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DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Prepared By Approved By
Dr.K.Gayathri Devi Dr.S.Sureshkumar
Prof/ECE Hod-ECE
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
Syllabus
EC6303 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS LTPC
3 1 04
OBJECTIVES:
To understand the basic properties of signal & systems and the various
methods of classification
To learn Laplace Transform &Fourier transform and their properties
To know Z transform & DTFT and their properties
To characterize LTI systems in the Time domain and various Transform
domains
Continuous time signals (CT signals) - Discrete time signals (DT signals) - Step,
Ramp, Pulse, Impulse, Sinusoidal, Exponential, Classification of CT and DT signals
- Periodic & Aperiodic signals, Deterministic & Random signals, Energy & Power
signals - CT systems and DT systems- Classification of systems Static & Dynamic,
Linear & Nonlinear, Time-variant & Time-invariant, Causal &Non causal, Stable &
Unstable.
OUTCOMES:
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
TEXT BOOK:
1. Allan V.Oppenheim, S.Wilsky and S.H.Nawab, Signals and Systems, Pearson, 2007.
REFERENCES:
1. B. P. Lathi, Principles of Linear Systems and Signals, Second Edition, Oxford, 2009.
2. R.E.Zeimer, W.H.Tranter and R.D.Fannin, Signals & Systems - Continuous and
Discrete, Pearson, 2007.
3. John Alan Stuller, An Introduction to Signals and Systems, Thomson, 2007.
4. M.J.Roberts, Signals & Systems Analysis using Transform Methods & MATLAB,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2007.
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
1 :t 0
u(t)
0 :t 0
A delta function is defined as
1 :t 0
(t)
0 :t 0
2. Define energy and power signals.(Apr/May 2015) (Nov/Dec 2015)
The energy of a signal x(t) is defined as
E
2
x(t) dt
A signal x(t) is called an energy signals if the energy is finite and power is zero.
The average power of a signal x(t) is defined as
T 2
1
T T
P lim x(t) 2
dt
T 2
A Signal x(t) is called a power signal if the average power is finite and Energy is infinite.
-t
3. Verify whether x(t) = A e u(t) is an energy signal or not
This signal is non periodic and of infinite duration .It can be an energy signal.
2
E= x(t)
-
dt
= [Ae ] dt - t
Since u(t) = 1 for 0 t
0
= A 2 e-2t dt
0
e 2 t
2 A2
=A =
2 0 2
The energy is finite and non zero; hence the signal is energy signal
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
4. Define Causality system and stability of a system with an example for each
Causality: A system is said to be causal if its output at any time depends on the present and past
inputs only. Example:
y(to ) = f [ x(t) ; t t o ]
Stability: A system is said to be stable,if it produces bounded output for all bounded inputs
2 2 2
T1 ; T2
3 3 9
2
T1 18 3 T 3
23 ; Therefore 1
T2 9 6 T2
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
1 :n 0
[n]
0 :n 0
Unit impulse is also known as unit sample.
Discrete time unit step signal is defined by
1 :n 0
u[n]
0 :n 0
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
1 :t 0
r(t)
0 :t 0
A ramp signal starts at t=0 and increases linearly with timet.
14. Define periodic signal. and non periodic signal.
A signal is said to be periodic, if it exhibits periodicity .i.e., X (t +T) =x (t), for all values of t.
Periodic signal has the property that it is unchanged by a time shift of T.
A signal that does not satisfy the above periodicity property is called an aperiodic signal.
15. Define even and odd signal?
A discrete time signal is said to be even when, x [-n] =x[n].
The continuous time signal is said to be even when, x (-t) = x (t)
The discrete time signal is said to be odd when x [-n] = -x[n]
The continuous time signal is said to be odd when x (-t) = -x (t)
Odd signals are also known as nonsymmetrical signal.
Sine wave signal is an odd signal.
16. Define unit pulse function.
Unit pulse function (t) is obtained from unit step signals
(t)=u (t+1/2) - u (t-1/2)
The signals u (t+1/2) and u (t-1/2) are the unit step signals shifted by 1/2units in the time axis
towards the left and right, respectively.
17. Define continuous time complex exponential signal.
The continuous time complex exponential signal is of the form
x (t) = C eat
where c and a are complex numbers.
18. What is continuous time real exponential signal?
Continuous time real exponential signal is defined by
x (t) = Ceat
where c and a are complex numbers. If c and a are real, then it is called as real exponential.
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
22. State the difference between causal and Non-causal systems. (Nov/Dec 2016)
S.No Causal Systems Non-Causal Systems
1 A System is said to be causal if the A System is said to be Non-
output of the system at any time t causal if the output of the
depends only on the present input, system at any time t depends
past inputs and past outputs but on the future inputs or outputs
does not depend on the future
inputs and outputs
23. Define Static (memory Less) and Dynamic (memory) system?
A system is said to be static or memory less if its output depends upon the present input
only.
The system is said to be dynamic with memory if its output depends upon the present
and past input values.
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
+
24. Sketch the following signals: ( ) ; (. ) (May/Jun 2016)
+1
( )
4
Shift the () by 0.25 units to the left and then do amplitude scaling
(. )
25. Give the relationship between continuous time unit impulse function f(t), step function
u(t) and ramp function r(t)? (Nov/Dec 2015)
Relationship between Ramp and Step function
() = () = 1 =
, , , ,
26. Given [] = { } .Plot the signal x(n-1)(Nov/Dec 2015)
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
b)
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
P
2
x[k] (Analysis Equation)
k N
T0
x(t) dt <
1
ak
N n N
a k e jk0n (Analysis Equation)
T0
x(t) dt <
P
2
x (k)
k N
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
If the Fourier series co-efficients of x(t ) are cn then the Fourier co-efficient of the shifted signal
x(t t0 ) are
2
jn ( ) 0
FS[ x(t t0 )] e T
cn
1
1 : = 0
( ) e dt
jt
x(t ) ( )
2 0 : 0
1
x(t ) (0)e0
2
1
2
at
6. Find the Fourier Transform of e u (-t)
X ( ) x(t ) e
jt
dt
0
e e jt dt
at
1
=
sa
7. Find the Laplace Transform of a unit step function.(Nov/Dec 2015)
st
1 for t 0
X(s) x(t) e
dt u(t)
0 for t 0
st
e st 1
= e dt =
0 s 0 s
1
2j
L e a j t e a jt t
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
1 1 1
2j s (a j) s (a j)
, ROC : Re(s) >-a
(s a) 2 2
1
e-at u(t)
L
ROC : Re (s) > -a
sa'
Differentiation in s-domain property gives,
d
-t x(t)
L
X(s)
ds
d 1
t e-at u(t)
L
ds s a
1
t e-at u(t)
L
ROC : Re (s) > -a
(s a) 2'
10. Do Fourier transform and Laplace transform exist? What is the condition for its
existence?
Existence of Fourier Transform
a. x(t) should be absolutely integrable.
b. x(t) should be single valued in any finite interval.
c. x(t) should have finite number of maxima and minima in any finite interval.
d. x(t) should have finite number of maxima and minima over any finite interval T.
Convergence of Laplace Transform
The remaining conditions are same as those for Fourier transform to exist.
11. Define Fourier transform pair for continuous time signal.(No/Dec 2015)
x(t )e
jt
x( j) dt for all and
1
x( j)e
jt
x(t ) d for all t.
2
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
x(t )e
st
The Laplace transform is given by X (s) dt
e (s a )t 1
= at st
e .e dt =
0 (s a) 0 s+a
) 1 [ 2 ] = ( )
1 2
) 1 [( )] =
2
16. Give the Laplace transform of () = () () with ROC.(May/Jun 2016)
-2 1 2
X(s) = There are two poles Re(s) <-4 and Re(s) >1 The overall ROC Re(s) >1
5 s 4 5(s 1)
j
s-plane
-4 0 1 1
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
Amplitude|()|
1 :t 0
(t)
0 :t 0
1 Cos2t 1 1 s 2
X(s) L{x(t)} L 2 2
2 2 s s 4 s(s 4)
jt jt
X() x(t) e
dt = (t) e
dt =1
19. Give the relation between Fourier and Laplace transform. (Nov/Dec 2015, 2014)
st
X(s) x(t) e
dt Sub s=+j
jt
0 ; < 1
( ) = { ( )
; 1
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
-4 0 11
22.Draw the block diagram of the LTI system described by (Nov/Dec 2014)
dy(t)
y(t) = 0.1x(t)
dt
X(s)
1/s
-1 0.1 Y(s)
1. The ROC of X(S) consists of strips parallel to the j axis in the s-plane.
2. The ROC does not contain any poles
3. If x(t) is of finite duration and is absolutely integrable, then the ROC is the entire s-
plane
4. It x(t) is a right-sided signal ,i.e. x(t) =0 for t< < then the ROC is of the form
Re(s) > max. here max equals the maximum real part of any of the poles of X(S).
5. It x(t) is a left-sided signal ,i.e. x(t) =0 for t> 1 > then the ROC is of the form
Re(s) < min.
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
6. It x(t) is a two-sided signal ,then the ROC is of the form 1 <Re(s) < 2.
26. What are the methods for evaluating inverse Laplace transform?
The two methods for evaluating inverse Laplace transform are
(i). By Partial fraction expansion method.
(ii).By convolution integral.
1 Cos2t 1 1 s 2
X(s) L{x(t)} L 2 2
2 2 s s 4 s(s 4)
1 [
1 +
()] = ()
2
1 + 1
= 2 () = 2 () | = 0
1
1 [()] = Thus [1] = [2()]
2
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
Where Y(s) is the Laplace transform of the output signal y(n) and X(s) is the Laplace transform
of the input signal x(n).
12. What is the transfer function of a system whose poles are at -0.2 j0.7 and a zero at
0.3?
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
h(t ) L1 H ( s )
h(t ) IFT H ( f )
14. Write the conditions for the LTI system to be causal and stable.
The LTI system is stable if if the impulse response of the system is absolutely integrable
h( )
An LTI continuous time system is causal if and only if its impulse response is zero for negative
values of t.
15. What is the overall impulse response h(t) when two systems with impulse responses
h1(t) and h2 (t) are in parallel and in series?
For parallel connection h(t ) h1 (t ) h2 (t )
For series connection h(t ) h1 (t )* h2 (t )
16. State the properties needed for connecting interconnecting LTI Systems.
The Two LTI Systems with Impulse Responses h1 (t ) and h2 (t ) can be interconnected in the
following ways
For parallel connection h(t ) h1 (t ) h2 (t )
For series connection h(t ) h1 (t )* h2 (t )
1 t RC
17. Find the unit step of the system given by h(t ) e u (t )
RC
The step response can be obtained from the impulse response as,
y (t ) h( ) d
t
1 t RC 1 t RC -t
= e u ( ) d = e d = 1-e RC for t 0
RC 0
RC
H ( s ) e st0 X ( s )
Y ( s)
H (s) e st0
X ( s)
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
19. The impulse response of the LTI-Ct system is given by h(t ) et u (t ) .Determine the
transfer function and check whether the system is causal and stable.
h(t ) et u (t )
Here pole at s=-1 is located in left half of S Plane. Hence this system is causal and stable.
20. What are the different types of realization?
1. Direct Form I Realization
2. Direct Form II Realization
3. Cascade Realization
4. Parallel Realization
21. What is the condition for stability of a system? (Nov/Dec 2016)
For a system to be stable, the poles of the transfer must be in the left half of S Plane.
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
An LTI continuous time system is causal if and only if its impulse response is zero for negative
values of t.
26. Mention the advantages of direct form II structure over direct form I structure.
No. of integrators are reduced to half.
27. Convolve the following signals u(t-1) and ( ).(Nov/Dec 2016)
=
( ) ( ) = {
28. Given () = ++.Find the differential equation representation of the
system.(Nov/Dec 2016)
()
= 2+2+1
()
() = 2 () + 2 () + ()
30. Determine the unit step response of the system whose impulse response are
h(t)=3t.u(t).
= =
() = () = = [ ] =
= =
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
A band limited continuous time signal, with higher frequency m Hertz, can be uniquely
recovered from its samples provided that the sampling rate F 2fm samples per second.
The frequency spectra of real signals do not confined to a band limit m .There are almost
always frequency components outside m . If we select sampling frequency Fs 2fm using the
sampling theorem, the frequency components outside m will appear as low-frequency signals
s
of frequencies between 0 and due to the aliasing effect and lead to loss of information. To
2
avoid aliasing, we use an analog low pass filter before sampler to reshape the frequency
spectrum of the signal so that the frequency for s is negligible. This filter is known as
2
anti-aliasing filter.
4. Define the Z- Transform.(Nov/Dec 2015)
The z-transform of a discrete signal x(n) is defined as
x(Z ) x(n)z
n -
-n
j
Where z is a complex variable, In polar form Z can be expressed as z re , where r is the
radius of the circle.
5. Write a note on ROC( Region of convergence)?(Nov/Dec 2014)
The region of convergence (ROC) of X(z) is the set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a
finite value.
6. What are the properties of region of convergence?
1. The ROC is a ring or disk in the z-plane centered at the origin.
2. The ROC cannot contain any poles.
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
9. State the initial value theorem and the final value theorem.
Final value theorem: If x(n) is casual, Z[x(n)] = X(z), where the ROC for x(z) includes, but is
not necessarily confined to z >1 and (z-1)X(z) has no poles on or outside the unit circle, then
x( ) lim(z 1)x(z)
z1
10. Determine z-transform and ROC of the finite-duration signal X(n)={2,4, 5 ,7,0,1}
X(z) = x(n)z
n
n
x(0) =5; x(-1) =4; x(-2) =2; x(1) =7; x(2) =0;x(3) =1
Substituting the sequence values we get
X(z)= 2 z2 4z 5 7z1 z3
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
12. The z- transform of a sequence x(n) is X(z), what is the z-transform of nx(n)?
If Z{x(n)} = X(z)
d
Z{n x(n)}= -z X(z)
dz
13. List the different methods used for finding inverse z-transform?(Apr/May 2015)
The inverse z-transform can be evaluated using several methods
Long division method
Partial function expansion method
Residue Method
Convolution method
14. Define system function.
Let x(n) and y(n) is the input and output sequences of an LTI system with impulse response
h(n). Then the system function of the LTI system is defined as the ratio of Y(z) and X(z), i.e.,
Y(z)
H(z) =
X(z)
Where Y(z) is the z-transform of the output signal y(n) and X(z) is the z-transform of the input
signal x(n).
15. Prove initial value theorem.
Proof: X (z) x(n)z n As z , all the terms vanish except x(0), which proves the
n 0
theorem i.e.; LimX (z) Lim x(n)z n x(0)
z z
n 0
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
1
X (e
j
x ( n) ) e j n d
2 2
X ( e j ) x ( n )e
n
j n
x ( n)
n
j
Where z = re ---------------(2)
Substituting Eq. (2) in Eq. (1) we get
X(re j ) x(n)r
n
n jn
e ---------------(3)
For X(e j ) to exist, the ROC of X(z) must include the unit circle
19. What are the properties of Fourier spectrum of a discrete-time aperiodic sequence?
The Fourier spectrum of an aperiodic sequence is continuous and periodic with period 2 .
20. Find the Fourier transform of a sequence x(n) = 1 for -2 n 2
0 otherwise
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
X (e j ) x ( n)e
n
j n
a ne jn
n 0
n 2
a a a
j 1 j j .....
n 0 e e e
21. Determine z-transform and ROC of the finite-duration signal X(n)={2,-1, 3 ,0,2}
(Nov/Dec 2016)
X(z) = x(n)z
n
n
X(z)= 2 z2 1z 3 2z2
25. Find the z-transform and its associated ROC for x[n]={1,-1, 2, 3 ,4}(Nov/Dec 2015)
X(z) = x(n)z
n
n
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
X(z)= 2 z3 z2 2z 3 4z1
X (e j )
n
x(n)e jn (n)e jn (n 1)e jn
n 0 n 0 Sub n=0 and n=1 in the first and
1 e j
Second terms
27. State and prove the time folding property of Z transform.(Nov/Dec 2014)
Let n = p Z{x[n]} = x(p)(z
p
1 p
) X(z1 )
28. Find the inverse Z transform for +.(Nov/Dec 2016)
() = (0.1) () =
+ 0.1
1
( 1) = (0.1)1 ( 1) =
+ 0.1
z
Unit Step X(z) = u(n)zn 1.zn
n n 0 z 1
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
3. Write the general difference equation relating input and output of a system?
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
11. Write the condition for the LTI system to be causal and stable.
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
The LTI system is causal and stable if its ROC is outside of circle of radius r<1
Thus ROC of causal and stable system includes unit circle. All the poles of causal and
stable system are inside unit circle.
12. State the properties needed for connecting interconnecting LTI Systems.
1. Commutative Property: x(n) h(n) h(n) x(n)
13. List out the different ways of interconnecting any two systems.
1. Cascade Connection
2. Parallel connection
3. Commutative Connection
14. Find the convolution of the following sequences
We know
z{x(n) * h(n)} X ( z ) H ( z )
X ( z ) (1 2 z 1 z 2 )
H ( z ) (1 z 1 z 2 )
X ( z ) H ( z ) 1 3 z 1 4 z 2 3 z 3 z 4
x(n) * h(n) { 1, 3, 4, 3, 1 }
15. Convolve the following sequence x(n) = { 1 ,2,3} h(n) = { 1 ,1,2}.(Nov/Dec 2016)
We know
z{x(n) * h(n)} X ( z ) H ( z )
X ( z ) (1 2 z 1 3 z 2 )
H ( z ) (1 z 1 2 z 2 )
X ( z ) H ( z ) 1 3 z 1 7 z 2 7 z 3 6 z 4
x(n) * h(n) { 1, 3, 7, 7, 6 }
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
18. Name the basic building block of LTIDT system block diagram.(Apr/May 2015)
Multiplier
Adder
Unit Delay Element
() + ( ) = ( )
= =
20. Distinguish recursive system and non-recursive system.(Nov/Dec 2015)
If the present output is dependent upon the present and past value of input then the
System is said to be recursive system
If the present output is dependent upon the present and past value of input and past
Value of output then the system is said to be non recursive system
We know
z{x(n) * h(n)} X ( z ) H ( z )
X ( z ) (1 z 1 3 z 2 )
H ( z ) (1 4 z 1 1z 2 )
X ( z ) H ( z ) 1 5 z 1 6 z 2 11z 3 3z 4
x(n) * h(n) { 1, 5, 6, 11, 3 }
22. In terms of ROC,state the condition for an LTI discrete time system to be causal
and stable.
A causal LTI system is BIBO stable if and only if the poles of H(z) are inside the
unit circle.
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology / Electronics And Communication Engineering
Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer EC6303/ Signals and Systems