Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THREE-SPAN CONTINUOUS
STRAIGHT COMPOSITE
I GIRDER
Load and Resistance Factor Design
(Third Edition -- Customary U.S. Units)
by and
Michael A. Grubb, P.E. Robert E. Schmidt, E.I.T.
Bridge Software Development International, Ltd. SITE-Blauvelt Engineers
Cranberry Township, PA Pittsburgh, PA
B S D I
DESIGN PARAMETERS
B S D I
B S D I
CROSS-FRAMES
(Article 6.7.4.1)
B S D I
B S D I
CROSS-SECTION PROPORTIONS
Web Depth
Span-to-Depth Ratios (Table 2.5.2.6.3-1)
0.032L = 0.032(175.0) = 5.6 ft = 67.2 in.
Use 69.0 in.
(t w )min. = D = 69 = 0.46 in .
150 150
B S D I
(b f )min. = D / 6 = 69. 0 / 6 = 11 .5 in .
(b fc )min. = L = 100(12) = 14. 1 in.
85 85
Flange Thickness (Article 6.10.2.2)
B S D I
B S D I
bf 18
= = 10.3 < 12 .0 ok
2t f 2(0.875 )
1(16 )
3
I yc 12
= = 0 .51 0.1 < 0.51 < 10 ok
1.375 (18 )
3
Iyt
12
B S D I
DEAD LOADS
(Article 3.5.1)
B S D I
B S D I
Design Truck:
or
Design Tandem:
Pair of 25.0 KIP axles
spaced 4.0 FT apart
superimposed on
Design Lane Load
0.64 KLF uniformly
distributed load
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
WIND LOADS
(Article 3.8)
2
V 2
VDZ
PD = PB DZ = PB Eq. (3.8.1.2.1-1)
VB 10,000
PB = base wind pressure = 0.050 ksf for beams
V DZ = design wind velocity at elevation Z
V B = base wind velocity at 30 ft height = 100 mph
B S D I
V Z
VDZ = 2.5 Vo 30 ln Eq. (3.8.1.1-1)
VB Z o
V o = friction velocity = 8.2 mph for open country
V30 = wind velocity at 30 ft above low ground = V B = 100
mph in absence of better information
Z = height of structure above low ground (> 30 ft)
Zo = friction length of upstream fetch = 0.23 ft for open
country
B S D I
WIND LOADS
(continued)
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
(continued)
N
DF = m 3 L
Nb
3
= 0.85 = 0.638 lanes
4
B S D I
COMPONENT IM
Deck Joints All Limit States 75%
All Other Components
- Fatigue & Fracture Limit State 15%
33%
- All Other Limit States
(applied to design truck onlynot to design lane load)
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
SECTION PROPERTIES
Section 1-1 (@ 0.4L1)
B S D I
116.0 L 100 .0 x 12
+ = 58.0 + = 208.0 in.
2 8 8
or
116.0 b 16.0
+ 6.0 t s + tf = 58.0 + 6.0(9.0 ) + = 116.0 in.
2 4 4
or
116.0
+ width of the overhang = 58.0 + 42.0 in. = 100.0 in. (governs)
2
B S D I
Ps = 0.85 fc' beff t s = 0.85 (4.0 )(100.0 )(9 .0) = 3,060 kips
3,060 kips < 3,763 kips PNA is in the top flange,use Case II
t c Pw + Pt Ps
y= + 1
2 Pc
= 0.44 in. from the top of the top flange
P
[ ]
Mp = c y 2 + ( t c y )2 + [Psd s + Pw d w + Pt dt ]
2tc
Mp = 170,382 kip - in. = 14,199 kip - ft
B S D I
B S D I
A deck =
9.0
(43 .0) + 2 1 3.0 + 0 .5 3. 5 18 2 = 33.17 ft 2 = 4,776 in.2
12 12 2 12
0.01( 4,776 ) = 47 .76 in.2
47 .76
= 1.11 in.2 ft = 0.0926 in.2 in.
43.0
B S D I
B S D I
DECK-PLACEMENT SEQUENCE
B S D I
Deck, haunches + SIP 786 1360 1822 1870 1850 1528 1038 335 53
Deck, haunches + SIP-.92 -1.71 -2.47 -2.59 -2.64 -2.43 -2.02 -1.47 -1.27
DECK-PLACEMENT ANALYSIS
(continued)
1.0(1.25)(2,889)(12)
Top flange: fbu = = 27.41 ksi
1,581
1.0(1.25)(2,889)(12)
Bot. flange: fbu = = 21.96 ksi
1,973
1.0(1.5)(2,889)(12)
Top flange: fbu = = 32.89 ksi
1,581
1.0(1.5)(2,889)(12)
Bot. flange: fbu = = 26.36 ksi
1,973
B S D I
F = P tan
3. 5 ft
= tan 1 = 31 .3o
5.75 ft
B S D I
Construction loads:
B S D I
CbR b
If: L b 1.2L p then, no amplification
fbm Fyc
0. 85
Otherwise: fl = f f Eq. (6.10.1.6-4)
fbm l1 l1
1 F
cr
CbR b
L b 1.2L p Eq. (6.10.1.6-2)
fbm Fyc
Rb = 1.0
Cb = 1.0
fbm = fbu = -32.89 ksi (STRENGTH IV)
E
L p = 1.0rt where: rt = b fc
Fyc
1 Dc t w
12 1 +
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-4) 3 b fc t fc
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-9)
B S D I
1.0(1.0 )
1.2(7. 83 ) = 11.59 ft < Lb = 24 .0 ft
32 .89 50
B S D I
0.85
AF = = 1.78 > 1. 0 ok
27.41
1
52.49
0.85
AF = = 2.28 > 1. 0 ok
32.89
1
52. 49
B S D I
Dead loads:
Ml 21 .34 (12 )
Bot. flange: fl = = = 3 .45 ksi
S l 1 .375 (18 )2 6
B S D I
Finishing machine:
B S D I
For STRENGTH I:
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY - FLEXURE
(Article 6.10.3.2)
1
fbu + fl f Fnc Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-2)
3
fbu f Fcrw Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-3)
B S D I
E 29,000
pf = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9 .2
Fyc 50
B S D I
Anchor point 2
Mr r
Fr or M Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc
compact noncompact CbRb2 E
2
(inelastic buckling) Lb
rt
nonslender slender
(elastic buckling)
Lr
B S D IL p o r p pf o rr r f L b o r b f c/ 2 t fc
E
L r = rt Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-5)
Fyr
Fyr L b Lp
Fnc = Cb 1 1
L L RbR hFyc RbR hFyc
R hFyc r p
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-2)
35.0 24.0 7.83
Fnc = 1.0 1 1 (1.0 )(1 .0)(50) = 38.75 ksi
1 . 0(50) 29.39 7.83
< 1.0(1 .0)(50) = 50 ksi
Therefore: FncLTB = 38.75 ksi (< FncFLB = 50.0 ksi)
Anchor point 2
Mr r
Fr or M Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc
compact noncompact CbRb2 E
2
(inelastic buckling) Lb
rt
nonslender slender
(elastic buckling)
Lr
B S D IL p o r p pf o rr r f L b o r b f c/ 2 t fc
CONSTRUCTIBILITY - FLEXURE
Top Flange
For STRENGTH I:
fbu + fl fR hFyc Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-1)
B S D I
0.9(29,000)(28.7)
Fcrw = 2
= 39 .33 ksi < R hFyc = 1.0(50) = 50 ksi ok
69 .0
0.5
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY - FLEXURE
Web & Top Flange (continued)
fbu f Fcrw Eq. (6.10.3.2.1-3)
B S D I
1 14.87
fbu + fl = 32.89 ksi + ksi = 37.85 ksi
3 3
fFnc = 1.0(38.75) = 38.75 ksi
37.85 ksi < 38.75 ksi ok (Ratio = 0.977)
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Wind Load - Section 1-1
B S D I
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Wind Load - Section 1-1 (continued)
9 9
M11 = WL2e = (0.403)(120.0)2 = 408.0 kip ft
128 128
B S D I
1(16) 3 1.375(18)3
Top Flg: Il = = 341.3 in.4 Bot Flg: Il = = 668 .3 in.4
12 12
408.0(341 .3)
Top Flange: Ml = = 34.48 kip ft
(341 .3 + 668 .3)4
408.0(668 .3)
Bottom Flange: Ml = = 67.52 kip ft
(341 .3 + 668 .3)4
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Wind Load - Section 1-1 (continued)
34.48(12)
Top Flange: fl = = 9.70 ksi < 0.6Fyf = 30.0 ksi ok
1(16) 2 6
B S D I
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Wind Load - Section 1-1 (continued)
5 5
Vf f = WL e = (0.403 )(120.0 ) = 30.23 kips
8 8
(20.0 ) + (12.0 )
2 2
P = 30.23 = 58.76 kips
12.0
B S D I
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Wind Load - Section 1-1 (continued)
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Shear (Article 6.10.3.3)
B S D I
B S D I
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Concrete Deck (Article 6.10.3.2.4)
fdeck fr = 0.9fr
B S D I
Deck, haunches + SIP 786 1360 1822 1870 1850 1528 1038 335 53
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
Concrete Deck (continued)
B S D I
140 .0(12 )
End Spans: ALLOW = = 2.10 in. > 0 .91 in. ok
800
175 .0(12 )
Center Span: ALLOW = = 2.63 in. > 1.23 in. ok
800
B S D I
f
Bottom steel flange of composite sections: ff + l 0.95 RhFyf
2
Eq. (6.10.4.2.2-2)
B S D I
ff 0.95RhFyf
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
WEB BEND-BUCKLING
RESISTANCE (Article 6.10.1.9)
0.9Ek
Fcrw = 2
min(R hFyc , Fyw 0.7 ) Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-1)
D
tw
9
where: k= Eq. (6.10.1.9.1-2)
(D c D )2
According to Article D6.3.1 (Appendix D), for composite
sections in negative flexure at the service limit state where
the concrete is considered effective in tension for
computing flexural stresses on the composite section, as
permitted in Article 6.10.4.2.1, Dc is to be computed as:
fc Eq. (D6.3.1-1)
D c = d t fc 0
fc + f t
B S D I
( 38 .88 )
D c = 71 .0 1 . 0 = 43 . 25 in . > 0 ok
38 . 88 + 23 . 51
9
k= = 22 .9
(43 .25 69 .0 )2
0.9(29,000)(22.9) 38 . 88 < 39 . 72 ksi
Fcrw = 2
= 39.72 ksi
69. 0
ok Ratio = (0.979)
0.5625
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
Fatigue &
Fracture Limit
State
B S D I
FATIGUE RESISTANCE
FIRST PRINCIPAL
B S D I
B S D I
FATIGUE LOAD
(Article 3.6.1.4)
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
(F)n = A 1 (F)TH
3
Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-1)
N 2
N = ( 365 )( 75 )n( ADTT ) SL Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-2)
B S D I
B S D I
N 2
N = ( 365 )( 75 )n( ADTT ) SL Eq. (6.6.1.2.5-2)
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
Strength
Limit State
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
1
Mu + flSxt fMn Eq. (6.10.7.1.1-1)
3
B S D I
PDd
W = Eq. (C4.6.2.7.1-1)
2
WL2b
Mw = Eq. (C4.6.2.7.1-2)
10
= 1.0 Lb = 24-0 WL = 0
AF = 1.0 for tension flanges
B S D I
B S D I
0.063(24 .0)2
Mw = = 3.63 kip ft
10
Mw 3 .63(12)
fl = = = 0 .587 ksi * AF = 0.587 (1.0) = 0 .587 ksi
Sl 1.375(18 )2 6
< 0.6Fyf = 30 .0 ksi ok
B S D I
Calculate Mu:
For STRENGTH I:
Mu = 1.0[1.25(2,202 + 335 ) + 1.5(322) + 1.75 (3,510)] = 9,797 kip ft
B S D I
Dp
Mn = Mp 1.07 0.7
Dt
Otherwise: Eq. (6.10.7.1.2-2)
In a continuous span, M n is limited to:
Mn = 1.3RhMy Eq. (6.10.7.1.2-3)
B S D I
Dp
Mn = Mp 1. 07 0.7 Eq.(6.10. 7.1.2 2 )
Dt
11.94
Mn = 14 ,199 1.07 0 .7 = 13,761 kip ft
82 .88
In a continuous span : Mn 1.3R hM y Eq. (6.10.7. 1.2 3 )
Mn = 13,222 kip ft
Myt 10,171(12)
S xt = = = 2,441 in3
Fyt 50
B S D I
B S D I
Highlights:
n Tension-field action extended to interior
panels of hybrid sections.
n Moment-shear interaction equation is
eliminated.
n No handling requirement since D/tw is limited
to 150 for transversely stiffened girders.
n Shear connector design moved to separate
Article 6.10.10.
B S D I
SHEAR
End Panels (Article 6.10.9.3.3)
V p = 0 . 58 F yw Dt w = 1,001 kips
B S D I
B S D I
SHEAR
Interior Panels (continued)
B S D I
SHEAR
Interior Panels (continued)
B S D I
Ek 29,000(5.59) D 69 .0
1 .40 = 1.40 = 79 .7 < = = 138 .0
Fyw 50 tw 0. 5
B S D I
SHEAR
Interior Panels (continued)
B S D I
1
fbu + fl fFnc Eq. (6.10.8.1.1-1)
3
B S D I
B S D I
Rh =
(
12 + 3 3 ) Eq. (6.10.1.10.1-1)
12+ 2
2Dnt w
= Eq. (6.10.1.10.1-2)
Afn
Fyw
= 1.0
fn
B S D I
Afn = sum of the flange area & the area of any cover
plates on the side of the neutral axis corresponding
to Dn. For the top flange, can include reinforcement.
Calculate Rh:
Rh =
(
12 + 3 3 )
12+ 2
Rh =
[
12 + 1.028 3(0. 714) (0. 714)3 ]
= 0 .984
12 + 2(1.028 )
B S D I
2D c t w 2(36.55 )(0.5625 )
a wc = = = 1.028
b fc t fc 20(2)
1 .028
Rb = 1 (130.0 116.0 ) = 0.990
1200 + 300 (1.028 )
B S D I
E 29,000
pf = 0.38 = 0 .38 = 7.73
Fyc 70
B S D I
Mr r
Fr or M
Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc
compact noncompact CbRb2 E
(inelastic buckling) 2
Lb
rt
nonslender slender
(elastic buckling)
Lr
B S D IL p o r p pf o rr r f L b or b f c/ 2 t fc
B S D I
B S D I
E
L r = rt Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-5)
Fyr
(5.33) 29,000
Therefore: Lr = = 33.95 ft
12 49.0
B S D I
B S D I
Examples:
f mid /f 2 = 0.875
f1 = 2fmid f2 fo f mid f2
f1 f0 f 1/f 2 = 0.75
Lb Cb = 1.13
fmid > f 2
fmid
f2
f0 Cb = 1
f2 = 0
f mid
Cb = 1
f0 < 0
f mid f2 f1 /f 2 = 0.5
f1
C b = 1.3
f0 = 0
B S D I
Bottom flange:
B S D I
Fyr L b Lp
Fnc = Cb 1 1
RbR hFyc RbR hFyc
R hFyc L r L p
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-2)
Mr r
Fr or M
Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc
compact noncompact CbRb2 E
(inelastic buckling) 2
Lb
rt
nonslender slender
(elastic buckling)
Lr
B S D IL p o r p pf o rr r f L b or b f c/ 2 t fc
B S D I
B S D I
Fyr L b Lp
Fnc = Cb 1 1
L L RbR hFyc RbR hFyc
R F
h yc r p
Eq. (6.10.8.2.3-2)
49 .0 20.0 8. 40
Fnc = 1.0 1 1 (0. 977 )(0 .971)(70) = 57 .11 ksi
0.971(70 ) 31.53 8 .40
< 0.977(0.971)(70 ) = 66.41 ksi
B S D I
B S D I
29 ,000
Therefore: rf = 0.56 = 13.62
49 .0
B S D I
Fyr f pf
Fnc = 1 1 R bRhFyc
R hFyc rf pf
Eq. (6.10.8.2.2-2)
49 .0 10.0 7 .73
Fnc = 1 1 (0.977)(0.971)(70 .0) = 59.26 ksi
0 . 971( 70 . 0 ) 13.62 7 .73
Mr r
Fr or M
Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc
compact noncompact CbRb2 E
(inelastic buckling) 2
Lb
rt
nonslender slender
(elastic buckling)
Lr
B S D IL p o r p pf o rr r f L b or b f c/ 2 t fc
For STRENGTH I:
Section 2-2: Top Flange: fbu = 54.57 ksi
Bottom Flange: f = -55.64 ksi
For STRENGTH I:
1
fbu + fl fFnc Eq. (6.10.8.1.1-1)
3
1
fbu + fl = - 57.54 ksi + 0 = 57.54ksi
3
fFnc = 1.0(57.11)= 57.11ksi
57.54 ksi > 57.11ksi say ok (Ratio = 1.008)
B S D I
For STRENGTH I:
fbu fRhFyf Eq. (6.10.8.1.3-1)
Section 2-2:
fbu = 54.57 ksi
fR hFyf = 1.0(0.984 )(70.00 ) = 68.88 ksi
54.57 ksi < 68.88 ksi ok (Ratio = 0.792)
Flange transition:
fbu = 52.86 ksi
fR hFyf = 1.0(0.971)(70 .00) = 67. 97 ksi
52.86 ksi < 67.97 ksi ok (Ratio = 0.778)
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I
B S D I