Forensic Ballistics

Forensic Ballistics Reviewer
By
MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim

Definition of Terms
1. Ballistics about motion of projectiles
a. Gr. ballein or ballo: to throw
b. Roman ballista: a catapult
2. Branches
a. Interior ballistics ANYTHING taking place IN &
ON the gun prior to bullet leaving muzzle.
b. Exterior ballistics ANYTHING taking place when
bullet is OUTSIDE of muzzle.
Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 2

Definition of Terms
2. Branches
c. Terminal ballistics ANYTHING taking place on
TARGET.
d. Forensic ballistics proper term: firearms
identification
3. Firearms
a. Legal definition Sec. 877, RACP & Sec. 290 of NIRC:
weapons that discharge projectile by gunpowder & other
explosives

Definition of Terms
3. Firearms
b. Technical definition instrument for propulsion of
projectiles by gases of gunpowder.
c. Other definitions weapon designed to expel projectile

VIPs of Firearms
1. Col Calvin H. Goddard:
Father of Modern Ballistics
Invented comparison microscope & helixometer
2. John M. Browning:
wizard of modern firearms
pioneered the breech loading single-shot rifle
invented: Winchester rifle, pump-action shotgun,
Colt 45 automatic

VIPs of Firearms
3. Samuel Colt:
produced first practical revolver Colt 45
4. Henry Derringer:
gave his name to a whole class of firearms
manufacturer of the Pocket Pistol
5. Lt. Col. Patrick Ferguson:
designed his own rifle

VIPs of Firearms
6. Alexander John Forsyth:
invented the percussion system of ignition
7. Uziel Gal:
invented the Uzi submachine gun
8. John C. Garand:
father of semi-automatic US Rifle Cal. 30 M1
9. Mikhail Kalashnikov:
Russian designer of AK-47

VIPs of Firearms
10.John Mahon Marlin:
founder of Marlin Firearms Company
famous for Marlin cal. 22 Carbine
11.Eliphalet Remington:
one of first rifle makers
12.James Wolfe Ripley:
stimulated the development of the Model 1855
rifled musket

VIPs of Firearms
13.Benjamin Robins:
one of first to state sound ballistics theories
14.Elisha King Root:
helped Samuel Colt synthesize the manufacturing of
firearms
15.Berthold Schwartz and Roger Bacon:
credited to have invented the first gunpowder
16.Horace Smith:
founded the Smith & Wesson
Pioneered making of breech-loading rifle

VIPs of Firearms
17.Daniel B. Wesson:
partner of Horace Smith in revolver making
18.David Carbine Williams:
maker of first known carbine firearms
19.Oliver Fisher Winchester:
Manufactured Winchester repeating rifle
20.Eugene Stoner:
developer and designer of AR15/M16 rifle

VIPs of Firearms
21.John T. Thompson:
Pioneered making of Thompson submachine gun -
first hand held machine gun.
22.Melvin M. Johnson Jr:
Invented Johnson Model 1941 rifle - one of most
innovative rifles of its time period
23.Dr. Richard Gatling:
Patented design of Gatling Gun - six-barreled, hand
cranked weapon capable of firing 200 rounds per
minute

VIPs of Firearms
24.Hiram Maxim:
inventor of Maxim Machine gun & Maxim
Silencer
25.George Luger:
did lasting design work in connection with 9 mm
parabellum cartridge
26.Carl Walther:
developed a reliable small caliber automatic
pistol in 1866

Important Points in Firearms History
The use of gunpowder started in China;
The Mongols brought the technology to the
Middle East; and
The Arabs in turn brought it to Europe.

Firearm Forerunners
Any weapon that propels projectiles, e.g. bow
& arrow;
Ancient Firearms:
Arquebus:
Used 15th 17th century
Muzzle loading
Smoothbore
Forerunner of rifle & long arms

Firearm Forerunners
Ancient Firearms:
Blunderbuss:
Muzzle-loading
Short, large caliber barrel
Flared at muzzle
Musket:
Muzzle-loading
Smooth bore
Fired from shoulder

Firearm Forerunners
Ancient Firearms:
Rifled musket:
Made in 19th century
Much more accurate than smooth-bore
musket

Classification of Firearms
1. General Classif
a. Smooth bore shotguns & muskets
b. Rifled bore with riflings (lands & grooves)
2. Main Classif
a. Artillery more than 1 inch diameter projectile
b. Small arms less than 1 inch diameter projectile;
portable & can be handled by only 1 man.

b. Small arms: Ex:
Machine guns: M-60, Bren gun, BAR,
mounted .30 & .50 cal guns
Shoulder arms: rifle, carbine, shotgun
Handguns: revolver, pistol

3. Mechanical Construction
a. Single-shot firearms
b. Repeating Arms
c. Bolt-action Type
d. Lever-action Type
e. Slide-action Type
f. Semiautomatic
g. Automatic action

Test of Knowledge &
Comprehension

q1
It is a branch of ballistics that treats of the
motion of a projectile while still inside the
firearm.
a. interior ballistics
b. exterior ballistics
c. terminal ballistics
d. forensic ballistics

q2
The term ballistics was actually derived from the
Greek word ballein or ballo, which means
a. to kick
b. to punch
c. to throw
d. to explode

q3
It is the sound created at the muzzle end of the
gun barrel after explosion.
a. muzzle energy
b. trajectory
c. range
d. muzzle blast

Q4
The force of resistance encountered by the
bullet in flight due to air density.
a. air resistance
b. penetration
c. pull of gravity
d. velocity

Q5
The greatest distance a projectile can travel
when fired at the optimum angle of elevation of
the barrel.
a. maximum range
b. minimum range
c. maximum effective range
d. minimum effective range

Q6
It is the rearward movement of the firearm after
explosion.
a. velocity of the bullet
b. recoil of the firearm
c. rotation of the bullet inside the barrel
d. energy generated

Q7
A branch of ballistics that studies the effects of
the impact of the projectile on the target.
a. interior ballistics
b. exterior ballistics
c. terminal ballistics
d. forensic ballistics

Q8
It refers to the size of the bullet groupings on
the target.
a. terminal penetration
b. terminal velocity
c. terminal energy
d. terminal accuracy

Q9
It is the entry of the bullet on the target.
a. penetration
b. pull of gravity
c. air resistance
d. velocity

Q10
A field of forensic ballistics that includes the expert
examination of firearms, bullets and shells that
would determine whether or not a particular bullet
is fired from a particular firearm, and whether or
not a particular shell is loaded and ejected from the
same firearm; it is conducted in a forensic
laboratory.
a. field investigation
b. technical examination
c. legal proceedings
d. none of the above
Q11
He is considered as the Father of Modern
Ballistics.
a. John M. Browning
b. Samuel Colt
c. Col. Calvin H. Goddard
d. Henry Derringer

Q12
He gave his name to a whole class of firearms;
he is also the manufacturer of the Pocket Pistol.
a. John M. Browning
b. Samuel Colt
c. Col. Calvin H. Goddard
d. Henry Derringer

Q13
He invented a submachine gun in the 1950s
which was used by the Israeli Army during its
Sinai campaign in 1956.
a. Alexander John Forsyth
b. Uziel Gal
c. Lt. Col. Patrick Ferguson
d. John C. Garand

Q14
He is the inventor of Percussion System.
b. Uziel Gal
d. John C. Garand

Q15
He was a soldier assigned in the British Army; he
designed his rifle and demonstrated it before
the King of Windsor, resulting in orders for 100
rifles and trained a company of men in the use
of the rifle.
b. Uziel Gal
d. John C. Garand
Q16
A Russian designer famous for his innovations
for battle tanks, including a mechanism that
would count the shots fired; he is also the main
designer of the Russian AK-47 assault rifle.
a. John C. Garand
c. Eliphalet Remington
b. John Mahlon Marlin
d. Mikahail Kalashnikov
Q17
He is one of the first rifle makers in firearms
history.
a. John C. Garand
b. John Mahlon Marlin
d. Mikahail Kalashnikov

Q18
He used his expertise as a top machinist in the
United States to help Samuel Colt synthesize the
manufacturing of firearms, thereby bringing his
brand of machinery into a sophisticated
production facility.
a. James Wolf Ripley
b. Eliphalet Remington
c. Elisha King Root
d. John Mahlon Marlin
Q19
He founded the great firm Smith & Wesson and
pioneered the making of the breech-loading
rifle.
a. Daniel B. Wesson
b. Horace Smith
c. David Carbine Williams
d. Oliver Fisher Winchester

Q20
He was the developer and designer of the
AR15/M16 rifle.
a. John T. Thompson
b. Eugene Stoner
c. George Luger
d. Carl Walther

Q21
The year that started the age of gunpowder,
with its first use as propellant for projectiles.
a. 1313
b. 1350
c. 1498
d. 1575

Q22
This year started the development of small
arms; gunpowder was first used only with
cannons; it was not until the middle of the 14th
century that portable hand arms were
introduced.
a. 1313
b. 1350
c. 1498
d. 1575
Q23
In 1845, in France, Flobert developed the bullet
breech cap. This was in reality the first
a. pin-fire cartridge
b. center-fire cartridge
c. rimfire cartridge

Q24
It was in this year that the first cartridges made
of paper were developed; these combined both
powder and ball, and greatly speeded loading
and at the same time reduced the hazards of
carrying loose gunpowder.
a. 1313
b. 1350
c. 1498
d. 1575
Q25
The Morse cartridge in 1858 marked the
beginning of the rapid development of the
a. pin-fire cartridge
b. center-fire cartridge
c. rimfire cartridge

Q26
He is the developer of the first fully automatic
firearm the machine gun.
a. Maximus
b. Optimus
c. Hiramakoniyan
d. Hiram Maxim

Q27
It is an early muzzle-loaded firearm used in the
15th to 17th centuries. Like its successor, the
musket, it is a smoothbore firearm, but it is
lighter and easier to carry. It is a forerunner of
the rifle and other long-arm firearms.
a. arquebus
b. blunderbuss
c. musket
d. rifle
Q28
This is an example of a smooth-bore firearm.
a. rifle
b. pistol
c. revolver

Q29
These are firearms that propel projectiles less
than one inch in diameter.
a. artillery
b. small arms
c. shoulder arms
d. machine guns

Q30
The US Federal Arms Act defines these as
weapons that shoot or are designed to shoot,
automatically or semi-automatically, more than
one shot, without manual reloading, by a single
pull of the trigger.
a. artillery
b. small arms
c. shoulder arms
d. machine guns
Q31
Following are within the field of interior
ballistics, EXCEPT
a. energy of the bullet
b. firing pin hitting the primer
c. pressure developed
d. engraving on the cylindrical surface of the
bullet

Q32
In firearm, an automatic and semi-automatic
firearm design that directly utilizes the breech
pressure exerted on the head of the cartridge
cases to actuate the mechanism.
a. ricochet
b. blowback
c. recoil
d. full cock
AMMUNITION

Definition
1. Legal definition NIRC & RACP
a. Loaded shell rifles, muskets, carbines,
shotguns, revolvers and pistols from which a ball,
bullet, shot, shell or other missile; NOTE: with
use of gunpowder/other explosives
b. Ammunition for air rifles
2. Technical definition
a. Group of cartridges
b. Single unit
Definition
2. Technical definition
a. xxx
b. xxx
c. Single cartridge
d. Single round
e. Complete unfired unit consisting of a bullet,
cartridge case, gunpowder and primer

Evolution of Cartridge
1. Powder charge & ball bullets loaded one
after the other
2. Powder charge & shot wrapped in paper
Latin charta, paper & French cartouche, roll
of paper

Parts of Cartridge
1. Bullet a.k.a. slug
2. Cartridge case a.k.a. shell or casing
3. Gunpowder a.k.a. propellant or powder
charge
4. Primer cup of highly sensitive priming
mixture, ignited thru percussion.

Classification of Cartridges
A. According to the Type of Firearms used:
1. revolver cartridges
2. pistol cartridges
3. rifle cartridges
4. shotgun cartridges

B. According to Location of Primers:
1. Pin-fire cartridges
a. Obsolete
b. Made by Monsieur Le Facheux of Paris in 1836
c. Contained pin at the head which (end protrusion) is
hit by a hammer for ignition

2. Rim-fire cartridges
a. .22 pistols, revolvers & rifles
b. Priming mixture inside and around the rim.
c. Hammer or firing pin strikes the rim for ignition
d. Identifiable thru its headstamp

2. Rim-fire cartridges
e. Further classification:
cal. .22 short short bullet, short shell
cal. .22 long short bullet, long shell
cal. .22 L.R. long bullet, long shell
cal. .22 Magnum extra long bullet, extra long shell

3. Center-fire cartridges
a. Used in most modern firearms
b. Primer cup at the center
c. Firing pin hits the center
d. Flame passes thru vent or flash hole igniting powder
charge

Shotgun Shells
Single unit of ammunition for shotguns
Parts:
tubular case (paper, plastic or metal),
metallic base (with primer, powder or propellant),
wads, and
shots or pellets.
Importance of wads:
sealer of gun bore preventing gas pressure leaking
around shot charge
together with pellets, wads provide information as to
maker of ammo & type & gauge of shotgun .

Cartridge Cases
Definition: tubular metallic or non-metallic
container which holds together the bullet,
gunpowder, and the primer.
Other terms: shell or casing
Functions:
Holder: bullet, gunpowder & primer;
Waterproof container: gunpowder; and
Sealer: gas at the breech end of the barrel

Parts of Cartridge Case
1. Rim
2. Primer Pocket
3. Vent or Flash Hole
4. HEAD and BODY
5. Neck
6. Cannelures
7. Crimp
8. Base
9. Shoulder
10. Extracting Groove

Classification of Cartridge Cases
A. According to Case Shape:
Pistols
used in modern rifle

rarest cartridge case cartridges
Magnum Jet cartridge greatest powder capacity

Revolvers
Caliber .22 (carbines)

Classification of Cartridge Cases:
According to Head
caliber 338 magnum

Cal.45
caliber 8 mm x 59
Pistols
Grease
Cal.38 Gun
Super 38s
Cal.357 Thompson
Submachine
Gun

BULLETS

Definition of Bullet
Cylindrical projectile
Propelled by expansive force of gases from
burning gunpowder

Origin of Bullets
Were not originally used in firearms but in sling
Used in firearms placed in front of gunpowder
Lead balls as projectiles bullet from French
boulette, little ball
Delvigne, a French infantry officer, invented
breech in 1826 giving way to breech loading
system
Pointed bullets a.k.a. conical bullets; hollow
base which expands upon firing, engaging the
rifling

Origin of Bullets
Modern bullet:
Copper jacketed bullet
Elongated bullet with a lead core in a copper coating
Greater muzzle velocity
Spitzer bullet
Flew for greater distances more accurately
carried more energy
Boat tail bullet
Streamlined base for spitzer bullet
Reduces form drag

Bullet Classification
A. According to Mechanical Construction
1. Lead Bullets
a. lead or alloys of lead,
b. tin, and
c. antimony,
2. Jacketed Bullets
a. Gilding metal a copper alloy of approximately 90%
copper and 10% zinc.
b. Copper-plated steel : jacket of caliber .45 bullets.
NOTE: Primary function: to prevent adherence of Mattel
(lead) to inside of gun barrel.

B. According to Bullet Shape

C. According to Bullet Type
1. solid lead
2. solid hollow-point
3. solid paper-patched
4. metal-cased
5. soft
6. metal-cased hollow point
7. metal point
8. rifled slug

Rifle Bullets
1. Ball Bullets soft lead cores inside a jacket;
used against personnel only
2. Armor-piercing Bullets hardened steel
cores; fired at vehicles and other armored
targets.
3. Tracer Bullets base contains chemical
compound USU barium nitrates, catches fire
when the bullet is projected; seen during
nighttime.

Rifle Bullets
4. Incendiary Bullets contain mixture fires on
impact; used on combustible targets:
gasoline depot, aircrafts, etc.
5. Explosive/fragmentary Bullets contain high
charge of explosives; limited to 20 millimeter
and above.

Primers

Description of Primer
Portion of cartridge
Consists of a brass or gilding metal cup
Cup contains highly sensitive mixture of chemical
compound
Cup is ignited by percussion
Used for igniting the gunpowder or the powder
charge
Priming mixture may be contained in
Separate primer cup (center fire)
Bottom rim (rim fire)
Priming Methods
External priming
Matchlock
Wheel-lock
Flintlock
Caplock

Priming Methods
Internal priming
Magnum primers: contain more priming
compound & hotter flame
Berdan primers:
Boxer primers:

Parts of Primer
1. Primer Cup container of the priming mixture
2. Priming Mixture highly sensitive chemical mixture
contained in the primer cup
3. Anvil where priming mixture is crushed by a blow
from the firing pin
4. Disc small paper or tin foil pressed over the
priming mixture; its purpose is to a) hold the
priming mixture in place, and b) to exclude
moisture

Primer Composition
1. Potassium chlorate (initiator and fuel) - - 45%
2. Antimony sulphide (element and fuel) - - 23%
3. Fulminate of mercury (initiator) - - - - - - - 32%

Gunpowder

Characteristics of Gunpowder
A.k.a. propellant, powder charge
Ignited by the primer flash
Converted to gas under high pressure
Propels bullet or shot thru barrel

Classification & Composition
1. Black powder
a. potassium nitrate (75%)
b. Sulphur (10%)
c. Charcoal (15%)
2. Smokeless powder (nitrocellulose-based)
a. Nitrocellulose (60 parts)
b. Nitroglycerine (35 parts)
c. Vaseline (5 parts)

Test of Knowledge and
Comprehension

Q1
The National Internal Revenue Code and the
Revised Administrative Code define ammunition
as a loaded shell for
a. rifles
b. muskets
c. carbines
d. all of the above

Q2
It refers to one complete unfired unit consisting
of a bullet, primer, cartridge case, and
gunpowder
a. projectile
b. firearm
c. cartridge
d. slug

Q3
It is a Latin word for paper
a. cartouche
b. charta
c. penna
d. papyrus

Q4
The following are the advantages of using
cartridges, except
a. greatly speeded the loading of weapons
b. avoided waste of powder from spillage
c. soldiers carry with them a bag of powder and
the ball bullets to battles every time
d. provided a uniform charge from shot to shot

Q5
Technically speaking, the term ammunition refers to
a group of cartridges or to a single unit or single
cartridge.
a. the entire primer assembly consisting of primer
cup, priming mixture, and the anvil
b. a complete unfired unit consisting of a bullet,
cartridge case, gunpowder and primer
c. an entire cartridge case, including extracting
groove, shell head, and the crimp
d. the bullet consisting of the nose, the body and
the base
Q6
It consists of a tubular case, either paper, plastic
or metal, with a metallic base, containing the
primer, powder or propellant, wads, and shots
or pellets.
a. shotgun shell
b. shot pellet
c. buck shot
d. birds eye shot
Q7
Under this definition, the term may also include
projectiles propelled from shotguns, although
strictly speaking, these projectiles designed for
shotguns are called shots, slugs, or pellets.
a. primer
b. cartridge case
c. bullet
d. cartridge
Q8
"Bullet" is derived from the French word
boulette which roughly means
a. little brick
b. little box
c. little wood
d. little ball

Q9
These are bullets that have soft lead cores inside
a jacket and are used against personnel only.
a. armor-piercing bullet
b. ball bullet
c. tracer bullet
d. incendiary bullet

Q10
These are bullets that contain a chemical
compound at the base usually similar to barium
nitrates, which catches fire when the bullet is
projected.
a. armor-piercing bullet
b. ball bullet
c. tracer bullet
d. incendiary bullet
Q11
The centerline of a firearms bore is angled
slightly upward so that the projectile crosses the
line of sight on its way up and again on its way
down at is called the
a. effective range
b. maximum range
c. excess range
d. point blank range
Q12
It is the process of machine operation used in
making cartridge cases.
a. lettering
b. drawing
c. casting
d. drilling

Q13
The following are functions of a cartridge case,
except
a. holding the bullet, gunpowder, and primer
together as one unit
b. serving as waterproof container for the
gunpowder
c. igniting the priming mixture, and consequently,
the gunpowder
d. preventing the escape of gases to the rear as the
sidewalls of the cartridge case are forced against
the walls of the chamber by the pressure
Q14
The circular groove near the base of the case or
shell designed for the automatic withdrawal of
the case after each firing.
a. extracting groove
b. shoulder
c. ejector rod
d. base

Q15
The bottom portion of the case which holds: a)
the primer that contains the priming mixture; b)
the shell head that contains the headstamp,
caliber, and year of manufacture.
b. shoulder
c. ejector rod
d. base
Q16
It is that portion that supports the neck.
b. shoulder
c. ejector rod
d. base

Q17
Semi-rimmed type cartridges are used in super
38s. These are designed specifically to fit in the
mechanism of the super 38s. The rims of the
semi-rimmed are
a. at level with the body of the cartridge
b. smaller than the diameter of the body of the
cartridge case
c. slightly larger than the body and has cannelures for
extraction and ejection
d. protruding at the base of the cartridge case
Q18
The rimless types are used in .45 cal. pistols,
Thompson submachine guns, grease gun, etc.;
the rims are
a. at level with the body of the cartridge
b. smaller than the diameter of the body of the
cartridge case
c. slightly larger than the body and has cannelures for
extraction and ejection
d. protruding at the base of the cartridge case
Q19
A part of the cartridge used for igniting the
gunpowder or the powder charge.
a. cartridge case
b. primer
c. bullet
d. gunpowder

Q20
He is credited with being the first to conceive
the idea of using detonating compounds for
igniting powder charges in small arms by
percussion.
a. John Browning
b. Alexander John Forsyth
d. Elisha King Root
Q21
It is a small cylinder of copper or brass with one
closed end and placed over a hollow metal
"nipple" at the rear end of the gun barrel.
a. minie ball
b. shot pellets
c. priming mixture
d. percussion cap

Q22
The first step to firing a firearm of any sort is
a. igniting the propellant
b. propelling the bullet
c. detonating the gunpowder
d. all of them

Q23
It incorporated a "lock" that was actuated by a
trigger. The lock was a simple lever which
pivoted when pulled, and lowered the match
down to the touchhole.
a. wheel lock
b. cap lock
c. matchlock
d. flint lock
Q24
It used a spring-loaded, serrated steel wheel
which rubbed against a piece of iron pyrite.
a. wheel lock
b. cap lock
c. match lock
d. flint lock

Q25
It used a flash pan and a spark to ignite the
powder. As the name implies, however, it used
flint rather than iron pyrite.
a. wheel lock
b. cap lock
c. match lock
d. flint lock

Q26
They simply contain more priming compound
and give a longer and hotter flame than
standard primers.
a. Berdan primers
b. Boxer primers
c. Magnum primers
d. all of the above

Q27
It is one kind of cartridge primer that has an
anvil which is part of the cartridge itself.
a. Berdan primers
b. Boxer primers
c. Magnum primers
d. all of the above

Q28
That portion of the primer against which the
priming mixture is crushed by a blow from the
firing pin; this must be hard, rigid, and firmly
supported to provide the resistance necessary
for firing the priming mixture
a. anvil
b. priming mixture
c. disc
d. primer cup
Q29
It is the container of the priming mixture; this is
made of brass, gilding metal or copper,
depending upon the kind.
a. anvil
b. priming mixture
c. disc
d. primer cup

Q30
It consists of irregular grains which may have
either a dull or a shiny black surface. When fired
it produces large volumes of grayish smoke, and
considerable residue is left in the barrel.
a. smokeless powder
b. gunpowder
c. primer powder
d. black powder
Ballistics Examination
and Investigation

CRIME SCENE SEARCH AND
PRESENTATION OF BALLISTIC EVIDENCES
General Search
Link
Firearm evidences/ballistics exhibits
perpetrator
Other traces to crime
Search: well-planned & organized
Take attention on minute details
Extreme patience and keen observation

Collection of Physical Evidence
Collect all articles
Do not MAC: M-utilate, A-lter, C-ontaminate
Sketch & photograph
Features of firearm to take note: (1) type, (2)
caliber, (3) serial #, (4) whether loaded or not, (5)
position of firearm in relation to body, (6)
distinct/significant features, (7) place & date of
discovery

Features of bullet or bullets to take note:
type of bullet
caliber of the bullet
shape or form of the bullet
presence of metal or bullet fragments
place and date of recovery

Features of shell or shells to take note:
number of shells and their order of recovery
caliber of the shells
trademark or brand of the shells
place and date of recovery

Collecting firearm:
Handkerchief/non-metallic string into trigger
guard
Cocked firearm: lump of paper/cloth inserted on
open hammer

Marking of Physical Evidence: Donts
Dont rely on memory
Dont use universal marks such as X
Dont move or mark without first taking
photographs

Marking Firearms and Firearms Evidence:
Guiding Principle
Court is satisfied that this is the item (gun, bullet,
cartridge, wad, etc.) that was collected.
Unmarkable item: secured in a suitable container,
the container marked as to item number, date,
time, finder, description, location found, etc.,
sealed and the seal marked in such a way that
breaking of the seal would be discernible.

Some Suggested Sites
for Marking Handguns

Important Note
When marking, consider the following:
1. all class and individual characteristics
2. any trace evidence deposits
If in doubt:
1. wrap the item in a tissue
any of these
2. clean piece of paper
3. secure and seal in a vial
any of these
4. other appropriate container
5. thoroughly mark the sealed container

Transmittal of Physical Evidences: Establish
Chain of Possession
who recovered evidences
who received exhibits from him
exact time exhibits were submitted
date and time received
issuance of receipt and by whom
location of evidence at any given time

ARMS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
RELATED TO FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION

How Barrel Is Made
1. Drilling cutting a hole inside the barrel
2. Reaming removing scars and scratches left
after drilling
3. Rifling grooving inside the barrels
1. Broach, Gang 4. Hook
2. Broach, Single 5. Scrape
3. Button 6. Swage

How Breechface Is Made
Machine cut
Machine or hand filing and grinding
Finishing operation
NOTE: Breechface
Where cartridge case and primer are forced
backwards.
Shell will be imprinted with breechface markings

How Firing Pin Is Made
Cut and shaped
Fire finishing according to the grade of
weapon

Class Characteristics

common to a group or family of items
determinable even prior to the manufacture
of the firearms
factory specifications and within the control of
man
basis for identifying a certain group of class of
firearms

1. bore diameter (caliber)
2. number of lands and grooves
3. width of land
4. width of grooves
5. direction of twist
6. pitch of rifling
7. depth of grooves

Individual Characteristics
markings peculiar and not found in all other
firearms
Determinable only after the manufacture of
firearm
beyond the control of man
have random distribution
caused by tools in in their normal operation

Marks Found on Fired Bullets
1. land marks caused by the lands
2. groove marks caused by the grooves
3. skid marks due to worn out barrel
4. stripping marks/shaving marks due to
bullet jumping the rifling
5. slippage marks caused by rotating
resistance of bullet upon entering rifling of
breech end.
Marks Found on Fired Shells
1. firing pin marks caused by a firing pin after hitting
the primer cup
2. breechface marks due to impact created by the
banging of the shell head and breechblock surface
3. extractor marks created by the action of the
extracting mechanism on the empty shells; usually
located on the extracting grooves of the shell
4. ejector marks commonly found among cartridges
fired from automatic weapons; also located near the
rim of the cartridge

Marks Found on Fired Shells
5. shearing marks striations on the primer caused by
sudden movement while being hit by the firing pin;
also called secondary firing pin marks
6. chamber marks are mostly found around the body
of the fired cartridge case and they are caused by the
irregularities in the inside walls of the chamber
7. magazine lip markings found at both sides of the
rim of the shell and these are caused by the magazine
lips during reloading of the cartridges into the
magazine for firing.

Summary of Marks Left
on Expended Cartridges

Principles of identification of Bullets
1. No two barrels are microscopically identical.
2. Bullet is engraved by riflings of barrel from
where it was fired.
3. Barrel leaves thumb mark on bullet.

Principles of identification of Shells
1. Breechface & striker leave microscopical
individualities.
2. Firearm leaves fingerprint on cartridge case.
3. Breechface is distinct.

Test of Knowledge and
Comprehension

Q1
6 lands and 6 grooves, left hand twist, narrow
land and broad grooves (6-L-G2x).
a. Browning Type
b. Colt Type
c. Steyr Type
d. Smith and Wesson Type

Q2
A gun barrel with very wide lands will have
a. narrow grooves
b. very wide grooves
c. half as many grooves
d. very deep grooves

Q3
An internal mandrel with rifling configuration
which forms rifling in the barrel by means of
external hammering. Also known as HAMMER
FORGING.
a. broach, gang
b. scrape
c. swage
d. button
Q4
Bullets fired from a worn-out barrel, oily barrels
and slightly over-sized barrels.
a. skidmarks
b. slippage marks
c. landmarks
d. groovemarks

Q5
Cutting tool which has a clasp-shape and only
cuts one groove at a time.
a. hook
b. broach, gang
c. broach, single
d. button

Q6
Depressed portion cylindrical surface of bullet.
a. skidmarks
b. slippage marks
c. landmarks
d. groovemarks

Q7
Five lands and five grooves, right hand twist and
lands of equal width (5-R-G=L).
a. Browning Type
b. Colt Type
c. Steyr Type

Q8
Following are the principles of identification of shells, EXCEPT
a. The breechface and striker of every single firearm leave
microscopical and individualities of their own.
b. No two barrels are microscopically identical as the
surfaces of their bores all possess individual and
characteristics markings of their own.
c. The firearm leaves its fingerprints or thumbmark on
every cartridge case which it fires.
d. The imprint on all cartridge cases fired from the same
weapon are always the same, those on cartridge cases
fired from different weapons must always be different.

Q9
Four lands and four grooves right-hand twist;
narrow land and broad grooves (4-R-G3x).
a. Steyr Type
b. Colt Type
c. Webley Type
d. Army Type

Q10
Four lands, four grooves, right hand twist and
lands or equal width (4-R-G=L) used in all earlier
self-loading pistols.
a. Browning Type
b. Browning Type
c. Steyr Type

Q11
Hardened metal plug with a rifled cross-section
configuration. It is pushed or pulled through a
drilled and reamed barrel so as to cold form the
spiral grooves to the desired depth and twist.
a. hook
b. broach, gang
c. broach, single
d. button
Q12
If a bullet were to be initialed, which location is
NOT suitable location for marking?
a. ogive
b. anterior portion
c. peripheral portion
d. base

Q13
If the bullet is badly damaged or disfigured,
initials shall be placed at the
a. base
b. anterior portion
c. peripheral
d. ogive

Q14
Instrument used in marking bullets or shells
recovered at the crime scene.
a. marker
b. pentel pen
c. pencil
d. stylus

Q15
Most commonly these marks are found on
bullets fired from a revolver due to a poor
alignment of the cylinder with the bore.
a. chamber marks
b. groove marks
c. shaving marks
d. ejector marks

Q16
Negative impression found on the head of the
cartridge case after firing.
a. breechface markings
b. chamber marks
c. extractor marks
d. firing pin impression

Q17
Non-adjustable rifling cutter which cuts all the
grooves simultaneously; and is in a series of
increasing dimensions until the desired groove
depth is achieved.
a. hook
b. broach, gang
c. broach, single
d. button
Q18
One of the following statements regarding principles of
identification of bullets is NOT true.
a. The engravings on bullets fired from the same barrel will
be different.
b. No two barrels are microscopically identical as the
surfaces of their bores all possess individual and
characteristic markings of their own.
c. When a bullet is fired from a rifled barrel, it becomes
engraved by the riflings and this engraving will vary in its
minute details with every individual bore.
d. Every barrel leaves its thumb mark on every bullet which
is fired through it, just as every breechface leaves its
thumb mark on the base of every fired cartridge case.

Q19
Produced upon a cartridge or cartridge case on
the head, generally at or near the rim...
a. chamber marks
b. groove marks
c. shaving marks
d. ejector marks

Q20
Raised or elevated portions cause by the
grooves.
a. skidmarks
b. slippage marks
c. landmarks
d. groove marks

Q21
Seven lands and seven grooves, right hand twist;
narrow lands and broad grooves (7-R-G3x).
a. Steyr Type
b. Colt Type
c. Webley Type
d. Army Type

Q22
Six lands, six grooves, right hand twist, narrow
lands and broad grooves. (6-R-G2x).
a. Browning Type
b. Colt Type
c. Steyr Type

Q23
Spiral grooves in the bore designed to give a
spin to the projectile for greater accuracy and
carrying power.
a. gauge
b. rifling
c. caliber
d. bore

Q24
Term used to indicate the bore diameter
measured from two opposite land.
a. gauge
b. measurement
c. rifling
d. caliber

Q25
The indentation in the primer of a center fire
cartridge case or in the rim of a rimfire cartridge
...
b. chamber marks
c. extractor marks

Q26
The marks left on a bullet by a gun barrel are
different from those left by any other gun barrel.
This fact is most useful in directly identifying the
a. direction from which a shot was fired
b. person who fired a particular gun
c. bullet which caused a fatal wound
d. gun from which a bullet was fired

Q27
This is that portion of the firearm against which
the cartridge case and the primer are forced
backwards when a shell will be imprinted by the
tool markings.
a. breechface
b. extractor
c. ejector
d. firing pin
Q28
This operation results in a longitudinally rough
hole of uniform diameter from one end of the
barrel to the other.
a. rifling
b. boring
c. drilling
d. reaming

Q29
This removes some of the scars and scratches
left by the drilling operation.
a. rifling
b. boring
c. drilling
d. reaming

Q30
They are characteristics whose existence is
beyond the control of man and which have
random distribution.
a. class characteristics
b. individual characteristic
c. group characteristics
d. similar characteristics

Q31
Tool having a series of cutting edges of slightly
increasing height used to cut the spiral grooves
in a barrel.
a. hook
b. broach, gang
c. broach, single
d. button

Q32
Tool which cuts two opposing grooves at a time.
a. broach, gang
b. scrape
c. swage
d. button

Q33
Toolmarks produced upon a cartridge or
cartridge case from contact with the extractor.
These are usually found on or just ahead of the
rim.
b. chamber marks
c. extractor marks
Q34
What is the significance on the part of a firearm examiner
in knowing the various steps in the manufacture of a
firearm?
a. for him to satisfy the questions in the minds of those
interested in the outcome of the case
b. for him to explain the source or cause of the different
markings which may be found on a firearm evidence
which may be found basis of his identification
c. for him to make impression to the public the
importance of firearm examination
d. for him to provide strong basis in the conviction of the
accused

Q35
When it comes to fired shells, the best areas
where the investigating officer can place his
marks are as follows, EXCEPT
a. base of the fired shells
b. inside, near the open mouth
c. outside, near the open mouth
d. on the body of the shell

Q36
Which of the following is NOT particularly useful
in determining whether a fired bullet could have
been fired by a particular gun?
a. rate of twist
b. number of lands and grooves
c. direction of twist
d. the widths of either the lands or the grooves

Q37
The gun barrel shown on the
right has:
a. 5 lands and grooves with a
right twist
b. 10 lands with a right twist
c. 5 lands with a left twist
d. A polygonal profile
e. 5 grooves with a left twist
Q38
Which of the following is NOT particularly useful
in determining whether a fired bullet could have
been fired by a particular firearm,
a. Number of lands and grooves
b. Direction twist
c. Rate of twist
d. The widths of either the lands or the grooves

THE END

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BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
OK NA?
BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
ISA PA? O OK NA?

BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK
TUMPAK!!
OK NA?
BOKYA!!
@y@n n@, h!nd3
k@z! n@qqn1& 3hh!!
BACK
NAKUH!!
|v*h <*z!
1n||z1p 3hh!!
BACK
SABLAY!!
Pang-ilang basted
mo na to?
BACK

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Forensic Ballistics Reviewer

MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 2

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 3

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 4

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 5

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 6

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 7

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 8

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 9

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 10

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 11

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 12

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 13

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 14

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 15

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 16

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 17

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 18

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 19

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 20

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 21

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 22

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 23

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 24

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 25

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 26

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 27

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 28

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 29

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 31

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 32

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 33

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 34

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 37

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 39

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 40

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 41

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 43

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 45

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 46

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 48

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 49

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 51

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 53

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 55

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 56

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 57

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 58

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 59

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 60

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 61

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 62

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 63

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 64

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 65

used in modern rifle

Magnum Jet cartridge greatest powder capacity

Caliber .22 (carbines)

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 66

caliber 338 magnum

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 67

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 68

Melcon S. Lapina, MSCrim 69