he steps for conducting MANCOVA in SPSS

1. The data is entered in a between-subjects fashion.

2. Click Analyze.
3. Drag the cursor over the General Linear Model drop-down menu.
4. Click Multivariate.
5. Click on the first continuous outcome variable to highlight it.
6. Click on the arrow to move the variable into the Dependent Variables: box.
7. Repeat Steps 5 and 6 until all of the continuous outcome variables are in the Dependent
Variables: box.
8. Click on the categorical predictor variable that represents independent groups or levels.
9. Click on the arrow to move the variable into the Fixed Factor(s): box.
10. Click on the continuous covariate variable to highlight it.
11. Click on the arrow to move the variable into the Covariate(s): box.
12. Click on the Options button.
13. Click on the categorical predictor variable in the Factor(s) and Factor Interactions: box to
highlight it.
14. Click on the arrow to move the variable into the Display Means for: box.
15. Click on the Compare main effects box to select it.
16. In the Display table, click on the Descriptive statistics, Estimates of effect size, Observed
power, and Homogeneity tests boxes to select them.
17. Click Continue.
18. Click OK.

The steps for interpreting the SPSS output for MANCOVA

1. Look in the Box's Test of Equality of Covariance Matrices, in the Sig. row. This is the p-
value that is interpreted.
If it is LESS THAN .05, then researchers have violated the assumption of homogeneity of
covariance and should not interpret the outputs further.
If it is MORE THAN .05, then researchers can continue with the analysis and have met the
assumption of homogeneity of covariance.
2. Look in the Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances table, in the Sig. column. This is
the p-value that is interpreted.
If it is LESS THAN .05, then researchers have violated the assumption of homogeneity of
variance and should not interpret the outputs further.
If it is MORE THAN .05, then researchers can continue with the analysis and have met the
assumption of homogeneity of variance.

3. Look in the Multivariate Tests table, under the Sig. column, for the row that has the
continuous covariate variable's name and Pillai's Trace. This is the p-value that is interpreted.
If it is LESS THAN .05, then researchers have evidence that the covariate adjusts values of the
outcome.
If it is MORE THAN .05, then Researchers do not have evidence that the covariate adjusts the
outcome. No further interpretation is needed. Report the p-value.

4. Look in the Multivariate Tests table, under the Sig. column, for the row that has the
categorical predictor variable's name and Pillai's Trace. This is the p-value that is interpreted.
If it is LESS THAN .05, then researchers have evidence of a significant main effect when
controlling for the covariate.
If it is MORE THAN .05, then researchers do not have evidence of a significant effect when
controlling for the covariate. No further interpretation is needed. Report the p-value.

5. Look in the Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances table, under the Sig. column, for
each outcome variable that has a p-value testing the assumption of homogeneity of variance.
If it is LESS THAN .05, then researchers have violated the assumption and should not continue
with the analysis.
If it is MORE THAN .05, then researchers can continue with the analysis and interpretation.

6. Look in the Tests of Between-Subjects Effects table, under the Sig. column, for the row
denoting the continuous covariate variable. These are the p-values that are interpreted for each
individual covariate. These should be interpreted only if there is a significant main effect for the
covariate in the Multivariate Tests table.
If a p-value for one of the outcome variables is LESS THAN .05, then there was a significant
main effect among the independent groups or levels for the covariate. If researchers find this
significant main effect, they need to run post hoc analyses to explain the effect.
If a p-value for one of the outcome variables is MORE THAN .05, then there
was NOT significant main effect among the independent groups or levels for the covariate.

7. Look in the Tests of Between-Subjects Effects table, under the Sig. column, for the row
denoting the categorical predictor variable. These are the p-values that are interpreted for each
individual outcome variable. These should be interpreted if there is a significant main effect in
the Multivariate Tests table.
If a p-value for one of the outcome variables is LESS THAN .05, then there was a significant
main effect among the independent groups or levels of that outcome. If researchers find this
significant main effect, they need to run post hoc analyses to explain the effect.
If a p-value for one of the outcome variables is MORE THAN .05, then there
was NOT significant main effect amongst the independent groups or levels of that outcome.

8. Scroll down to the Estimated Marginal Means section of the output. Look in
the Estimates table. These are the adjusted means and standard errors of the outcome for each
group or level of the categorical variable.

9. Look in the Pairwise Comparisons table, under the Sig. column. These are the post hoc p-
values that are interpreted.
If a p-value is LESS THAN .05, then there was a significant difference in the adjusted means
between the independent groups or levels of the categorical predictor variable on the outcome.
If a p-value is MORE THAN .05, then there was NOT a significant difference in the adjusted
means between the independent groups or levels of the categorical predictor variable on the
outcome.