Simplex

In geometry, a simplex (plural simplexes or simplices) is a generalization of the notion of a triangle

or tetrahedron to arbitrary dimension. Specifically, an n-simplex is an n-dimensional polytope with
n + 1 vertices, of which the simplex is the convex hull. For example, a 2-simplex is a triangle, a 3-
simplex is a tetrahedron, and a 4-simplex is a pentachoron. A single point may be considered a 0-
simplex, and a line segment may be viewed as a 1-simplex.

Half-duplex
A simple illustration of a half-duplex communication system.

A half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not
simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop
transmitting, before replying.

An example of a half-duplex system is a two-party system such as a "walkie-talkie" style two-way radio, wherein
one must use "Over" or another previously-designated command to indicate the end of transmission, and ensure
that only one party transmits at a time, because both parties transmit on the same frequency.

A good analogy for a half-duplex system would be a one-lane road with traffic controllers at each end. Traffic can
flow in both directions, but only one direction at a time, regulated by the traffic controllers.

In automatically-run communications systems, such as two-way data-links, the time allocations for
communications in a half-duplex system can be firmly controlled by the hardware. Thus, there is no waste of the
channel for switching. For example, station A on one end of the data link could be allowed to transmit for exactly
one second, and then station B on the other end could be allowed to transmit for exactly one second. And then this
cycle repeats over and over again.

Full-duplex
A simple illustration of a full-duplex communication system.

A full-duplex, or sometimes double-duplex system, allows communication in both directions, and, unlike half-
duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex, since they allow both
callers to speak and be heard at the same time. A good analogy for a full-duplex system would be a two-lane road
with one lane for each direction.

Examples: Telephone, Mobile Phone, etc.

Two-way radios can be, for instance, designed as full-duplex systems, which transmit on one frequency and
receive on a different frequency. This is also called frequency-division duplex. Frequency-division duplex systems
can be extended to farther distances using pairs of simple repeater stations, because the communications
transmitted on any one frequency always travel in the same direction.

Full-duplex Ethernet

connections work by making simultaneous use of two physical pairs of twisted cable (which are inside the jacket),
wherein one pair is used for receiving packets and one pair is used for sending packets (two pairs per direction for
some types of Ethernet), to a directly-connected device. This effectively makes the cable itself a collision-free
environment and doubles the maximum data capacity that can be supported by the connection.
There are several benefits to using full-duplex over half-duplex. First, time is not wasted, since no frames need to
be retransmitted, as there are no collisions. Second, the full data capacity is available in both directions because the
send and receive functions are separated. Third, stations (or nodes) do not have to wait until others complete their
transmission, since there is only one transmitter for each twisted pair.

Historically, some computer-based systems of the 1960s and 1970s required full-duplex facilities even for half-
duplex operation, because their poll-and-response schemes could not tolerate the slight delays in reversing the
direction of transmission in a half-duplex line.

FIBRE OPTICS :-

Fibre optics is a technology, which allows the passage of light pulses through a thin glass or plastic cable. The light
doesn’t escape through the sides as it is reflected back. This means the cables can carry light over large distances
without losing energy. They are often used in interior decoration and to carry digital data.

COAXIAL CABLE:-

A high-capacity cable widely used in audio, video and data applications. Commonly called "coax" (pronounced
"co-axe"), coaxial cable is used for hooking up TVs to antennas, cable and digital satellite service. It is also used
for cable modems and various digital interfaces such as S/PDIF.

Strong and flexible, coaxial cable contains an insulated solid or stranded wire in the center, surrounded by
insulation. The insulation is wrapped with an aluminum or copper sheath, which can be a wrapped foil or a braided
wire fabric. The sheath serves as the ground line and interference shield. All of this is wrapped in a plastic cover,
which may have a fire-safe Teflon coating.

TWISTER PAIR CABLE:-

A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two
wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. While twisted-pair cable is used by
older telephone networks and is the least expensive type of local-area network (LAN) cable, most networks contain
some twisted-pair cabling at some point along the network. Other types of cables used for LANs include coaxial
cables and fiber optic cables.

WIRELESS:-
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of
wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion
alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also sometimes
classified as wireless.

The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century using radiotelegraphy (Morse code). Later,
as modulation made it possible to transmit voices and music via wireless, the medium came to be called "radio."
With the advent of television, fax, data communication, and the effective use of a larger portion of the spectrum,
the term "wireless" has been resurrected.

Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include:

 • cellular phones and pagers -- provide connectivity for portable and mobile applications, both personal and
business
• Global Positioning System (GPS) -- allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and ships, and
pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth
• Cordless computer peripherals -- the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards and printers can also
be linked to a computer via wireless
• Cordless telephone sets -- these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell phones
• Home-entertainment-system control boxes -- the VCR control and the TV channel control are the most
common examples; some hi-fi sound systems and FM broadcast receivers also use this technology
• Remote garage-door openers -- one of the oldest wireless devices in common use by consumers; usually
operates at radio frequencies
• Two-way radios -- this includes Amateur and Citizens Radio Service, as well as business, marine, and
military communications
• Baby monitors -- these devices are simplified radio transmitter/receiver units with limited range
• satellite television -- allows viewers in almost any location to select from hundreds of channels
• wireless LANs or local area networks -- provide flexibility and reliability for business computer users

COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION

• A data communication system is consist of different components that are used to work together to transfer
data
• from one place to another. These are central computer, control programs, terminals, modem, data
communication media, data transmission modes and networking
• . The computers that manages transmission of data between different computers is called central computer.

The computer that manages transmission of data between different computers called central computer. It is
part of the data communication system. Large computers such as mainframe computers, mini computers etc
are used for central computers. Control programs control the flow of the data from one computer
• to the other. These are operating systems that control the working of the computers.