Zanki Renal Pathology

Generated on 2017-12-07
1. The dominant presenting sign of The dominant presenting sign of urethritis is dysuria
urethritis is [...]
PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI
2. Wilms tumor is a malignant kidney Wilms tumor is a malignant kidney tumor composed primarily of blastema
tumor composed primarily of [...] +/- +/- primitive glomeruli, tubules, and stromal cells
primitive glomeruli, tubules, and
stromal cells
blastema is immature kidney mesenchyme
PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia
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3. [...] tumor is a malignant kidney Wilms tumor is a malignant kidney tumor composed primarily of blastema
tumor composed primarily of +/- primitive glomeruli, tubules, and stromal cells
blastema +/- primitive glomeruli,
tubules, and stromal cells
blastema is immature kidney mesenchyme
4. Is renal oncocytoma benign or Is renal oncocytoma benign or malignant?

malignant? Benign
[...]
however, often resected to exclude malignancy (e.g. renal cell carcinoma)

FArenal RenalPathology
5. What is the appearance uric acid What is the appearance uric acid kidney stones on X-ray?
kidney stones on X-ray? Radiolucent
[...]
PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis
6. Nephritic syndrome is associated Nephritic syndrome is associated with salt retention with consequent
with salt retention with consequent periorbital edema and hypertension
[...] and hypertension
PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome
with salt retention with consequent periorbital edema and hypertension
periorbital edema and [...]
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with [...] retention with consequent periorbital edema and hypertension
periorbital edema and
hypertension
9. Transitional cell (urothelial) Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma tumors are often multifocal and
carcinoma tumors are often recur due to a "field defect"
multifocal and recur due to a "[...]
defect"
i.e. the entire urothelial surface is essentially mutated
10. Renal cell carcinoma tumors may Renal cell carcinoma tumors may be caused by hereditary or sporadic
be caused by [...] or [...] etiologies etiologies
11. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis may present with hemat-uria and

glomerulonephritis may present cola-colored urine
with hemat-uria and [...]-colored
urine
12. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis may present with hemat-uria and

glomerulonephritis may present cola-colored urine
with [...]-uria and cola-colored urine
13. [...]glomerulonephritis may present Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis may present with hemat-uria and
with hemat-uria and cola-colored cola-colored urine
urine
14. What is the mode of inheritance of What is the mode of inheritance of von Hippel Lindau disease?
von Hippel Lindau disease? Autosomal dominant
[...]
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15. What is the appearance cystine What is the appearance cystine kidney stones on X-ray?
kidney stones on X-ray? Radiolucent
[...]
16. What treatment may be used for What treatment may be used for refractory cases of cystine kidney
refractory cases of cystine kidney stones?
stones? Chelating agents (e.g. penicillamine)
[...]
17. PSGN occurs with nephritogenic PSGN occurs with nephritogenic strains of group A -hemolytic
strains of group A -hemolytic streptococcus, which carry the M protein virulence factor
streptococcus, which carry the [...]
virulence factor
may occur after infection with nonstreptococcal organisms as well
18. Alport syndrome often presents with Alport syndrome often presents with a triad of ocular disturbances,
a triad of ocular disturbances, isolated hematuria, and sensory hearing loss
isolated [...], and sensory hearing
loss
"can't see, can't pee, can't hear a bee"; e.g. retinopathy, lens dislocation;
glomerulonephritis; sensorineural deafness
a triad of ocular disturbances, isolated hematuria, and sensory hearing loss
isolated hematuria, and sensory [...]
loss
a triad of [...] disturbances, isolated isolated hematuria, and sensory hearing loss
hematuria, and sensory hearing loss
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21. [...]syndrome often presents with a Alport syndrome often presents with a triad of ocular disturbances,
triad of ocular disturbances, isolated isolated hematuria, and sensory hearing loss
hematuria, and sensory hearing loss
22. Is the hereditary form of renal cell Is the hereditary form of renal cell carcinoma typically uni- or bilateral?
carcinoma typically uni- or bilateral? Bilateral
[...]
sporadic form is classically a single tumor

23. Does transitional cell carcinoma Does transitional cell carcinoma via the flat pathway develop as a
via the flat pathway develop as a high-grade or low-grade tumor?
high-grade or low-grade tumor? High-grade tumor
[...]
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24. Biopsyof nephritic syndrome Biopsy of nephritic syndrome reveals hyper-cellular, inflamed glomeruli
reveals [...]-cellular, inflamed
glomeruli
25. Cystitis is characterized by positive Cystitis is characterized by positive leukocyte esterase due to pyuria
[...] due to pyuria
26. Cystitis
is characterized by positive Cystitis is characterized by positive leukocyte esterase due to pyuria
leukocyte esterase due to [...]
27. Nephrolithiasis may present as [...] Nephrolithiasis may present as colicky flank pain (frequency) that
flank pain (frequency) that radiates to radiates to the groin
the groin
28. IgA nephropathy is characterized by IgA nephropathy is characterized by mesangial proliferation on light
[...] proliferation on light microscopy microscopy
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29. UTIwith sterile pyuria suggests [...] UTI with sterile pyuria suggests urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis or
due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
30. UTIwith sterile pyuria suggests UTI with sterile pyuria suggests urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis or
urethritis due to Chlamydia Neisseria gonorrhoeae
trachomatis or [...]
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31. UTI with sterile pyuria suggests UTI with sterile pyuria suggests urethritis due to Chlamydia trachomatis
urethritis due to [...] or Neisseria or Neisseria gonorrhoeae
gonorrhoeae
32. PSGN may present with [...] (BP) PSGN may present with hypertension (BP)
33. PSGN may present with peripheral PSGN may present with peripheral and periorbital edema
and periorbital [...]
34. Treatment of uric acid kidney Treatment of uric acid kidney stones involves alkalinization of urine (e.g.
stones involves [...] of urine (e.g. potassium bicarbonate)
potassium bicarbonate)
35. [...]
incontinence is due to outlet Stress incontinence is due to outlet incompetence (e.g. urethral
incompetence (e.g. urethral hypermobility or intrinsic sphincteric deficiency)
hypermobility or intrinsic sphincteric
deficiency)
outlet incompetence is urination without bladder contraction
36. Which part of the urinary tract does Which part of the urinary tract does adenocarcinoma most commonly
adenocarcinoma most commonly occur?
occur? Bladder
[...]
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37. [...]
incontinence is associated with Stress incontinence is associated with a positive bladder stress test
a positive bladder stress test
i.e. leakage from urethra upon coughing or Valsalva maneuver

38. Stress incontinence is associated Stress incontinence is associated with a positive bladder stress test
with a positive [...] stress test
i.e. leakage from urethra upon coughing or Valsalva maneuver

39. A "[...]" glomerular disorder involves A "diffuse" glomerular disorder involves > 50% of glomeruli
> 50% of glomeruli
40. Renal cell carcinoma is associated Renal cell carcinoma is associated with a classic triad of hematuria,
with a classic triad of [...], palpable palpable mass, and flank pain
mass, and flank pain
also known as hypernephroma; all three symptoms rarely occur together

(10%)
with a classic triad of hematuria, [...], palpable mass, and flank pain
and flank pain

(10%)
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with a classic triad of hematuria, palpable mass, and flank pain
palpable mass, and [...] pain

(10%)
43. Cystine kidney stones may form Cystine kidney stones may form staghorn calculi
[...] calculi
44. [...] is an infection of the kidney Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney
45. Pyelonephritis is an infection of the Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney

[...]
46. Renal cell carcinoma is associated Renal cell carcinoma is associated with loss of the VHL tumor suppressor
with loss of the [...] tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3p
gene on chromosome 3p
PathomaRenal RenalPathology cancer renal_neoplasia
47. Renal cell carcinoma is associated Renal cell carcinoma is associated with loss of the VHL tumor suppressor
with loss of the VHL tumor gene on chromosome 3p
suppressor gene on chromosome [...]
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48. Acute pyelonephritis is Acute pyelonephritis is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration of the

characterized by neutrophilic renal interstitium
infiltration of the renal [...]
49. Acutepyelonephritis is Acute pyelonephritis is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration of the

characterized by [...] infiltration of the renal interstitium
renal interstitium
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50. Which type of calcium kidney stone Which type of calcium kidney stone (calcium-oxalate or
(calcium-oxalate or calcium-phosphate) is more common?
calcium-phosphate) is more Calcium oxalate
common?
[...]
51. Kidney stones can lead to severe Kidney stones can lead to severe complications including
complications including [...] and hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis
pyelonephritis
52. Kidney stones can lead to severe Kidney stones can lead to severe complications including
complications including hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis
hydronephrosis and [...]
53. In addition to smoking, what is In addition to smoking, what is another modifiable risk factor for renal cell
another modifiable risk factor for carcinoma?
renal cell carcinoma? Obesity
[...]
54. Transitional (urothelial) cell Transitional (urothelial) cell carcinoma is a urinary tract cancer
carcinoma is a urinary tract cancer associated with aniline (azo) dyes
associated with [...] dyes
55. [...]
carcinoma is a urinary tract Transitional (urothelial) cell carcinoma is a urinary tract cancer
cancer associated with aniline (azo) associated with aniline (azo) dyes
dyes
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56. [...]
is the precipitation of a urinary Nephrolithiasis is the precipitation of a urinary solute as a stone
solute as a stone
57. Nephritic syndrome is associated Nephritic syndrome is associated with increased BUN and creatinine
with [...] BUN and creatinine
i.e. azotemia
58. Adenocarcinoma arising from a Adenocarcinoma arising from a urachal remnant develops at the dome of
urachal remnant develops at the [...] the bladder
of the bladder
59. Does transitional cell carcinoma Does transitional cell carcinoma via the papillary pathway develop as a
via the papillary pathway develop as high-grade or low-grade tumor?
a high-grade or low-grade tumor? Low-grade tumor
[...]
progresses to high-grade
60. [...]
is a type of nephritic syndrome Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a type of nephritic
that arises after a group A syndrome that arises after a group A -hemolytic streptococcal infection of
-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the skin (impetigo) or pharynx
the skin (impetigo) or pharynx
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61. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a type of nephritic

glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a syndrome that arises after a group A -hemolytic streptococcal infection
type of nephritic syndrome that arises of the skin (impetigo) or pharynx
after a [...] infection of the skin
(impetigo) or pharynx

glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a syndrome that arises after a group A -hemolytic streptococcal infection of
type of nephritic syndrome that arises the skin (impetigo) or pharynx
after a group A -hemolytic
streptococcal infection of the [...] or
pharynx PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a syndrome that arises after a group A -hemolytic streptococcal infection of
type of nephritic syndrome that arises the skin (impetigo) or pharynx
after a group A -hemolytic
streptococcal infection of the skin
(impetigo) or [...] PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome
64. Chronic irritation of the bladder can Chronic irritation of the bladder can cause squamous metaplasia, which
cause [...] metaplasia, which may may progress to squamous cell carcinoma
progress to [...] cell carcinoma
65. The "lumpy-bumpy" appearance of The "lumpy-bumpy" appearance of PSGN on immunofluorescence is due
PSGN on immunofluorescence is due to IgG/IgM and C3 deposition in the immune complexes
to [...] and C3 deposition in the
immune complexes
66. The "lumpy-bumpy" appearance of The "lumpy-bumpy" appearance of PSGN on immunofluorescence is due
PSGN on immunofluorescence is due to IgG/IgM and C3 deposition in the immune complexes
to IgG/IgM and [...] deposition in the
immune complexes
67. [...]
stones are a rare form of Cystine stones are a rare form of nephrolithiasis, most commonly seen in
nephrolithiasis, most commonly seen children (age group)
in children (age group)
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68. Cystine stones are a rare form of Cystine stones are a rare form of nephrolithiasis, most commonly seen in
nephrolithiasis, most commonly seen children (age group)
in [...] (age group)
69. Is diffuse proliferative Is diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) a nephritic or

glomerulonephritis (DPGN) a nephrotic syndrome?
nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? Can be either or both
[...]
70. What is the treatment (2) for What is the treatment (2) for advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma?
advanced/metastatic renal cell immunotherapy or targeted therapy
carcinoma?
[...]
71. Cystine kidney stones precipitate Cystine kidney stones precipitate with low urine pH
with [...] urine pH
72. What is another name for the What is another name for the p-ANCA antibody?
p-ANCA antibody? myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA
[...]
RenalPathology
73. Acute pyelonephritis affects the [...] Acute pyelonephritis affects the cortex of the kidney with relative sparing
of the kidney with relative sparing of of glomeruli/vessels
glomeruli/vessels
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74. [...]
incontinence is due to Overflow incontinence is due to incomplete emptying, due to detrusor
incomplete emptying, due to detrusor underactivity or outlet obstruction
underactivity or outlet obstruction
75. Which type of nephrotic syndrome is Which type of nephrotic syndrome is most commonly seen in HIV patients?
most commonly seen in HIV Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
patients?
[...]
PathomaRenal RenalPathology
76. IgA nephropathy is characterized by IgA nephropathy is characterized by mesangial (location) immune
[...] (location) immune complex complex deposits on electron microscopy
deposits on electron microscopy
77. What is another name for the What is another name for the c-ANCA antibody?
c-ANCA antibody? proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA
[...]
RenalPathology
78. Which causes (2) of pauci-immune Which causes (2) of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis are associated
glomerulonephritis are associated with p-ANCA (MPO-ANCA)?
with p-ANCA (MPO-ANCA)? Microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-strauss syndrome
[...]
no Ig/C3 deposition
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79. Inhydronephrosis, the dilation In hydronephrosis, the dilation occurs proximal to the site of pathology
occurs [...] to the site of pathology (proximal or distal)
(proximal or distal)
80. Nephrolithiasis may present with Nephrolithiasis may present with unilateral flank tenderness that radiates
unilateral [...] tenderness that to the groin
radiates to the groin
81. Nephrolithiasis may present with Nephrolithiasis may present with unilateral flank tenderness that radiates
unilateral flank tenderness that to the groin
radiates to the [...]
82. Which type of kidney stone is Which type of kidney stone is associated with staghorn calculi in
associated with staghorn calculi in children?
children? Cystine kidney stones
[...]
PathomaRenal RenalPathology
83. Rapidly progressive Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is characterized by crescents

glomerulonephritis is characterized in Bowman's space of the glomeruli (light microscopy)
by [...] in Bowman's space of the
glomeruli (light microscopy)
hence, RPGN may be referred to as crescentic glomerulonephritis
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84. [...]glomerulonephritis is Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is characterized by crescents

characterized by crescents in in Bowman's space of the glomeruli (light microscopy)
Bowman's space of the glomeruli
(light microscopy)
hence, RPGN may be referred to as crescentic glomerulonephritis
85. Which drugs are risk factors for Which drugs are risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma?
transitional cell carcinoma? Cyclophosphamide, Phenacetin
[...], Phenacetin
86. Which drugs are risk factors for Which drugs are risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma?
transitional cell carcinoma? Cyclophosphamide, Phenacetin
Cyclophosphamide, [...]
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87. What is the prognosis of rapidly What is the prognosis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
progressive glomerulonephritis? Poor prognosis
[...]
88. What type of kidney stone commonly What type of kidney stone commonly requires surgical removal due to its
requires surgical removal due to its size?
size? Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) stones
[...]
89. [...]
is a renal harmatoma comprised Angiomyolipoma is a renal harmatoma comprised of blood vessels,
of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and smooth muscle, and adipose tissue
adipose tissue
90. [...]
pyelonephritis is characterized Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is characterized by widespread
by widespread kidney damage due to kidney damage due to granulomatous tissue containing foamy
granulomatous tissue containing macrophages (rare)
foamy macrophages (rare)
91. Xanthogranulomatous Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is characterized by widespread

pyelonephritis is characterized by kidney damage due to granulomatous tissue containing foamy
widespread kidney damage due to macrophages (rare)
granulomatous tissue containing [...]
(rare)
92. One risk factor for UTI is [...] One risk factor for UTI is sexual intercourse ("honeymoon cystitis")
("honeymoon cystitis")
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93. Berger disease is characterized by Berger disease is characterized by IgA-based immune complex deposits
Ig[...]-based immune complex in the mesangium (seen with immunofluorescence)
deposits in the mesangium (seen
with immunofluorescence)
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94. Berger disease is characterized by Berger disease is characterized by IgA-based immune complex deposits
IgA-based immune complex deposits in the mesangium (seen with immunofluorescence)
in the [...] (seen with
immunofluorescence)
95. Nephriticsyndrome is a group of Nephritic syndrome is a group of glomerular disorders characterized by

glomerular disorders characterized glomerular inflammation and bleeding
by glomerular [...] and bleeding
glomerular bleeding leads to formation of RBC casts

96. Nephriticsyndrome is a group of Nephritic syndrome is a group of glomerular disorders characterized by

glomerular disorders characterized glomerular inflammation and bleeding
by glomerular inflammation and
[...]
glomerular bleeding leads to formation of RBC casts
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97. Ammonium magnesium phosphate Ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones are characterized by
kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the shape of a coffin lid
urine crystals in the shape of a [...]
98. [...]
kidney stones are characterized Ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones are characterized by
by urine crystals in the shape of a urine crystals in the shape of a coffin lid
coffin lid
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99. What is the most common primary What is the most common primary renal malignancy?
renal malignancy? Renal cell carcinoma
[...]
100. What is the appearance uric acid What is the appearance uric acid kidney stones on CT?
kidney stones on CT? Minimally visible
[...]
101. WAGR syndrome is associated with WAGR syndrome is associated with a WT1 gene deletion
a [...] gene deletion
102. WAGR syndrome is associated with WAGR syndrome is associated with a WT1 gene deletion
a WT1 gene [...]
103. [...] syndrome is associated with a WAGR syndrome is associated with a WT1 gene deletion
WT1 gene deletion
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104. Cystitis is characterized by positive Cystitis is characterized by positive nitrites, which indicates gram
[...], which indicates gram negative negative organisms (especially E. coli)
organisms (especially E. coli)
bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite

105. Cystitis is characterized by positive Cystitis is characterized by positive nitrites, which indicates gram
nitrites, which indicates gram [...] negative organisms (especially E. coli)
organisms (especially E. coli)
bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite

106. Alport syndrome is associated with Alport syndrome is associated with a "basket-weave" appearance on
a "[...]" appearance on electron electron microscopy
microscopy
107. What is the appearance ammonium What is the appearance ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney
magnesium phosphate kidney stones on X-ray and CT?
stones on X-ray and CT? Radiopaque
[...]
108. What urease positive, What urease positive, pneumonia-causing bacteria is a common cause of
pneumonia-causing bacteria is a UTI?
common cause of UTI? Klebsiella pneumoniae
[...]
e.g. cystitis, pyelonephritis

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109. RPGN with a granular RPGN with a granular immunofluoresence pattern is less commonly due
immunofluoresence pattern is less to diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
commonly due to [...]
more commonly due to poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

110. How does renal cell carcinoma How does renal cell carcinoma respond to chemotherapy and radiation
respond to chemotherapy and therapy?
radiation therapy? Poor response (resistant)
[...]
111. Which part of the urinary tract does Which part of the urinary tract does transitional cell carcinoma most
transitional cell carcinoma most commonly occur?
commonly occur? Bladder
[...]
112. The second most common infectious The second most common infectious cause of cystitis is Staphyloccocus
cause of cystitis is [...] saprophyticus
113. Does acute pyelonephritis typically Does acute pyelonephritis typically present with systemic signs (e.g.
present with systemic signs (e.g. fever, chills)?
fever, chills)? Yes
[...]
114. Urgency incontinence may be Urgency incontinence may be treated with anti-muscarinics, such as
treated with [...], such as oxybutynin
oxybutynin
decreases parasympathetic tone of the detrusor muscle

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115. Urgency incontinence may be Urgency incontinence may be treated with anti-muscarinics, such as
treated with anti-muscarinics, such oxybutynin
as [...]

116. [...] incontinence may be treated Urgency incontinence may be treated with anti-muscarinics, such as
with anti-muscarinics, such as oxybutynin
oxybutynin

117. Treatment for stress incontinence Treatment for stress incontinence may include weight loss and
may include [...] and pessaries pessaries
a pessary is a device that is inserted into the vagina to support the uterus
118. Where does renal cell carcinoma Where does renal cell carcinoma typically metastasize to (2)?
typically metastasize to (2)? Lung, Bone
[...]
119. [...] syndrome is an inherited defect Alport syndrome is an inherited defect in type IV collagen
in type IV collagen
120. Alport syndrome is an inherited Alport syndrome is an inherited defect in type IV collagen
defect in type [...] collagen
121. What type of kidney stone may result What type of kidney stone may result from ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
from ethylene glycol (antifreeze) ingestion?
ingestion? Calcium oxalate
[...]
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122. Is transitional cell carcinoma via Is transitional cell carcinoma via the papillary pathway associated with
the papillary pathway associated with early p53 mutations?
early p53 mutations? No
[...]
123. What demographic is associated with What demographic is associated with Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Staphylococcus saprophyticus? Young, sexually active women
[...]
E. coli is still the most common cause of UTI in this group

124. [...] is the distention or dilation of the Hydronephrosis is the distention or dilation of the renal pelvis and
renal pelvis and calyces calyces
125. Ammonium magnesium Ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones are caused by
phosphate kidney stones are urease positive organisms
caused by [...] positive organisms
e.g. Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella

126. Which renal neoplasia is associated Which renal neoplasia is associated with paraneoplastic syndromes?
with paraneoplastic syndromes? Renal cell carcinoma
[...]
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127. Risk factors for squamous cell Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder include
carcinoma of the bladder include chronic cystitis (older women) and smoking
[...] (older women) and smoking
128. Diagnosis of [...] Diagnosis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis may be aided by

glomerulonephritis may be aided positive strep titers/serologies
by positive strep titers/serologies
129. About 25% of adults with PSGN About 25% of adults with PSGN develop rapidly progressive
develop [...] glomerulonephritis
130. Which type of cast is classically seen Which type of cast is classically seen in glomerulonephritis and
in glomerulonephritis and malignant hypertension?
malignant hypertension? RBC casts
[...]
131. What is the appearance of cystine What is the appearance of cystine kidney stones on CT?
kidney stones on CT? Sometimes visible
[...]
132. Goodpasture syndrome presents Goodpasture syndrome presents with hematuria and hemoptysis
with [...] and [...]
133. Treatment for stress incontinence Treatment for stress incontinence includes strengthening
includes strengthening pelvic floor muscles (e.g. Kegels)
[...] muscles (e.g. Kegels)
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134. If RPGN has no immunofluoresence If RPGN has no immunofluoresence pattern, it is termed pauci-immune
pattern, it is termed [...] glomerulonephritis
glomerulonephritis
no Ig/C3 deposition
135. [...] casts are nonspecific and are Hyaline casts are nonspecific and are often seen in concentrated urine
often seen in concentrated urine samples (can be a normal finding)
samples (can be a normal finding)
136. Renal oncocytoma presents with Renal oncocytoma presents with painless hematuria, flank pain, and an
painless [...], flank pain, and an abdominal mass
abdominal mass
painless hematuria, [...] pain, and an abdominal mass
abdominal mass
painless hematuria, flank pain, and abdominal mass
an [...]
139. What gastrointestinal symptoms (2) What gastrointestinal symptoms (2) may be associated with acute
may be associated with acute pyelonephritis?
pyelonephritis? Nausea, vomiting
[...]
140. [...] incontinence has features of Mixed incontinence has features of both stress and urgency incontinence
both stress and urgency
incontinence
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141. WAGR syndrome is a combination WAGR syndrome is a combination of:

of: 1. Wilms tumor
1. [...] 2. Aniridia (absence of iris)
2. Aniridia (absence of iris) 3. Genital abnormalities
3. Genital abnormalities 4. mental or motor Retardation
4. mental or motor Retardation

of: 1. Wilms tumor
1. Wilms tumor 2. Aniridia (absence of iris)
2. [...] 3. Genital abnormalities

of: 1. Wilms tumor
3. [...] 4. mental or motor Retardation

of: 1. Wilms tumor
4. [...]
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145. Gross examination of a renal cell Gross examination of a renal cell carcinoma reveals a golden-yellow
carcinoma reveals a [...] (color) (color) mass
mass
due to increased lipid content
146. Calcium oxalate kidney stones are Calcium oxalate kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the
characterized by urine crystals in the shape of an envelope or dumbbell
shape of an [...] or dumbbell
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147. Calcium oxalate kidney stones are Calcium oxalate kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the
characterized by urine crystals in the shape of an envelope or dumbbell
shape of an envelope or [...]
148. [...] kidney stones are characterized Calcium oxalate kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the
by urine crystals in the shape of an shape of an envelope or dumbbell
envelope or dumbbell
149. Which part of the urinary tract does Which part of the urinary tract does squamous cell carcinoma most
squamous cell carcinoma most commonly occur?
commonly occur? Bladder
[...]
150. What non-pathologic state is What non-pathologic state is associated with increased risk for
associated with increased risk for pyelonephritis?
pyelonephritis? Pregnancy
[...]
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151. Diffuse proliferative Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by "wire

glomerulonephritis is characterized looping" of capillaries on light microscopy
by "[...]" of capillaries on light
microscopy
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152. [...] glomerulonephritis is Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by "wire

characterized by "wire looping" of looping" of capillaries on light microscopy
capillaries on light microscopy
153. What type of cast may be seen in What type of cast may be seen in end-stage renal disease and chronic
end-stage renal disease and renal failure?
chronic renal failure? Waxy casts
[...]
154. Kidney stones may be treated and Kidney stones may be treated and prevented by encouraging fluid intake
prevented by encouraging [...] intake
stone usually passes within hours; if not, surgical intervention may be

required
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155. A "[...]" glomerular disorder is A "proliferative" glomerular disorder is characterized by hypercellular

characterized by hypercellular glomeruli
glomeruli
156. The third most common type of The third most common type of kidney stone (5%) is a uric acid stone
kidney stone (5%) is a [...] stone
157. Transitional cell (urothelial) Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma via the flat pathway is
carcinoma via the flat pathway is associated with early p53 mutations
associated with early [...] mutations
158. Transitional cell (urothelial) Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma via the flat pathway is
carcinoma via the [...] pathway is associated with early p53 mutations
associated with early p53 mutations
159. What type of nephritic syndrome is a What type of nephritic syndrome is a patient with SLE most likely to get?
patient with SLE most likely to get? Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis
[...]
most common type of renal disease in SLE

160. What type of hypersensitivity What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Goodpasture syndrome?
reaction is Goodpasture Type II HSR
syndrome?
[...]
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161. What infectious organism is the most What infectious organism is the most common (80%) cause of cystitis?
common (80%) cause of cystitis? E. coli
[...]
162. Chronic pyelonephritis is Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized histologically by renal tubules

characterized histologically by renal containing eosinophilic proteinaceous material resembling thyroid
tubules containing eosinophilic follicles
proteinaceous material resembling
[...]
'thyroidization' of the kidney'
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163. Chronic [...] is characterized Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized histologically by renal tubules
histologically by renal tubules containing eosinophilic proteinaceous material resembling thyroid
containing eosinophilic follicles
proteinaceous material resembling
thyroid follicles
'thyroidization' of the kidney'
164. Which urinary tract cancer is Which urinary tract cancer is associated with naphthylamine?
associated with naphthylamine? Transitional cell carcinoma
[...]
165. [...] incontinence is characterized Urgency incontinence is characterized by leakage with the urge to void
by leakage with the urge to void immediately
immediately
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166. Hydronephrosis may lead to the Hydronephrosis may lead to the compression and possible atrophy of
compression and possible [...] of the the renal cortex and medulla
renal cortex and medulla
167. What is the treatment for What is the treatment for Goodpasture syndrome?
Goodpasture syndrome? Emergent plasmapheresis
[...]
168. What demographic (age group) is What demographic (age group) is associated with transitional cell
associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder?
carcinoma of the bladder? Older adults
[...]
169. The immune complexes in DPGN The immune complexes in DPGN are IgG-based and often have C3
are Ig[...]-based and often have C3 deposition
deposition
170. The immune complexes in DPGN The immune complexes in DPGN are IgG-based and often have C3
are IgG-based and often have [...] deposition
deposition
171. What is the general treatment for What is the general treatment for acute pyelonephritis?
acute pyelonephritis? Antibiotics
[...]
172. There is an increased frequency of There is an increased frequency of renal angiomyolipoma in patients
renal angiomyolipoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis
with [...]
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173. Diffuse cortical necrosis is a renal Diffuse cortical necrosis is a renal pathology associated with obstetric
pathology associated with [...] catastrophes and septic shock
catastrophes and septic shock
e.g. placental abruption

174. [...] necrosis is a renal pathology Diffuse cortical necrosis is a renal pathology associated with obstetric
associated with obstetric catastrophes and septic shock
catastrophes and septic shock
e.g. placental abruption

175. In addition to surgical removal, In addition to surgical removal, treatment of struvite stones involves
treatment of struvite stones eradication of underlying infection
involves eradication of underlying
[...]
176. Cystine kidney stones are Cystine kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals that are
characterized by urine crystals that hexagonal in shape
are [...] in shape
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177. [...] kidney stones are characterized Cystine kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals that are
by urine crystals that are hexagonal hexagonal in shape
in shape
178. The presence of casts in the urine The presence of casts in the urine indicates that hematuria/pyuria is of
indicates that hematuria/pyuria is of glomerular or renal tubular origin
[...] or renal tubular origin
179. The presence of casts in the urine The presence of casts in the urine indicates that hematuria/pyuria is of
indicates that hematuria/pyuria is of glomerular or renal tubular origin
glomerular or [...] origin
180. IgA nephropathy typically follows a IgA nephropathy typically follows a respiratory or GI tract infection
[...] or GI tract infection
IgA production is increased during mucosal infections

181. IgA nephropathy typically follows a IgA nephropathy typically follows a respiratory or GI tract infection
respiratory or [...] infection
IgA production is increased during mucosal infections

182. [...] is the renal pathology associated IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) is the renal pathology associated with
with Henoch-Schonlein purpura Henoch-Schonlein purpura
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183. Calcium kidney stones may be Calcium kidney stones may be treated with thiazide diuretics
treated with [...] diuretics
Ca2+-sparing diuretic; treats both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate

stones
184. [...] kidney stones may be treated Calcium kidney stones may be treated with thiazide diuretics
with thiazide diuretics
Ca2+-sparing diuretic; treats both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate

stones
185. Cystitis is an infection/inflammation Cystitis is an infection/inflammation of the bladder

of the [...]
186. [...] is an infection/inflammation of Cystitis is an infection/inflammation of the bladder

the bladder
187. One complication of acute One complication of acute pyelonephritis is uro-sepsis

pyelonephritis is uro-[...]
188. The major risk factor for sporadic The major risk factor for sporadic form of renal cell carcinoma is
form of renal cell carcinoma is [...] cigarette smoke
189. Adenocarcinoma is a cancer of the Adenocarcinoma is a cancer of the bladder that usually arises from a(n)
bladder that usually arises from a(n) urachal remnant
[...] remnant
190. [...] is a cancer of the bladder that Adenocarcinoma is a cancer of the bladder that usually arises from a(n)
usually arises from a(n) urachal urachal remnant
remnant
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191. [...] glomerulonephritis is a Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is a nephritic syndrome that

nephritic syndrome that progresses progresses to renal failure in days to weeks
to renal failure in days to weeks
or weeks to months (pathoma)

192. Crohn disease is associated with Crohn disease is associated with calcium oxalate kidney stones due to
calcium oxalate kidney stones due to increased levels of oxalate
increased levels of [...]
193. Goodpasture syndrome occurs due Goodpasture syndrome occurs due to antibodies against the glomerular
to antibodies against the [...] and [...] and alveolar basement membranes
basement membranes
antibodies are specifically against the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen

194. Goodpasture syndrome occurs due Goodpasture syndrome occurs due to antibodies against the glomerular
to antibodies against the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
and alveolar [...]

195. [...] syndrome occurs due to Goodpasture syndrome occurs due to antibodies against the glomerular
antibodies against the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
and alveolar basement
membranes
196. The sporadic form of renal cell The sporadic form of renal cell carcinoma classically arises in adult
carcinoma classically arises in adult males (average age is 60)
[...] (average age is 60)
197. The sporadic form of renal cell The sporadic form of renal cell carcinoma classically arises in adult
males (average age is [...])
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198. The [...] form of renal cell The sporadic form of renal cell carcinoma classically arises in adult
males (average age is 60)
199. Nephritic syndrome occurs due to Nephritic syndrome occurs due to GBM disruption
[...] disruption
versus nephrotic syndrome which occurs due to podocyte disruption

200. In addition to ascending UTI (most In addition to ascending UTI (most common), acute pyelonephritis may
common), acute pyelonephritis be caused by hematogenous spread to the kidney
may be caused by [...] spread to the
kidney
occurs in chronically ill patients and those receiving immunosuppressive
therapy
201. Squamous cell carcinoma of the Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder arises in a background of
bladder arises in a background of squamous metaplasia
[...] metaplasia
due to chronic irritation

202. Less common causes of Less common causes of hydronephrosis include retroperitoneal fibrosis
hydronephrosis include and vesicoureteral reflux
retroperitoneal fibrosis and [...] reflux
203. Less common causes of Less common causes of hydronephrosis include retroperitoneal fibrosis
hydronephrosis include [...] fibrosis and vesicoureteral reflux
and vesicoureteral reflux
204. Calcium oxalate kidney stones often Calcium oxalate kidney stones often precipitate due to hypocitrat-uria
precipitate due to [...]-uria
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205. [...] kidney stones often precipitate Calcium oxalate kidney stones often precipitate due to hypocitrat-uria
due to hypocitrat-uria
206. [...] is the result of recurrent Chronic pyelonephritis is the result of recurrent episodes of acute
episodes of acute pyelonephritis pyelonephritis
207. A "[...]" glomerular disorder is A "membranous" glomerular disorder is characterized by thickening of

characterized by thickening of the the glomerular basement membrane
glomerular basement membrane
208. The hereditary form of renal cell The hereditary form of renal cell carcinoma classically rises in younger
carcinoma classically rises in [...] adults (age group)
(age group)
209. Transitional cell (urothelial) Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma classically presents with
carcinoma classically presents with painless hematuria
painless [...]
no casts suggests bladder cancer

210. Transitional cell (urothelial) Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma classically presents with
carcinoma classically presents with painless hematuria
[...] hematuria
no casts suggests bladder cancer

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211. Wilms tumor is caused by "loss of Wilms tumor is caused by "loss of function" mutations of tumor
function" mutations of tumor suppression genes WT1 or WT2 on chromosome 11
suppression genes [...] or [...] on
chromosome 11
212. Wilms tumor is caused by "loss of Wilms tumor is caused by "loss of function" mutations of tumor
function" mutations of tumor suppression genes WT1 or WT2 on chromosome 11
suppression genes WT1 or WT2 on
chromosome [...]
213. [...] infection is associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with squamous cell
squamous cell carcinoma of the carcinoma of the bladder in Middle eastern males (ethnicity, gender)
bladder in Middle eastern males
(ethnicity, gender)
214. Schistosoma haematobium infection Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with squamous cell
is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in Middle eastern males (ethnicity, gender)
carcinoma of the bladder in [...]
males (ethnicity, gender)
is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in Middle eastern males (ethnicity, gender)
carcinoma of the [...] in Middle
eastern males (ethnicity, gender)
is associated with [...] carcinoma of carcinoma of the bladder in Middle eastern males (ethnicity, gender)
the bladder in Middle eastern
males (ethnicity, gender)
217. What type of kidney stone is seen in What type of kidney stone is seen in patients with gout?
patients with gout? Uric acid stone
[...]
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218. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a combination of:

a combination of: 1. Wilms tumor
1. [...] 2. Macroglossia
2. Macroglossia 3. Muscular hemihypertrophy (or hyperplasia)
3. Muscular hemihypertrophy (or 4. Organomegaly
hyperplasia)
4. Organomegaly
also may have hypoglycemia

1. Wilms tumor 2. Macroglossia
2. [...] 3. Muscular hemihypertrophy (or hyperplasia)
hyperplasia)
4. Organomegaly

3. [...] 4. Organomegaly
4. Organomegaly


hyperplasia)
4. [...]
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222. [...] syndrome is a combination of: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a combination of:

1. Wilms tumor 1. Wilms tumor
2. Macroglossia 2. Macroglossia
3. Muscular hemihypertrophy (or 3. Muscular hemihypertrophy (or hyperplasia)
hyperplasia) 4. Organomegaly
4. Organomegaly

223. What is the most common What is the most common nephropathy worldwide?
nephropathy worldwide? IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)
[...]
224. One risk factor for UTI is indwelling One risk factor for UTI is indwelling catheters
[...]
225. Impaired [...] emptying increases Impaired bladder emptying increases risk for UTI
risk for UTI
i.e. urinary stasis

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226. PSGN is characterized by [...] PSGN is characterized by subepithelial immune complex "humps" on
immune complex "humps" on electron microscopy
electron microscopy
227. PSGN is characterized by PSGN is characterized by subepithelial immune complex "humps" on

subepithelial immune complex "[...]" electron microscopy
on electron microscopy
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228. Denys-Drash syndrome is Denys-Drash syndrome is associated with a WT1 gene mutation
associated with a [...] gene mutation
229. Denys-Drash syndrome is Denys-Drash syndrome is associated with a WT1 gene mutation
associated with a WT1 gene [...]
230. [...] syndrome is associated with a Denys-Drash syndrome is associated with a WT1 gene mutation
WT1 gene mutation
231. Hydronephrosis is usually caused Hydronephrosis is usually caused by urinary tract obstruction
by urinary tract [...]
e.g. renal stones, BPH, cervical cancer, injury to ureter

232. Chronic pyelonephritis typically Chronic pyelonephritis typically requires predisposition to infection, such
requires predisposition to infection, as vesicoureteral reflux (children) or obstruction
such as [...] (children) or obstruction
233. Chronic pyelonephritis typically Chronic pyelonephritis typically requires predisposition to infection, such
requires predisposition to infection, as vesicoureteral reflux (children) or obstruction
such as vesicoureteral reflux
(children) or [...]
234. In addition to thiazides, calcium In addition to thiazides, calcium oxalate kidney stones may be treated
oxalate kidney stones may be with citrate supplementation and a low-sodium diet
treated with [...] supplementation and
a low-sodium diet
235. In addition to thiazides, calcium In addition to thiazides, calcium oxalate kidney stones may be treated
oxalate kidney stones may be with citrate supplementation and a low-sodium diet
treated with citrate supplementation
and a low-[...] diet
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236. Uric acid kidney stones precipitate Uric acid kidney stones precipitate with low urine pH
with [...] urine pH
237. What is the most common renal What is the most common renal malignancy of early childhood (ages
malignancy of early childhood 2-4)?
(ages 2-4)? Wilms tumor
[...]
238. Which bacteria is associated with Which bacteria is associated with endocarditis, biliary tree infection, and
endocarditis, biliary tree infection, UTI?
and UTI? Enterococcus faecalis
[...]
e.g. cystitis, pyelonephritis

239. Renal cell carcinoma is associated Renal cell carcinoma is associated with paraneoplastic syndromes (e.g.
with [...] syndromes (e.g. ectopic ectopic EPO, ACTH, PTHrP, renin)
EPO, ACTH, PTHrP, renin)
240. PSGN is characterized by a "[...]" PSGN is characterized by a "lumpy bumpy"

immunofluoresence pattern due to immunofluoresence pattern due to immune complex deposition
immune complex deposition
due to IgG, IgM, and C3 deposition along GBM and mesangium
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241. PSGN is characterized by a "lumpy PSGN is characterized by a "lumpy bumpy"

bumpy" immunofluoresence pattern due to immune complex deposition
immunofluoresence pattern due to
[...]
242. [...] is characterized by a "lumpy PSGN is characterized by a "lumpy bumpy"

bumpy" immunofluoresence pattern due to immune complex deposition
immunofluoresence pattern due to
immune complex deposition
243. Risk factors for uric acid kidney Risk factors for uric acid kidney stones include hot/arid climates and low
stones include [...] climates and low urine volume
urine volume
also have increased risk with acidic pH

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244. Risk factors for uric acid kidney Risk factors for uric acid kidney stones include hot/arid climates and low
stones include hot/arid climates and urine volume
[...] urine volume

245. Risk factors for [...] kidney stones Risk factors for uric acid kidney stones include hot/arid climates and low
include hot/arid climates and low urine volume
urine volume

246. The most common variant of renal The most common variant of renal cell carcinoma exhibits clear cell
cell carcinoma exhibits [...] cytoplasm
cytoplasm
i.e. clear cell type
247. Treatment of cystine kidney stones Treatment of cystine kidney stones involves alkalinization of urine and a
involves [...] of urine and a low-sodium diet
low-sodium diet
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248. Treatment of cystine kidney stones Treatment of cystine kidney stones involves alkalinization of urine and a
involves alkalinization of urine and a low-sodium diet
low-[...] diet
249. The crescents seen in RPGN are The crescents seen in RPGN are composed of fibrin and macrophages
composed of [...] and macrophages
also may have plasma proteins (e.g. C3b) with glomerular parietal cells
and monocytes
250. The crescents seen in RPGN are The crescents seen in RPGN are composed of fibrin and macrophages
composed of fibrin and [...]
also may have plasma proteins (e.g. C3b) with glomerular parietal cells
and monocytes
251. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is associated with a WT2 gene

associated with a [...] gene mutation mutation
252. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is associated with a WT2 gene

associated with a WT2 gene [...] mutation
253. [...] syndrome is associated with a Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is associated with a WT2 gene
WT2 gene mutation mutation
254. Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an inherited disease associated with
inherited disease associated with increased risk for renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastoma of the
increased risk for [...] carcinoma cerebellum
and hemangioblastoma of the
cerebellum
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255. Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an inherited disease associated with
inherited disease associated with increased risk for renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastoma of the
increased risk for renal cell cerebellum
carcinoma and [...] of the
cerebellum
256. [...] disease is an inherited disease Von Hippel-Lindau disease is an inherited disease associated with
associated with increased risk for increased risk for renal cell carcinoma and hemangioblastoma of the
renal cell carcinoma and cerebellum
hemangioblastoma of the
cerebellum
257. [...] (gender) have increased risk for Females (gender) have increased risk for UTI due to a relatively short
UTI due to a relatively short urethra urethra
258. Females (gender) have increased Females (gender) have increased risk for UTI due to a relatively short
risk for UTI due to a relatively [...] urethra
urethra
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259. Calcium phosphate kidney stones Calcium phosphate kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in
are characterized by urine crystals in the shape of a wedge-shaped prism
the shape of a [...]
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260. [...] kidney stones are characterized Calcium phosphate kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in
by urine crystals in the shape of a the shape of a wedge-shaped prism
wedge-shaped prism
261. The sporadic form of renal cell The sporadic form of renal cell carcinoma arises as a single tumor(s) in
carcinoma arises as a single the upper pole of the kidney
tumor(s) in the [...] pole of the kidney
262. The sporadic form of renal cell The sporadic form of renal cell carcinoma arises as a single tumor(s) in
carcinoma arises as [...] tumor(s) in the upper pole of the kidney
the upper pole of the kidney
263. The [...] form of renal cell The sporadic form of renal cell carcinoma arises as a single tumor(s) in
carcinoma arises as a single the upper pole of the kidney
tumor(s) in the upper pole of the
kidney
264. Nephritic syndrome may lead to Nephritic syndrome may lead to hematuria and RBC casts in the urine
hematuria and [...] casts in the urine
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265. Diffuse proliferative Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is a common cause of death in

glomerulonephritis is a common patients with SLE
cause of death in patients with [...]
266. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder Adenocarcinoma of the bladder may arise from exstrophy, which is a
may arise from [...], which is a congenital failure to form the caudal portion of the anterior abdominal
congenital failure to form the caudal and bladder walls
portion of the anterior abdominal
and bladder walls
267. Treatment for localized renal cell Treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma is surgical resection
carcinoma is [...]
268. A positive sodium cyanide A positive sodium cyanide nitroprusside test may help in the diagnosis
nitroprusside test may help in the of cystine kidney stones
diagnosis of [...] kidney stones
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269. A positive [...] test may help in the A positive sodium cyanide nitroprusside test may help in the diagnosis
diagnosis of cystine kidney stones of cystine kidney stones
270. The second most common type of The second most common type of kidney stone (15%) is an ammonium
kidney stone (15%) is an [...] stone, magnesium phosphate stone, also known as struvite
also known as struvite
271. The second most common type of The second most common type of kidney stone (15%) is an ammonium
kidney stone (15%) is an magnesium phosphate stone, also known as struvite
ammonium magnesium phosphate
stone, also known as [...]
272. Renal cell carcinoma often Renal cell carcinoma often originates from the PCT cells of the nephron
originates from the [...] cells of the
nephron
273. Renal cell carcinoma may present Renal cell carcinoma may present with systemic symptoms including
with systemic symptoms including fever and weight loss
[...] and weight loss
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274. Renal cell carcinoma may present Renal cell carcinoma may present with systemic symptoms including
with systemic symptoms including fever and weight loss
fever and [...]
275. What inherited pathology are cystine What inherited pathology are cystine kidney stones associated with?
kidney stones associated with? Cystinuria
[...]
defective cystine-reabsorbing PCT transporter (autosomal recessive)

276. Diffuse proliferative Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by a granular

glomerulonephritis is characterized pattern on immunofluorescence
by a [...] pattern on
immunofluorescence
277. IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) may slowly progress to renal failure
may slowly progress to [...]
278. Acute pyelonephritis may be Acute pyelonephritis may be characterized by striated parenchymal
characterized by [...] parenchymal enhancement of the kidney on CT
enhancement of the kidney on CT
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279. Acute [...] may be characterized by Acute pyelonephritis may be characterized by striated parenchymal
striated parenchymal enhancement of the kidney on CT
enhancement of the kidney on CT
280. Uric acid kidney stones are often Uric acid kidney stones are often seen in diseases with increased cell
seen in diseases with increased [...] turnover (e.g. leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders)
(e.g. leukemia, myeloproliferative
disorders)
due to hyperuricemia
281. [...] kidney stones are often seen in Uric acid kidney stones are often seen in diseases with increased cell
diseases with increased cell turnover (e.g. leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders)
turnover (e.g. leukemia,
myeloproliferative disorders)
due to hyperuricemia
282. One risk factor for pyelonephritis is One risk factor for pyelonephritis is urinary tract obstruction
urinary tract [...]
e.g. BPH, cervical carcinoma, chronic kidney stones

283. Squamous cell carcinoma of the Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder typically presents with painless
bladder typically presents with hematuria
painless [...]
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284. Squamous cell carcinoma of the Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder typically presents with
bladder typically presents with [...] painless hematuria
hematuria
285. What type of cast may be seen with What type of cast may be seen with transplant rejection and
transplant rejection and tubulointerstitial inflammation?
tubulointerstitial inflammation? WBC casts
[...]
286. [...] incontinence is characterized Overflow incontinence is characterized by leakage with overfilling of the
by leakage with overfilling of the bladder
bladder
287. Cystitis typically presents with Cystitis typically presents with dys-uria, urinary frequency, urgency, and
[...]-uria, urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain
and suprapubic pain
288. Cystitis typically presents with Cystitis typically presents with dys-uria, urinary frequency, urgency, and
dys-uria, urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain
and [...] pain
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289. What renal pathology is associated What renal pathology is associated with eosinophils in the urine?
with eosinophils in the urine? Acute interstitial nephritis
[...]
PathomaRenal RenalPathology acute_renal_failure
290. Alport syndrome is characterized Alport syndrome is characterized by thinning and splitting of the
by [...] and splitting of the glomerular basement membrane
291. Alport syndrome is characterized Alport syndrome is characterized by thinning and splitting of the
by thinning and [...] of the glomerular basement membrane
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292. [...] syndrome is characterized by Alport syndrome is characterized by thinning and splitting of the
thinning and splitting of the glomerular basement membrane
293. What imaging modality may be used What imaging modality may be used to visualize uric acid kidney
to visualize uric acid kidney stones?
stones? Ultrasound
[...]
294. What is the treatment for What is the treatment for poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
poststreptococcal Supportive (resolves spontaneously)
glomerulonephritis?
[...]
295. Uric acid kidney stones are Uric acid kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the shape of
characterized by urine crystals in the a rhomboid or rosettes
shape of a [...] or rosettes
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296. [...] kidney stones are characterized Uric acid kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the shape of
by urine crystals in the shape of a a rhomboid or rosettes
rhomboid or rosettes
297. Uric acid kidney stones are Uric acid kidney stones are characterized by urine crystals in the shape of
characterized by urine crystals in the a rhomboid or rosettes
shape of a rhomboid or [...]
298. Nephritic syndrome is Nephritic syndrome is characterized by limited protein-uria < 3.5 g/day
characterized by limited protein-uria
[...] g/day
299. Nephritic syndrome is Nephritic syndrome is characterized by limited protein-uria < 3.5 g/day
characterized by limited [...]-uria <
3.5 g/day
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300. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is associated with decreased

glomerulonephritis is associated levels of complement
with [...] levels of complement
due to consumption
301. One complication of acute One complication of acute pyelonephritis is renal papillary necrosis
pyelonephritis is renal [...] necrosis
302. Calcium oxalate kidney stones may Calcium oxalate kidney stones may result from vitamin C abuse
result from vitamin [...] abuse
303. [...] kidney stones may result from Calcium oxalate kidney stones may result from vitamin C abuse
vitamin C abuse
304. Vaginal delivery, prostate surgery, Vaginal delivery, prostate surgery, and obesity increase risk for stress
and obesity increase risk for [...] incontinence
incontinence
305. Acute pyelonephritis may present Acute pyelonephritis may present with flank pain due to sensitization of
with [...] pain due to sensitization of the nerves of the kidney capsule
the nerves of the kidney capsule
thus may present with CVA tenderness on physical exam

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306. Renal cell carcinoma may present Renal cell carcinoma may present with paraneoplastic syndromes, such
with paraneoplastic syndromes, such as secondary polycythemia (hematocrit levels)
as secondary [...] (hematocrit levels)
due to ectopic EPO production

307. What GI pathology is associated with What GI pathology is associated with calcium oxalate kidney stones?
calcium oxalate kidney stones? Crohn's disease
[...]
fat malabsorption increases reabsorption of oxalate

308. The N of TNM staging for renal cell The N of TNM staging for renal cell carcinoma represents spread to
carcinoma represents spread to regional lymph nodes (i.e. retroperitoneal nodes)
regional lymph nodes (i.e. [...]
nodes)
309. [...] carcinoma is the most common Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma is the most common tumor of
tumor of the urinary tract system the urinary tract system
e.g. renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder

310. UTI most commonly arises due to UTI most commonly arises due to ascending infection (ascending or
[...] infection (ascending or descending)
descending)
311. Renal cell carcinoma may invade Renal cell carcinoma may invade the renal vein, then IVC, before
the renal vein, then IVC, before spreading hematogenously
spreading [...]
312. What pathology is characterized by What pathology is characterized by pyuria with no casts?
pyuria with no casts? Acute cystitis
[...]
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313. Which two pathologies may present Which two pathologies may present as nephritic and/or nephrotic
as nephritic and/or nephrotic syndrome?
syndrome? DPGN, MPGN
[...]
314. Overflow incontinence is Overflow incontinence is associated with increased post-void residual
associated with increased [...] on (urinary retention) on catheterization or ultrasound
catheterization or ultrasound
315. [...] incontinence is associated with Overflow incontinence is associated with increased post-void residual
increased post-void residual (urinary retention) on catheterization or ultrasound
(urinary retention) on
catheterization or ultrasound
316. Transitional cell carcinoma may Transitional cell carcinoma may arise via two distinct pathways: flat and
arise via two distinct pathways: [...] papillary
and [...]
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317. Chronic pyelonephritis with Chronic pyelonephritis with scarring at the upper and lower poles is
scarring at the upper and lower characteristic of vesicoureteral reflux
poles is characteristic of [...]
318. Acute pyelonephritis may present Acute pyelonephritis may present with WBCs in the urine +/- WBC
with [...] in the urine +/- WBC casts casts
319. Acute pyelonephritis may present Acute pyelonephritis may present with WBCs in the urine +/- WBC
with WBCs in the urine +/- [...] casts casts
320. What endocrine pathology is What endocrine pathology is associated with UTI?
associated with UTI? Diabetes mellitus
[...]
321. [...] incontinence is characterized Stress incontinence is characterized by leakage when there is an
by leakage when there is an increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g. sneezing, lifting)
increased intra-abdominal
pressure (e.g. sneezing, lifting)
68 of 134
322. Stress incontinence is Stress incontinence is characterized by leakage when there is an

characterized by leakage when there increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g. sneezing, lifting)
is an increased [...] pressure (e.g.
sneezing, lifting)
323. A "[...]" glomerular disorder involves A "focal" glomerular disorder involves < 50% of glomeruli
< 50% of glomeruli
324. [...] pyuria is the presence of pyuria Sterile pyuria is the presence of pyuria (> 10 WBCs/hpf and leukocyte
(> 10 WBCs/hpf and leukocyte esterase) with a negative urine culture
esterase) with a negative urine
culture
325. Renal cell carcinoma rarely may Renal cell carcinoma rarely may present with left-sided varicocele in
present with left-sided [...] in males males
carcinoma blocks drainage of the left spermatic vein leading to varicocele

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326. Renal cell carcinoma rarely may Renal cell carcinoma rarely may present with left-sided varicocele in
present with [...]-sided varicocele in males
males
carcinoma blocks drainage of the left spermatic vein leading to varicocele

327. The gold standard for diagnosis of The gold standard for diagnosis of cystitis is culture showing > 100,000
cystitis is culture showing > [...] colony forming units
colony forming units
328. The staghorn calculi seen in The staghorn calculi seen in struvite kidney stones may act as a nidus
struvite kidney stones may act as a for urinary tract infection
nidus for [...] infection
329. [...] infection is an infection of the Urinary tract infection is an infection of the urethra, bladder, or kidney
urethra, bladder, or kidney
e.g. urethritis, cystitis, and pyelonephritis

330. Patients with [...] have decreased Patients with cystinuria have decreased reabsorption of cystine,
reabsorption of cystine, ornithine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine
lysine, and arginine
"COLA"; cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine

331. Risk factors for nephrolithiasis Risk factors for nephrolithiasis include high solute
include high [...] concentration in the urinary filtrate and low urine volume
concentration in the urinary filtrate
and low urine volume
332. Risk factors for nephrolithiasis Risk factors for nephrolithiasis include high solute
include high solute concentration in the urinary filtrate and low urine volume
concentration in the urinary filtrate
and low [...] volume
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333. Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene (renal cell carcinoma) leads to
gene (renal cell carcinoma) leads to increased IGF-1, which promotes growth
increased [...], which promotes
growth
334. Wilms tumor may present with [...] Wilms tumor may present with hypertension due to increased renin
due to increased renin secretion secretion
335. Wilms tumor may present with Wilms tumor may present with hypertension due to increased renin
hypertension due to increased [...] secretion
secretion
336. Hypocitraturia is often associated Hypocitraturia is often associated with decreased urine pH
with [...] urine pH
337. Wilms tumor presents as a large, Wilms tumor presents as a large, uni-lateral flank mass and/or
[...]-lateral flank mass and/or hematuria
hematuria
uni-lateral [...] mass and/or hematuria
hematuria
uni-lateral flank mass and/or [...] hematuria
340. How does nephritic syndrome How does nephritic syndrome affect urine output?
affect urine output? Decreased (oliguria)
[...]
71 of 134
341. Denys-Drash syndrome is a Denys-Drash syndrome is a combination of:

combination of: 1. Wilms tumor
1. [...] 2. Early-onset nephrotic syndrome
2. Early-onset nephrotic syndrome 3. Male pseudohermaphroditism
3. Male pseudohermaphroditism

1. Wilms tumor 2. Early-onset nephrotic syndrome
2. Early-onset [...] 3. Male pseudohermaphroditism
3. Male pseudohermaphroditism

1. Wilms tumor 2. Early-onset nephrotic syndrome
2. Early-onset nephrotic syndrome 3. Male pseudohermaphroditism
3. [...]
344. [...] syndrome is a combination of: Denys-Drash syndrome is a combination of:

1. Wilms tumor 1. Wilms tumor
2. Early-onset nephrotic syndrome 2. Early-onset nephrotic syndrome
3. Male pseudohermaphroditism 3. Male pseudohermaphroditism
345. Which cause of pauci-immune Which cause of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis is associated with
glomerulonephritis is associated c-ANCA (PR3-ANCA)?
with c-ANCA (PR3-ANCA)? Wegener granulomatosis
[...]
no Ig/C3 deposition
346. What pathologies (2) are What pathologies (2) are characterized by hematuria with no casts?
characterized by hematuria with no Bladder cancer, Kidney stones
casts?
[...]
72 of 134
347. What demographic (age group) is What demographic (age group) is more commonly associated with PSGN?
more commonly associated with Children
PSGN?
[...]
however, still may occur in adults
348. Calcium phosphate kidney stones Calcium phosphate kidney stones precipitate with increased urine pH
precipitate with [...] urine pH
349. Calcium [...] kidney stones Calcium phosphate kidney stones precipitate with increased urine pH
precipitate with increased urine pH
350. Chronic pyelonephritis is Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by coarse, asymmetric

characterized by coarse, asymmetric corticomedullary scarring and blunted calyces in the kidney
[...] scarring and blunted calyces in
the kidney
351. Chronic pyelonephritis is Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by coarse, asymmetric

characterized by coarse, asymmetric corticomedullary scarring and blunted calyces in the kidney
corticomedullary scarring and [...]
calyces in the kidney
352. Chronic [...] is characterized by Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by coarse, asymmetric

coarse, asymmetric corticomedullary scarring and blunted calyces in the kidney
corticomedullary scarring and
blunted calyces in the kidney
353. What is the most common type of What is the most common type of kidney stone?
kidney stone? Calcium stone (80%)
[...]
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354. What is the appearance calcium What is the appearance calcium kidney stones on X-ray and CT?
kidney stones on X-ray and CT? Radiopaque
[...]
both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate are radiopaque

355. Urease positive organisms hydrolyze Urease positive organisms hydrolyze urea to ammonia, causing urine
urea to [...], causing urine alkalinization
alkalinization
356. Cystitis caused by [...] is Cystitis caused by Proteus mirabilis is characterized by alkaline urine
characterized by alkaline urine (pH) (pH) with an ammonia scent
with an ammonia scent
357. Cystitis caused by Proteus mirabilis Cystitis caused by Proteus mirabilis is characterized by alkaline urine
is characterized by [...] urine (pH) (pH) with an ammonia scent
with an ammonia scent
358. Cystitis caused by Proteus mirabilis Cystitis caused by Proteus mirabilis is characterized by alkaline urine
is characterized by alkaline urine (pH) with an ammonia scent
(pH) with an [...] scent
359. The most common kidney stone The most common kidney stone presentation is a calcium oxalate stone
presentation is a calcium oxalate in a patient with hyper-calciuria and normo-calcemia
stone in a patient with [...]-calciuria
and [...]-calcemia
i.e. idiopathic hypercalciuria; must rule out hypercalcemia and its related
causes
360. The most common kidney stone The most common kidney stone presentation is a calcium oxalate stone
presentation is a [...] stone in a in a patient with hyper-calciuria and normo-calcemia
patient with hyper-calciuria and
normo-calcemia
i.e. idiopathic hypercalciuria; must rule out hypercalcemia and its related
causes
74 of 134
361. What is the most common bacterial What is the most common bacterial cause (90%) of acute
cause (90%) of acute pyelonephritis?
pyelonephritis? E. coli
[...]
362. Treatment for overflow Treatment for overflow incontinence includes catheterization and/or
incontinence includes [...] and/or relief of obstruction (e.g. -blockers for BPH)
relief of obstruction (e.g. -blockers
for BPH)
363. Goodpasture syndrome is an Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease that is associated

autoimmune disease that is with exposure to hydrocarbon solvents (e.g. dry-cleaning, paints, dyes)
associated with exposure to [...] (e.g. and cigarette smoke
dry-cleaning, paints, dyes) and
cigarette smoke
364. [...] syndrome is an autoimmune Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease that is associated
disease that is associated with with exposure to hydrocarbon solvents (e.g. dry-cleaning, paints, dyes)
exposure to hydrocarbon solvents and cigarette smoke
(e.g. dry-cleaning, paints, dyes) and
cigarette smoke
365. Which renal tumor is characterized Which renal tumor is characterized by large eosinophilic cells with
by large eosinophilic cells with abundant mitochondria, but without perinuclear clearing?
abundant mitochondria, but without Renal oncocytoma
perinuclear clearing?
[...]
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366. IgA nephropathy typically presents IgA nephropathy typically presents during childhood with episodic gross
during childhood with episodic gross or microscopic hemat-uria or RBC casts
or microscopic [...]-uria or RBC
casts
367. IgA nephropathy typically presents IgA nephropathy typically presents during childhood with episodic gross
during childhood with episodic gross or microscopic hemat-uria or RBC casts
or microscopic hemat-uria or [...]
casts
368. Ammonium magnesium Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) kidney stones classically
phosphate (struvite) kidney stones form staghorn calculi in renal calyces
classically form [...] in renal calyces
369. The T of TNM staging for renal cell The T of TNM staging for renal cell carcinoma represents the tumor size
carcinoma represents the tumor [...] and involvement of the renal vein
and involvement of the renal vein
370. The T of TNM staging for renal cell The T of TNM staging for renal cell carcinoma represents the tumor size
carcinoma represents the tumor and involvement of the renal vein
size and involvement of the [...]
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371. Fatty casts ("oval fat bodies") are Fatty casts ("oval fat bodies") are often associated with the "Maltese
often associated with the "[...]" sign cross" sign
372. [...] casts ("oval fat bodies") are Fatty casts ("oval fat bodies") are often associated with the "Maltese
often associated with the "Maltese cross" sign
cross" sign
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373. Ammonium magnesium Ammonium magnesium phosphate kidney stones precipitate with high
phosphate kidney stones precipitate urine pH
with [...] urine pH
374. One risk factor for squamous cell One risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is
carcinoma of the bladder is long-standing nephrolithiasis (kidney)
long-standing [...] (kidney)
375. [...] is an acute generalized cortical Diffuse cortical necrosis is an acute generalized cortical infarction
infarction of both kidneys
of both kidneys
376. Treatment for urgency Treatment for urgency incontinence includes Kegel exercises and
incontinence includes Kegel bladder training (timed voiding, distraction, or relaxation techniques)
exercises and [...] training (timed
voiding, distraction, or relaxation
techniques) FArenal RenalPathology
377. Renal [...] is a benign epithelial cell Renal oncocytoma is a benign epithelial cell tumor arising from the
tumor arising from the collecting collecting ducts (location)
ducts (location)
78 of 134
378. Renal oncocytoma is a benign Renal oncocytoma is a benign epithelial cell tumor arising from the
epithelial cell tumor arising from the collecting ducts (location)
[...] (location)
379. Goodpasture syndrome is a form of Goodpasture syndrome is a form of RPGN that presents with a linear
RPGN that presents with a [...] pattern on immunofluoresence
pattern on immunofluoresence
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380. [...] is a form of RPGN that presents Goodpasture syndrome is a form of RPGN that presents with a linear
with a linear pattern on pattern on immunofluoresence
immunofluoresence
381. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder Adenocarcinoma of the bladder may arise from cystitis glandularis,
may arise from [...], which is a which is a columnar metaplasia in response to chronic inflammation
columnar metaplasia in response to
chronic inflammation
382. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder Adenocarcinoma of the bladder may arise from cystitis glandularis,
may arise from cystitis glandularis, which is a columnar metaplasia in response to chronic inflammation
which is a [...] metaplasia in
response to chronic inflammation
383. RPGN with a granular RPGN with a granular immunofluoresence pattern is more commonly due
immunofluoresence pattern is more to poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
commonly due to [...]
Less commonly due to diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis

80 of 134
384. What demographic is associated with What demographic is associated with Goodpasture syndrome?
Goodpasture syndrome? Young adult males
[...]
385. Chronic pyelonephritis is Chronic pyelonephritis is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and

characterized by [...] fibrosis and atrophy of tubules
atrophy of tubules
386. PSGN typically presents 2 to 4 [...] PSGN typically presents 2 to 4 weeks after a group A -hemolytic
after a group A -hemolytic streptococcal infection
streptococcal infection
387. Does cystitis typically present with Does cystitis typically present with systemic signs (e.g. fever)?
systemic signs (e.g. fever)? No
[...]
388. Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene (renal cell carcinoma) leads to
gene (renal cell carcinoma) leads to increased HIF transcription factor, which increases VEGF and PDGF
increased [...] transcription factor,
which increases VEGF and PDGF
389. One risk factor for pyelonephritis is One risk factor for pyelonephritis is
[...] reflux vesicoureteral reflux
390. Treatment of uric acid kidney Treatment of uric acid kidney stones may include allopurinol, especially
stones may include [...], especially in patients with gout
in patients with gout
391. One complication of acute One complication of acute pyelonephritis is perinephric abscess
pyelonephritis is perinephric [...]
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392. Diffuse cortical necrosis is likely Diffuse cortical necrosis is likely due to a combination of vasospasm
due to a combination of [...] and [...] and DIC
associated with obstetric catastrophes and septic shock

393. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is characterized by enlarged and

glomerulonephritis is characterized hyper-cellular glomeruli on light microscopy
by enlarged and [...]-cellular
glomeruli on light microscopy
394. Is serum creatinine usually elevated Is serum creatinine usually elevated in

in unilateral hydronephrosis?
unilateral hydronephrosis? No
[...]
only if bilateral or if patient only has one kidney

395. The major risk factor for transitional The major risk factor for transitional cell carcinoma is cigarette smoke
cell carcinoma is [...]
especially the carcinogens polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and

naphthylamine
82 of 134
396. [...] incontinence is due to an Urgency incontinence is due to an overactive bladder (detrusor
overactive bladder (detrusor instability)
instability)
thus, also known as "overactive bladder syndrome"
397. Cystitis is characterized by [...] urine Cystitis is characterized by cloudy urine with > 10 WBCs/hpf (urinalysis)
with > 10 WBCs/hpf (urinalysis)
hpf = high power field

398. Cystitis is characterized by cloudy Cystitis is characterized by cloudy urine with > 10 WBCs/hpf (urinalysis)
urine with [...] WBCs/hpf (urinalysis)
hpf = high power field

399. DPGN is characterized by [...] and DPGN is characterized by subendothelial and sometimes
sometimes intramembranous immune complexes on electron microscopy
intramembranous immune
complexes on electron microscopy
400. DPGN is characterized by DPGN is characterized by subendothelial and sometimes

subendothelial and sometimes intramembranous immune complexes on electron microscopy
[...] immune complexes on electron
microscopy
401. Renal cell carcinoma is referred to Renal cell carcinoma is referred to as a "silent" cancer because it
as a "[...]" cancer because it commonly presents as a metastatic neoplasm
commonly presents as a metastatic
neoplasm
83 of 134
402. What type of hypersensitivity What type of hypersensitivity reaction is poststreptococcal

reaction is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
glomerulonephritis? Type III (immune complex-mediated)
[...]
403. What is the most common mode of What is the most common mode of inheritance of Alport syndrome?
inheritance of Alport syndrome? X-linked dominant
[...]
404. Children with PSGN [...] progress Children with PSGN rarely (1%) progress (frequency) to renal failure
(frequency) to renal failure
405. Nephritic syndrome is typically Nephritic syndrome is typically associated with immune-complex
associated with immune-complex deposition, which activates complement (e.g. C5a)
deposition, which activates [...]
C5a then attracts neutrophils, which mediate damage

406. Primary [...] is associated with Primary membranous nephropathy is associated with autoantibodies
autoantibodies against the the against the the phospholipase A2 receptor
phospholipase A2 receptor
PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrotic_syndrome
407. What hematologic pathology is What hematologic pathology is associated with increased risk for focal
associated with increased risk for segmental glomerulosclerosis?
focal segmental Sickle cell disease
glomerulosclerosis?
[...]
408. Does diabetes mellitus ultimately Does diabetes mellitus ultimately cause nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?
cause nephritic or nephrotic Nephrotic syndrome
syndrome?
[...]
i.e. diabetic glomerulonephropathy
84 of 134
409. Amyloidosis is characterized by [...] Amyloidosis is characterized by apple-green birefringence under

under polarized light after staining polarized light after staining with Congo red
with Congo red
410. Amyloidosis is characterized by Amyloidosis is characterized by apple-green birefringence under

apple-green birefringence under polarized light after staining with Congo red
polarized light after staining with [...]
411. The 'tram-track' appearance The 'tram-track' appearance associated with MPGN is due to GBM
associated with MPGN is due to splitting caused by mesangial cell ingrowth
GBM splitting caused by [...] cell
ingrowth
412. What immunofluorescence findings What immunofluorescence findings are associated with minimal change
are associated with minimal change disease?
disease? None (no immune complex deposits)
[...]
413. Nephrotic syndrome is associated Nephrotic syndrome is associated with hyper-lipidemia and
with [...]-lipidemia and hyper-cholesterolemia
[...]-cholesterolemia
blood "thins" due to low protein, liver pumps more lipids and cholesterol to
"beef it up"
85 of 134
414. Membranoproliferative Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis has a poor response to

glomerulonephritis has a [...] corticosteroids
response to corticosteroids
415. Nephrotic syndrome is a group of Nephrotic syndrome is a group of glomerular disorders characterized by
glomerular disorders characterized protein-uria > 3.5 g/day
by protein-uria [...] g/day
416. Nephrotic syndrome is a group of Nephrotic syndrome is a group of glomerular disorders characterized by
by [...]-uria > 3.5 g/day
417. [...] syndrome is a group of Nephrotic syndrome is a group of glomerular disorders characterized by
by protein-uria > 3.5 g/day
86 of 134
418. What immunofluorescence findings What immunofluorescence findings are associated with
are associated with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
membranoproliferative granular deposits (immune complex deposition)
glomerulonephritis?
[...]
419. Focal segmental Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a type of nephrotic syndrome

glomerulosclerosis is a type of associated with heroin abuse
nephrotic syndrome associated with
[...] abuse
420. [...] is a type of nephrotic syndrome Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a type of nephrotic syndrome
associated with heroin abuse associated with heroin abuse
421. The cause of focal segmental The cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually idiopathic,
glomerulosclerosis is usually [...], but may be secondary to massive obesity, interferon treatment, and
but may be secondary to massive chronic congenital kidney diseases
obesity, interferon treatment, and
chronic congenital kidney diseases
87 of 134
422. MPGN type I is associated with [...] MPGN type I is associated with subendothelial immune complex deposits
immune complex deposits
423. MPGN type [...] is associated with MPGN type I is associated with subendothelial immune complex deposits
subendothelial immune complex
deposits
424. Membranous nephropathy has a Membranous nephropathy has a poor response to corticosteroids
[...] response to corticosteroids
88 of 134
425. Minimal change disease is Minimal change disease is characterized by effacement of foot
characterized by [...] of foot processes on electron microscopy
processes on electron microscopy
426. Minimal change disease is Minimal change disease is characterized by effacement of foot
characterized by effacement of [...] processes on electron microscopy
on electron microscopy
427. What is the most common cause of What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the U.S.?
end-stage renal disease in the Diabetic glomerulonephropathy
U.S.?
[...]
89 of 134
428. The cause of minimal change The cause of minimal change disease is often idiopathic and may be
disease is often [...] and may be triggered by recent infection, immunization, or immune stimulus
triggered by recent infection,
immunization, or immune stimulus
429. Type II MPGN is also known as [...] Type II MPGN is also known as dense deposit disease
disease
430. What immunofluorescence findings What immunofluorescence findings are usually associated with focal
are usually associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
segmental glomerulosclerosis? None (no immune complex deposits)
[...]
may be + for nonspecific focal deposits of IgM, C3, C1..

431. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the GBM results in hyaline

the GBM results in [...] arteriolosclerosis
arteriolosclerosis
432. Membranoproliferative Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is associated with GBM

glomerulonephritis is associated thickening on light microscopy
with [...] thickening on light
microscopy
433. Membranoproliferative Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is associated with GBM

glomerulonephritis is associated thickening on light microscopy
with GBM [...] on light microscopy
434. Minimal change disease (lipoid Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) is rarely secondary to
nephrosis) is rarely secondary to [...] Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with massive overproduction of

cytokines from Reed-Sternberg cells
90 of 134
435. Nephrotic syndrome results in [...], Nephrotic syndrome results in hypoalbuminemia, which manifests as
which manifests as pitting edema pitting edema
436. Nephrotic syndrome results in Nephrotic syndrome results in hypoalbuminemia, which manifests as
hypoalbuminemia, which manifests pitting edema
as [...]
437. What infectious disease is What infectious disease is associated with focal segmental
associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
glomerulosclerosis? HIV
[...]
438. [...] is the most common cause of Membranous nephropathy is the most common cause of nephrotic
nephrotic syndrome in Caucasian syndrome in Caucasian adults
adults
also referred to as membranous glomerulonephritis

439. Membranous nephropathy is the Membranous nephropathy is the most common cause of nephrotic
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in Caucasian adults
syndrome in [...]

440. Membranous nephropathy is the Membranous nephropathy is the most common cause of nephrotic
most common cause of [...] syndrome in Caucasian adults
syndrome in Caucasian adults

441. Diabetic glomerulonephropathy is Diabetic glomerulonephropathy is associated with mesangial

associated with [...] expansion on expansion on light microscopy
light microscopy
91 of 134
442. Is membranoproliferative Is membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) a nephritic or

glomerulonephritis (MPGN) a nephrotic syndrome?
nephritic or nephrotic syndrome? Can be either or both
[...]
443. Type II MPGN is associated with [...] Type II MPGN is associated with low circulating levels of C3
circulating levels of C3
444. Membranous nephropathy may Membranous nephropathy may occur secondary to drugs, such as
occur secondary to drugs, such as NSAIDs and penicillamine
[...] and penicillamine
445. Membranous nephropathy may Membranous nephropathy may occur secondary to drugs, such as
occur secondary to drugs, such as NSAIDs and penicillamine
NSAIDs and [...]
446. In diabetes mellitus, high serum In diabetes mellitus, high serum glucose leads to nonenzymatic
glucose leads to [...] of the GBM in glycosylation of the GBM in the kidney
the kidney
results in thickening and increased permeability

447. What drug class is used to slow What drug class is used to slow progression of hyperfiltration-induced
progression of damage in diabetic glomerulonephropathy?
hyperfiltration-induced damage in ACE inhibitors
diabetic glomerulonephropathy?
[...]
inhibits effects of angiotensin II on efferent arteriole constriction
448. Where in the kidney does amyloid Where in the kidney does amyloid deposit, causing nephrotic syndrome?
deposit, causing nephrotic Mesangium
syndrome?
[...]
92 of 134
449. MPGN type II is associated with [...] MPGN type II is associated with intramembranous immune complex
immune complex deposits deposits
450. MPGN type [...] is associated with MPGN type II is associated with intramembranous immune complex
intramembranous immune complex deposits
deposits
93 of 134
451. Membranous nephropathy Membranous nephropathy ultimately progresses to chronic renal

ultimately progresses to [...] failure
452. What infectious diseases (2) is What infectious diseases (2) is membranous nephropathy associated
membranous nephropathy with?
associated with? HBV, HCV
[...]
453. Minimal change disease is Minimal change disease is characterized by normal glomeruli on light
characterized by [...] glomeruli on microscopy
light microscopy
94 of 134
454. Membranous nephropathy is Membranous nephropathy is characterized by diffuse capillary and

characterized by diffuse capillary GBM thickening on light microscopy
and [...] thickening on light
microscopy
455. Membranous nephropathy is Membranous nephropathy is characterized by diffuse capillary and

characterized by diffuse capillary GBM thickening on light microscopy
and GBM [...] on light microscopy
95 of 134
456. Nephrotic syndrome causes a Nephrotic syndrome causes a hyper-coagulable state due to loss of
[...]-coagulable state due to loss of antithrombin III
antithrombin III
PathomaRenal RenalPathology S2B3 nephrotic_syndrome
457. Nephrotic syndrome causes a Nephrotic syndrome causes a hyper-coagulable state due to loss of
hyper-coagulable state due to loss of antithrombin III
[...]
PathomaRenal RenalPathology S2B3 nephrotic_syndrome
458. Minimal change disease is Minimal change disease is characterized by cytokine-mediated damage
characterized by [...]-mediated of foot processes
damage of foot processes
459. Minimal change disease is Minimal change disease is characterized by cytokine-mediated damage
characterized by cytokine-mediated of foot processes
damage of [...]
460. [...] is the most common cause of Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) is the most common cause
nephrotic syndrome in children of nephrotic syndrome in children
461. Minimal change disease (lipoid Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) is the most common cause
nephrosis) is the most common of nephrotic syndrome in children
cause of nephrotic syndrome in [...]
462. Minimal change disease (lipoid Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) is the most common cause
nephrosis) is the most common of nephrotic syndrome in children
cause of [...] syndrome in children
96 of 134
463. What immunofluorescence findings What immunofluorescence findings are associated with membranous
are associated with membranous nephropathy?
nephropathy? granular deposits (immune complex deposition)
[...]
464. Membranoproliferative Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is associated with a

glomerulonephritis is associated 'tram-track' appearance on PAS and H&E stain
with a '[...]' appearance on PAS and
H&E stain
97 of 134
465. [...] glomerulonephritis is Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is associated with a

associated with a 'tram-track' 'tram-track' appearance on PAS and H&E stain
appearance on PAS and H&E stain
466. Focal segmental Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ultimately progresses to chronic

glomerulosclerosis ultimately renal failure
progresses to [...]
467. What is the first change that occurs What is the first change that occurs in the kidney in a diabetes mellitus
in the kidney in a diabetes mellitus patient?
patient? Non-enzymatic glycosylation of GBM
[...]
468. Nephrotic syndrome is associated Nephrotic syndrome is associated with frothy urine with fatty casts
with frothy urine with [...] casts
oval fat bodies; associated with "Maltese cross sign"

469. [...] syndrome is associated with Nephrotic syndrome is associated with frothy urine with fatty casts
frothy urine with fatty casts
oval fat bodies; associated with "Maltese cross sign"

98 of 134
470. Membranous nephropathy is Membranous nephropathy is characterized by subepithelial deposits

characterized by subepithelial with a 'spike and dome' appearance on electron microscopy
deposits with a '[...]' appearance on
electron microscopy
99 of 134
471. Membranous nephropathy is Membranous nephropathy is characterized by subepithelial deposits

characterized by [...] deposits with a with a 'spike and dome' appearance on electron microscopy
'spike and dome' appearance on
electron microscopy
100 of 134
472. [...] nephropathy is characterized by Membranous nephropathy is characterized by subepithelial deposits

subepithelial deposits with a 'spike with a 'spike and dome' appearance on electron microscopy
and dome' appearance on electron
microscopy
473. Nephrotic syndrome results in [...], Nephrotic syndrome results in hypogammaglobulinemia, which
which increases risk of infection increases risk of infection
474. Nephrotic syndrome results in Nephrotic syndrome results in hypogammaglobulinemia, which

hypogammaglobulinemia, which increases risk of infection
increases risk of [...]
101 of 134
475. Focal segmental Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is characterized by focal and

glomerulosclerosis is characterized segmental sclerosis and
by focal and segmental [...] and hyalinosis on light microscopy
hyalinosis on light microscopy
476. Focal segmental Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is characterized by focal and

glomerulosclerosis is characterized segmental sclerosis and
by focal and segmental sclerosis hyalinosis on light microscopy
and
[...] on light microscopy
102 of 134
477. The most commonly involved organ The most commonly involved organ in systemic amyloidosis is the
in systemic amyloidosis is the [...] kidney
478. How does non-enzymatic How does non-enzymatic glycosylation of the efferent renal arteriole
glycosylation of the efferent renal effect GFR?
arteriole effect GFR? Increased GFR (hyperfiltration)
[...]
479. Type II MPGN is associated with Type II MPGN is associated with C3 nephritic factor, an autoantibody
[...], an autoantibody that stabilizes that stabilizes C3 convertase
C3 convertase
leads to overactivation of complement and thus inflammation

480. Type II MPGN is associated with C3 Type II MPGN is associated with C3 nephritic factor, an autoantibody
nephritic factor, an autoantibody that stabilizes C3 convertase
that stabilizes [...]

481. Type [...] MPGN is associated with Type II MPGN is associated with C3 nephritic factor, an autoantibody
C3 nephritic factor, an autoantibody that stabilizes C3 convertase
that stabilizes C3 convertase

482. Initially, NEG of the glomerular Initially, NEG of the glomerular basement membrane (diabetes mellitus)
basement membrane (diabetes causes hyperfiltration injury with microalbumin-uria
mellitus) causes hyperfiltration injury
with [...]-uria
microalbuminuria is defined as < 300 mg/24 hr
483. What type of nephrotic syndrome is a What type of nephrotic syndrome is a patient with SLE most likely to get?
patient with SLE most likely to get? Membranous nephropathy
[...]
103 of 134
484. Which renal arteriole is more Which renal arteriole is more commonly effected by non-enzymatic
commonly effected by glycosylation?
non-enzymatic glycosylation? Efferent arteriole
[...]
485. Minimal change disease is Minimal change disease is characterized by loss of albumin, but not
characterized by loss of [...], but not immunoglobulin in the urine (selective proteinuria)
immunoglobulin in the urine
(selective proteinuria)
486. Minimal change disease is Minimal change disease is characterized by loss of albumin, but not
characterized by loss of albumin, immunoglobulin in the urine (selective proteinuria)
but not [...] in the urine (selective
proteinuria)
104 of 134
487. Nephrotic syndrome may be Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by systemic amyloidosis
caused by systemic [...]
associated with chronic conditions that predispose to amyloid deposition

(e.g. AL amyloid, AA amyloid)
488. Which type of MPGN is more often Which type of MPGN is more often associated with a 'tram track'
associated with a 'tram track' appearance on H&E stain?
appearance on H&E stain? Type I
[...]
489. Membranoproliferative Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis ultimately progresses to

glomerulonephritis ultimately chronic renal failure
progresses to [...]
490. [...] is the most common cause of Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the most common
nephrotic syndrome in cause of nephrotic syndrome in
Hispanics and African Americans Hispanics and African Americans (ethnicity)
(ethnicity)
491. Focal segmental Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the most common
glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the cause of nephrotic syndrome in
most common cause of nephrotic Hispanics and African Americans (ethnicity)
syndrome in
[...] and [...] (ethnicity)
492. Focal segmental Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the most common
glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the cause of nephrotic syndrome in
most common cause of [...] Hispanics and African Americans (ethnicity)
syndrome in
Hispanics and African Americans
(ethnicity) PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrotic_syndrome
493. What infectious diseases (2) are What infectious diseases (2) are associated with type I MPGN?
associated with type I MPGN? HBV, HCV
[...]
105 of 134
494. Minimal change disease has an Minimal change disease has an excellent response to corticosteroids
excellent response to [...]
damaged is mediated by cytokines from T-cells

495. Minimal change disease has an [...] Minimal change disease has an excellent response to corticosteroids
damaged is mediated by cytokines from T-cells

496. Focal segmental Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is characterized by effacement of

glomerulosclerosis is characterized foot processes on electron microscopy
by [...] of foot processes on
electron microscopy
FSGS can be thought of as a progression of minimal change disease
106 of 134
497. Focal segmental Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is characterized by effacement of

glomerulosclerosis is characterized foot processes on electron microscopy
by effacement of [...] on electron
microscopy
FSGS can be thought of as a progression of minimal change disease
498. Which type of nephrotic syndrome is Which type of nephrotic syndrome is commonly seen secondary to solid
commonly seen secondary to solid tumors?
tumors? Membranous nephropathy
[...]
499. Focal segmental Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis has a poor response to

glomerulosclerosis has a [...] corticosteroids
response is inconsistent
107 of 134
500. Diabetic glomerulonephropathy is Diabetic glomerulonephropathy is associated with eosinophilic nodular

associated with eosinophilic nodular glomerulosclerosis, known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
glomerulosclerosis, known as [...]
nodules
501. [...] is associated with eosinophilic Diabetic glomerulonephropathy is associated with eosinophilic nodular
nodular glomerulosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis, known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson
nodules
108 of 134
502. In minimal change disease (lipoid In minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis), lipids may be seen in
nephrosis), [...] may be seen in proximal tubule cells of the nephron (light microscopy)
proximal tubule cells of the
nephron (light microscopy)
503. In minimal change disease (lipoid In minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis), lipids may be seen in
nephrosis), lipids may be seen in [...] proximal tubule cells of the nephron (light microscopy)
cells of the nephron (light
microscopy)
504. Nephrotic syndrome occurs due to Nephrotic syndrome occurs due to podocyte damage disrupting the
podocyte damage disrupting the glomerular filtration charge barrier
glomerular filtration [...] barrier
versus nephritic syndrome which occurs due to GBM disruption

505. Nephrotic syndrome occurs due to Nephrotic syndrome occurs due to podocyte damage disrupting the
[...] damage disrupting the glomerular filtration charge barrier
glomerular filtration charge barrier
versus nephritic syndrome which occurs due to GBM disruption

506. Primary membranous nephropathy Primary membranous nephropathy is associated with autoantibodies
is associated with autoantibodies against the the phospholipase A2 receptor
against the the [...] receptor
507. Chronic renal failure is most Chronic renal failure is most commonly caused by diabetes mellitus,
commonly caused by [...], hypertension, and glomerular disease
hypertension, and glomerular
disease
PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_failure
commonly caused by diabetes hypertension, and glomerular disease
mellitus, [...], and glomerular disease
109 of 134
commonly caused by diabetes hypertension, and glomerular disease
mellitus, hypertension, and [...]
disease
510. Renal failure is associated with an Renal failure is associated with an inability to produce urine and excrete
inability to produce [...] and excrete nitrogenous wastes
nitrogenous wastes
511. Renal failure is associated with an Renal failure is associated with an inability to produce urine and excrete
inability to produce urine and excrete nitrogenous wastes
[...] wastes
512. One clinical feature of renal failure One clinical feature of renal failure is uremia, which is a symptomatic
is [...], which is a symptomatic clinical syndrome marked by increased nitrogenous waste products in
clinical syndrome marked by the blood (azotemia)
increased nitrogenous waste
products in the blood (azotemia)
essentially a more severe, symptomatic form of azotemia
110 of 134
513. What cardiac pathology is a What cardiac pathology is a consequence of uremia (renal failure)?
consequence of uremia (renal Pericarditis
failure)?
[...]
Preicarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (the fibrous sac

surrounding the heart).
Symptoms typically include sudden onset of sharp chest pain.
111 of 134
514. Uremia, a consequence of renal Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, may cause platelet dysfunction
failure, may cause [...] dysfunction in the blood
in the blood
uremia impairs platelet adhesion and aggregation
112 of 134
515. Uremia, a consequence of renal Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, may cause encephalopathy with
failure, may cause [...] with asterixis asterixis
516. Uremia, a consequence of renal Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, may cause encephalopathy with
failure, may cause encephalopathy asterixis
with [...]
113 of 134
517. What GI symptoms (2) are What GI symptoms (2) are associated with uremia (renal failure)?
associated with uremia (renal Nausea, anorexia
failure)?
[...]
114 of 134
518. Uremia, a consequence of renal Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, may cause deposition of urea
failure, may cause deposition of [...] crystals in the skin
crystals in the skin
519. What acid-base disorder is a What acid-base disorder is a consequence of renal failure?
consequence of renal failure? Metabolic acidosis
[...]
115 of 134
520. The consequences of RENAL The consequences of RENAL FAILURE may be remembered using the
FAILURE may be remembered using mnemonic "MAD HUNGER":
the mnemonic "MAD HUNGER": M.A: Metabolic Acidosis
M.A: [...] D: Dyslipidemia (especially increased triglycerides)
D: Dyslipidemia (especially H: Hyperkalemia
increased triglycerides) U: Uremia
H: Hyperkalemia N: Na+ / H2O retention
U: Uremia G: Growth retardation and developmental delay
N: Na+ / H2O retention E: Erythropoietin failure (anemia)
G: Growth retardation and R: Renal osteodystrophy
developmental delay
E: Erythropoietin failure (anemia)
R: Renal osteodystrophy
116 of 134
M.A: Metabolic Acidosis D: Dyslipidemia (especially increased triglycerides)
D: [...] (especially increased [...]) H: Hyperkalemia
H: Hyperkalemia U: Uremia
U: Uremia N: Na+ / H2O retention
N: Na+ / H2O retention G: Growth retardation and developmental delay
G: Growth retardation and E: Erythropoietin failure (anemia)
developmental delay R: Renal osteodystrophy
117 of 134
522. What potassium imbalance is a What potassium imbalance is a consequence of renal failure?
consequence of renal failure? Hyperkalemia
[...]
523. One consequence of renal failure is One consequence of renal failure is Na+ and H2O retention with resulting
[...] and [...] retention with resulting hypertension, heart failure, and pulmonary edema
hypertension, heart failure, and
pulmonary edema
118 of 134
524. One consequence of renal failure is One consequence of renal failure is anemia due to decreased
[...] due to decreased erythropoietin erythropoietin production
production
119 of 134
525. One consequence of renal failure is One consequence of renal failure is anemia due to decreased
anemia due to decreased [...] erythropoietin production
production
526. Erythropoietin is produced by renal Erythropoietin is produced by renal peritubular interstitial cells
[...] cells
120 of 134
527. What bone pathology is associated What bone pathology is associated with chronic renal failure?
with chronic renal failure? Renal osteodystrophy
[...]
may result in osteomalacia and osteoporosis
528. Chronic renal disease is Chronic renal disease is characterized by hypo-calcemia

characterized by [...]-calcemia
due to decreased Ca2+ reabsorption and increased serum phosphate

529. Chronic renal disease is Chronic renal disease is characterized by hyper-phosphatemia, which
characterized by [...]-phosphatemia, exacerbates the hypocalcemia
which exacerbates the
hypocalcemia
increased phosphate complexes free, ionized Ca2+, further exacerbating
hypocalcemia
530. Hypocalcemia in chronic renal Hypocalcemia in chronic renal disease is caused, in part, by decreased
disease is caused, in part, by 1--hydroxylation of vitamin D
decreased [...] of vitamin D
decreases intestinal reabsorption of Ca2+

121 of 134
531. How do levels of parathyroid How do levels of parathyroid hormone change in chronic renal disease?
hormone change in chronic renal Increased (secondary hyperparathyroidism)
disease?
[...]
due to decreased levels of Ca2+ and increased levels of phosphate
532. Hyperparathyroidism is Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by subperiosteal thinning of

characterized by [...] thinning of bones
bones
533. Treatment of renal failure involves Treatment of renal failure involves dialysis or renal transplant
[...] or renal transplant
indications for acute dialysis may be remembered with the mnemonic

"AEIOU"
1. acidosis (refractory to bicarbonate)
2. severe Electrolyte abnormalities (refractory to medical intervention)
3. Intoxication with some drugs (e.g. salicylates, methanol, ethylene
glycol)
4. volume Overload (refractory to diuretics)
5. Uremic symptoms (e.g. cardiac friction rub, altered mental status)
122 of 134
534. Treatment of renal failure involves Treatment of renal failure involves dialysis or renal transplant
dialysis or [...]
indications for acute dialysis may be remembered with the mnemonic

"AEIOU"
1. acidosis (refractory to bicarbonate)
2. severe Electrolyte abnormalities (refractory to medical intervention)
3. Intoxication with some drugs (e.g. salicylates, methanol, ethylene
glycol)
4. volume Overload (refractory to diuretics)
5. Uremic symptoms (e.g. cardiac friction rub, altered mental status)
535. End-stage kidneys are often [...] End-stage kidneys are often shrunken (size)
(size)
536. During dialysis, end-stage kidneys During dialysis, end-stage kidneys often develop cysts
often develop [...]
may be differentiated from PKD by the shrunken size of the kidney

537. Cyst formation within end-stage Cyst formation within end-stage kidneys during dialysis increases risk
kidneys during dialysis increases for renal cell carcinoma
risk for [...]
123 of 134
H: [...] N: Na+ / H2O retention
developmental delay
124 of 134
U: [...] G: Growth retardation and developmental delay
developmental delay
125 of 134
N: [...] E: Erythropoietin failure (anemia)
developmental delay
126 of 134
G: [...] R: Renal osteodystrophy
127 of 134
developmental delay
E: [...]
128 of 134
developmental delay
R: [...]
129 of 134
544. The consequences of [...] may be The consequences of RENAL FAILURE may be remembered using the
remembered using the mnemonic mnemonic "MAD HUNGER":
"MAD HUNGER": M.A: Metabolic Acidosis
developmental delay
130 of 134
545. [...], a consequence of renal failure, Uremia, a consequence of renal failure, may cause platelet dysfunction
may cause platelet dysfunction in in the blood
the blood
uremia impairs platelet adhesion and aggregation
131 of 134
Na+ and H2O retention with resulting hypertension, heart failure, and pulmonary edema
[...], heart failure, and pulmonary
edema
hypertension, [...], and pulmonary
edema
132 of 134
hypertension, heart failure, and
pulmonary [...]
549. Chronic renal disease is Chronic renal disease is characterized by hyper-phosphatemia, which
characterized by exacerbates the hypocalcemia
hyper-phosphatemia, which
exacerbates the [...]calcemia
hypocalcemia
550. [...] renal disease is characterized Chronic renal disease is characterized by hyper-phosphatemia, which
by hyper-phosphatemia, which exacerbates the hypocalcemia
exacerbates the hypocalcemia

hypocalcemia
133 of 134
551. [...]parathyroidism is characterized Hyperparathyroidism is characterized by subperiosteal thinning of bones

by subperiosteal thinning of bones
134 of 134

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PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

4. Is renal oncocytoma benign or Is renal oncocytoma benign or malignant?

however, often resected to exclude malignancy (e.g. renal cell carcinoma)

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

11. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis may present with hemat-uria and

12. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis may present with hemat-uria and

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

sporadic form is classically a single tumor

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

i.e. leakage from urethra upon coughing or Valsalva maneuver

i.e. leakage from urethra upon coughing or Valsalva maneuver

also known as hypernephroma; all three symptoms rarely occur together

also known as hypernephroma; all three symptoms rarely occur together

also known as hypernephroma; all three symptoms rarely occur together

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

44. [...] is an infection of the kidney Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney

PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

45. Pyelonephritis is an infection of the Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney

PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

PathomaRenal RenalPathology cancer renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology cancer renal_neoplasia

48. Acute pyelonephritis is Acute pyelonephritis is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration of the

PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

49. Acutepyelonephritis is Acute pyelonephritis is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration of the

PathomaRenal RenalPathology UTI

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephritic_syndrome

61. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a type of nephritic

62. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a type of nephritic

63. Poststreptococcal Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a type of nephritic

PathomaRenal RenalPathology renal_neoplasia

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis

69. Is diffuse proliferative Is diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) a nephritic or

PathomaRenal RenalPathology nephrolithiasis