04 0.215666 Discharge Curve
0.1 39.09 0.862663 100
0.15 39.14 1.940992
0.2 39.19 3.450652 90
0.25 39.24 5.391644
80
0.3 39.29 7.763967
0.35 39.34 10.56762 70
Flow over Weir (m3/s)

0.4 39.39 13.80261

0.45 39.44 17.46893 60
0.5 39.49 21.56658 50
0.55 39.54 26.09556
0.6 39.59 31.05587 40
0.65 39.64 36.44751
30
0.7 39.69 42.27049
0.75 39.74 48.5248 20
0.8 39.79 55.21043
0.85 39.84 62.3274 10

0.9 39.89 69.87571 0

0.95 39.94 77.85534 38.8 39 39.2 39.4 39.6 39.8 40 40.2
1 39.99 86.2663
Elevation (m)

5. After Checking the Relationship, select and copy the two orange columns and transfer this to DRAINS.
es of Weirs

EL2 EL3

W2 EL1 W3

W1

8 9 10

rge Curve

39.4 39.6 39.8 40 40.2

evation (m)

bolic Weir
owest point of the curve.

1250 References:
calculate discharges) French, R.H. (1985) Open Channel Hydraulics,
McGraw-Hill, New York (page 32)
8 and Cv = 1.05
Bos, M.G. (editor) (1976) Discharge Measurement
Structures, International Institute for Land Reclamation
and Improvement, Wageningen, Netherlands
(page 37)

French's broad-crested weir formula is used rather than

of the sharp-crested weir formula.

rge Curve

39.4 39.6 39.8 40 40.2

evation (m)

er this to DRAINS.
Worksheet Calculating an Elevation-Discharge Relationship for a Circular Orifice or for Multiple

This calculates an elevation-discharge relationship for an orifice or group of orifices, assuming that it is submerged on the
and can discharge freely on the downstream side.

FOLLOW THE PROCEDURES BELOW, ENTERING VALUES IN THE YELLOW BOXES.

1. Enter Orifice Parameters.

Orifice No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Elevation of Centre of Orifice (m) 30.45 30.7 31
Orifice Diameter (mm) 75 200 150
Orifice Factor 0.6 0.6 0.6

2. Fill in the Required Heights above the Orifice Centre in the yellow column below.

Height above 3. After Checking the Relationship,

Lowest Elevation Discharge copy the two orange columns and
Orifice (m AHD) (m3/s) transfer these to DRAINS.
(m)
0 30.45 0
0.05 30.5 0.002624 Elevation-Discharge Relationship
0.1 30.55 0.003711 0.25
0.15 30.6 0.004545
0.2 30.65 0.005248
0.25 30.7 0.005868 0.2

0.3 30.75 0.025088

0.35 30.8 0.033332
Discharge (m3/s)

0.4 30.85 0.039742 0.15

0.45 30.9 0.045192

0.5 30.95 0.050023
0.55 31 0.054411 0.1

0.6 31.05 0.068956

0.65 31.1 0.077084
0.7 31.15 0.083979 0.05

0.75 31.2 0.090164

0.8 31.25 0.095855
0
0.85 31.3 0.10117
30 30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33 33.5
0.9 31.35 0.106184
0.95 31.4 0.110946 Elevation (m)
1 31.45 0.115494
1.05 31.5 0.119858
1.1 31.55 0.124058
1.15 31.6 0.128113
1.2 31.65 0.132038
1.25 31.7 0.135845
1.3 31.75 0.139544
1.35 31.8 0.143144
1.4 31.85 0.146653
1.45 31.9 0.150079
1.5 31.95 0.153426
1.55 32 0.156699
1.6 32.05 0.159905
1.65 32.1 0.163046
1.7 32.15 0.166127
1.75 32.2 0.169151
1.8 32.25 0.172121
1.85 32.3 0.17504
1.9 32.35 0.17791
1.95 32.4 0.180735
2 32.45 0.183515
2.05 32.5 0.186254
2.1 32.55 0.188952
2.15 32.6 0.191612
2.2 32.65 0.194235
2.25 32.7 0.196823
2.3 32.75 0.199377
2.35 32.8 0.201899
2.4 32.85 0.204389
2.45 32.9 0.206849
2.5 32.95 0.20928
ular Orifice or for Multiple Orifices

ming that it is submerged on the upstream side,

Lowest
Elevation
30.45

The orifice equation is: Q = C . p/4. D2 . (2g . H)0.5

where Q is flowrate (m3/s),

onship C = Cc.Cv is a dimensionless contraction coefficient
where Cc allows for the vena contracta effect and Cv for a velocity correction,
D is the orifice diameter (m),
g is acceleration due to gravity (9.80 m/s2),
H is the height of water above the centre of the orifice.

C is taken as 0.6 in DRAINS for a sharp-edged orifice. Other coefficients

may apply in special cases, as shown below.

32.5 33 33.5

Source: Vennard, J.K. and Street, R.L.(1982) Elementary Fluid Mechanics, 6th Edition, Wiley, New York, Figure

The orifice equation above applies when the orifice is fully submerged on the
upstream side, say when H is 1.2 times the orifice radius D/2, and where
there are no tailwater effects. This will not be correct when water level
(H - the centre level of the orifice) is below this. In this worksheet, this error
is glossed over, assuming that errors in this range will not be significant.

If the downstream side of the orifice becomes submerged, the orifice equation
still applies, but with H being (upstream water level - tailwater level) rather than
(upstream water level - orifice centre level as for a free outfall. This situation
is not allowed for here, but this worksheet can be adapted to apply it.
city correction,

h Edition, Wiley, New York, Figure 11.29

Worksheet Establishing a Pumping Curve Relationship for use with DRAINS

DRAINS can model pumps using an elevation-discharge relationship in a high level outlet from a detention basin.
In an overflow route out of a basin, a H v Q relationship can be defined.

To obtain this, it is necessary to consider the pipe system, as shown

in the diagram to the right. The pump operation is described by a
characteristic head-discharge relationship, in which the discharge rate
increases as the head decreases.

In a detention basin acting as a sump storage for a pump, the pump

discharge will increase as the basin level rises, since the height
that the water must be raised decreases.

A trial and error process must be applied to obtain an elevation-discharge

relationship from the pipe information and the pump curve obtainable from
manufacturer's catalogues.

FOLLOW THE PROCEDURES BELOW, ENTERING VALUES IN THE YELLOW BOXES.

1. To determine a suitable relationship, provide the information below:

Entrance Loss Factor 0.5 Pipe Diameter (m) 0.15

Bend and Other Loss Factor 0.2 Pipe Length (m) 40

upstream and
Factor f in Darcy-Weisbach Equation 0.02 downstream of the pump
(See Moody Diagram)
Exit Loss Factor 1 Elevation of Discharge Point 46
(End of Pipeline) (m AHD)

2. Set out the basin levels for which discharges are to be calculated.
For each elevation, determine the discharge in the third column by trial and error.
The correct discharges should make the head differences in the last column close to zero.

Basin Total Discharge Pipe Corresp. Corresp. Total

Elevation Available (m3/s) Velocity Energy Pump Head Difference
(m AHD) Head (m) (to be (m/s) Loss (m) Head (m) (m) (m)
varied)
37 9 0.0204 1.154 0.478 8.520 8.998 0.001788
37.5 8.5 0.0236 1.335 0.640 7.850 8.490 0.009994
38 8 0.0261 1.477 0.783 7.225 8.008 -0.007783
38.5 7.5 0.0283 1.601 0.920 6.567 7.487 0.013025
39 7 0.0301 1.703 1.041 5.950 6.991 0.008898
39.5 6.5 0.0312 1.766 1.119 5.400 6.519 -0.018586
40 6 0.0322 1.822 1.191 4.800 5.991 0.00856
40.5 5.5 0.0327 1.850 1.229 4.300 5.529 -0.028728
 The pump must be Calculated from (to be set
selected to operate over pump curve by close to zero)
this range of heads. linear interpolation
(Only possible for
8 rows with Excel)

3. Copy the orange columns and paste to the DRAINS pumping outlet (an overflow route coming out of the basin).

Basin Discharge
0.04
Elevation (m3/s)
(m AHD) 0.035

37 0.0204 0.03
37.5 0.0236

Flowrate (m3/s)
38 0.0261 0.025
38.5 0.0283
39 0.0301 0.02
39.5 0.0312
0.015
40 0.0322
40.5 0.0327 0.01

0.005

0
36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41

Basin Elevation (m AHD)

m a detention basin.

Pump Curve:

Discharge Head
upstream and (m3/s) (m)
downstream of the pump 0.012 10
0.018 9
0.023 8
0.027 7
0.03 6
0.032 5
0.033 4
0.0335 3

Pump Curve
12

10
Pump Head (m)

0
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
Discharge (m3/s)
 6

Pump He
4

0
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
Discharge (m3/s)

coming out of the basin).

39 39.5 40 40.5 41

(m AHD)
Worksheet Setting Time-Varying Tailwater Levels

DRAINS allows outlets to be a free outfall or a fixed water level.

By adding a channel section downstream of a pipe or channel outlet, it is possible to make the tailwater level vary with time.
DRAINS allows a direct or user-provided hydrograph to be entered at a node. By varying flowrates, the corresponding water le
using an artificial rectangular channel of 100m width and zero slope. Depths are calculated for the critical depth.

FOLLOW THE PROCEDURES BELOW, ENTERING VALUES IN THE YELLOW BOXES.

1. Enter the base level below. Vary the other values later if necessary.

Rectangular Channel Characteristics

Width (m) 100 Base Level at Top End (m AHD) 38

2. Insert times and the corresponding required depths in the table below.

Time After Required Corresp.

Level (m AHD)

Start of Water Depth Flowrate 41

Storm Level (m) (m3/s)
(minutes) (m AHD) 40.5
0 40 2 885.4
5 40.25 2.25 1056.5
40
10 40.45 2.45 1200.5
15 40.6 2.6 1312.4
39.5
20 40.7 2.7 1388.9
25 40.75 2.75 1427.6
39
30 40.7 2.7 1388.9
35 40.6 2.6 1312.4
40 40.45 2.45 1200.5 38.5
C a lc u la t e d F lo w r a t e ( m 3 /s )

0 30 Time (minutes)
60 90 120
45 40.25 2.25 1056.5
50 40 2 885.4
55 39.75 1.75 724.7
60 39.55 1.55 604.1
65 39.4 1.4 518.6
70 39.3 1.3 464.0
75 39.25 1.25 437.5 1600.0
80 39.3 1.3 464.0 1400.0
85 39.4 1.4 518.6 1200.0
90 39.55 1.55 604.1 1000.0
95 39.75 1.75 724.7
800.0
100 40 2 885.4
600.0
105 40.25 2.25 1056.5
400.0
110 40.45 2.45 1200.5
200.0
115 40.6 2.6 1312.4
120 40.7 2.7 1388.9 0.0
0 30 60
Time (minutes) 90 120

These numbers should

be large compared to
those generated by
the DRAINS model.
ter level vary with time.
he corresponding water levels can be defined

3. Transfer the data in the columns below to DRAINS as a direct

hydrograph at the second node
Time After Corresp. from the outlet of the system.
Start of Flowrate (The last link in the system should be
Storm (m3/s) a 100 m wide rectangular channel
(minutes) 0.1 m long, with nodes at each end.)
0 885.4
5 1056.5
10 1200.5
15 1312.4
20 1388.9
25 1427.6
30 1388.9
35 1312.4
40 1200.5
90 120
45 1056.5
Dummy
50 885.4
Channel
55 724.7
60 604.1 When DRAINS is run, the required
65 518.6 water levels will be specified at both
70 464.0 ends of the dummy channel.
75 437.5
80 464.0
85 518.6
90 604.1
95 724.7
100 885.4
105 1056.5
110 1200.5
115 1312.4
90 120
120 1388.9