-

REVIEW LATIN GRAMMAR

by

John K. Colby

Instructor in Latin at Phillips Academy

Andover, Massachusetts

1958

I"
U

PREFACE

At the beginning of the second year of Latin most teachers feel

the need of giving their classes a thorough review of first-year syntax.
This book is offered in the firm belief that such a review is prerequisite \
Copyright 1956 to success in translating Classical authors.
by John K. Colby
GRAMMATICAL CONTENT: Review Latin Grammar
covers thoroughly and systematically in 20 lessons the
syntax essential to second-year reading. Hence it is
useful also as a reference grammar to help elucidate
grammatical principles met in translation.

DRILL MATERIAL: A copious amount of drill material

A:ll rights reserved, including the (approximately 700 English sentences) provides ample
r-Ight to reproduce this book or practice in fixing the grammatical principles firmly in
any portion thereof, in any fo~m. the student' s mind. Many of these sentences are short
enough for oral use. An attempt has been made to pro-
vide as many interesting sentences as possible in each
drill exercise. A group of passages in connected Eng-
lish prose furnishes adequate material for reviewing
the entire book.
EXPLANATIONS: Grammatical explanations are concise,
and exceptions have been cut to a minimum. In the inter-
est of greater clarity of presentation many of the rules
First Edition 1955 have been printed in diagram form.
Revised Edition 1956
Reprinted 1957 WORD CONTENT: The vocabulary used in the exercises
Third Edition 1958 is in general that recommended by the College Entrance
Examination Board for the first two years.

Review Latin Grammar has been used for eight years in mimeo-
graphed form in public and private schools. The present edition of the
book is the result of alterations and improvements made in four pre-
vious revisions.

J.K.C.

Andover, Massachusetts
1956

. John K. Colby
Review Latin Grammar
 CONTENTS

Lesson Page

1. Predicate Nominative. Questions. Relative Pronoun.

Apposition. The Vocative. 1

II. The Genitive Case . 3

Ill. The Dative (Part 1) 5

IV. The Dative (Part 2) 7

V. Personal Pronouns. Possessive Adjectives. Reflexives. 9

VI. Ablative with Prepositions. Place Constructions.

Locative. . . . . . . . . 11

Vll. Ablative without Prepositions 13

15
VIII. Commands

I
17
IX. Participles

X. Participles (Including the Ablative Absolute) 19

XI. Infinitives (Complementary and SUbjective) . 21

)
23
XII. Infinitives in Indirect Statements .,.

XIII. The Subjunctive: Sequence of Tenses. Purpose. Result.

Clauses after Verbs of Fearing 25

XIV. Indirect Commands. Substantive Result Clauses. 27

XV. Indirect Questions. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect

Statements . . . 29

XVI. Cum Clauses 31

XVII. The Gerund and Gerundive 33

XVIII. The Passive Periphrastic . 35

XIX. Conditional Sentences, Simple and Future. 37

XX. Conditional Sentences. contrary to Fact. 39

Connected Prose 41
 LESSON I

PREDICATE NOMINATIVE. QUESTIONS. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.

APPOSITION. THE VOCATIVE.

1. Passive verbs take a predicate nominative.

This includes ITo, be made, be done, become, happen.
He became king. Rex factus est.

2. Inform of = certiorem facere de + abl , (Make certior agree with

person informed.)

We informed Caesar of the battle. Caesarem certi6rem de proeli5

fecinius.
Caesar was informed of the battle. Caesar certior de proeli6 factus
est.

3. Questions are introduced by:

(a) An interrogative word.

qui.s , quid. who, what (pronoun)
qui, quae, quod, which, what (adjective)
uter-tra-truro, which (of 2)
cur, why
ubi, where (in what place)
quo, where (to what place)

j (b) -ne appended to first word of sentence (usually the verb)

(c) Ndnne , expects answer "yes".

1 (d) Num, expects answer "no".

4. The Relative Pronoun, quf, quae. quod, who, which, agrees with its
antecedent in gender, number, and person. Its case depends on its
use in its own clause.

The girls whom we saw were not beautiful.

Puellae quas vldirnus non erant pulchr-ae,

NOTE: ~ indicates a genitive in Latin: cutus , quorum, or

quat-urn,

Be sure to express both the antecedent and the relative in Latin.

5. An Appositive agrees in ~ with the word to which it refers.

The Romans, a very brave race, Romani, gens fortis sima.

6. The Vocative case is used in addressing someone. It is like the

Nominative, except:

(a) Second declension nouns and adjectives in -us have a vocative

singular in -!. Bonus Brutus, voc . Bone Brute.

(b) Second declension nouns in -ius have a vocative singular in -1

Filius, voc . FilL

(c) The vocative singular of ~-a-um is mr, mea, meum.

NOTE: The vocative is not usually the first word of a sentence.

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7. LESSON 11 THE GENITIVE CASE

1. We gave the money to Marcus, a footsoldier. 8. The Genitive has the general meanings:
-of,' i!s (gen.
(gen,
sing.),
pI.)
2. I shall inform him of the time and place.
3. What town was burned? 9. The Partitive Genitive
4. Brutus will be made king. Part of the men, Pars vir-or-urn
5. Has he lost the money which he was carrying? Note the following words used idiomatically with a Partitive Genitive:
6. The queen was informed of the booty which had been captured. Plfis , more. More grain (More of grain), Plus fr-iimentf
7. The Rhone, a very beautiful river, is in France. Sat ia , enough. Enough men (Enough of men), Sati s vtr-Sr-um
Nihil, nothing, no. No wine (Nothing of wine), Nihil vfnf
8. Who is closing the gates? AI' 'dJsomething, some, Something good (Something of good),
1qU1 [anything, any. Aliquid bonf
9. We saw many women whose sons had become sailors.
10. Those mountains are high, are they not? 10. The Mille construction
II. I gave the letter to a scout who was in camp. (a) Mille, one thousand, is an indeclinable adjective.
12. What reward did he give? A thousand men. Mille vi r-I

13. Where is the camp, good farmer? (b) Milia, thousands, is a neuter noun followed by the Partitive
Genitive.
14. Did you see her today, Marcus? Milia must be used for any number of thousands above 1000.
Ten thousand men (Ten thousands of men), Decem mIlia vi rcr-um
15. They found many swords in the towns which they had captured.
16. Which hand (of the two) do you choose, Anna? 11. With the following words the partitive idea is expressed by ex or
17. The arrows, a gift of the king; delighted Mar-cus . de + ablative:

18. The bridge they built is beautiful. PaucI-ae-a, a few (of)

Quldam, Quaedam, Quoddam, certain (of)
19. You did not receive the money (did you), lieutenant? Cardinal numbers (of) (For mille construction see par. 10)
20. Where are they going?
A few of the men, Pauci de vir-fa
21. What did you say, my son? Ten of the soldiers, Decem ex militibus
22. They have set fire to the bridge on which we are fighting.
NOTE: If there is no partitive idea, the above words are used as
23. Whose sword have you, Cassius? agreeing adjectives.
24. Which legion is in camp?
A few men, Pauc I vir!
25. The king will be informed of the book which we sent. Certain girls, Quaedam puellae
26. Wha t did you find, boys?
12. The following are agreeing adjectives. They are not followed by a
27. The scouts informed me of the disaster.
genitive.
28. The farmer to whom I gave the money became my friend.
Omnis-e, all, all of
29. Don't you see the moon, girls? Reliquus-a-um, rest of
30. The horseman whose horse had been wounded, fell into a ditch. Summus-a-um, top of
Medius-a-um, middle of
Extremus-a-um, end of

On top of the hill, In summa colle

NOTE: Sentence 19, do not use non.
13. The Genitive of Description must have an agreeing adjective.

A man of great bravery, Vir magnae vi.r-tiitis

(But: A man of br-ave ry > A brave man, Vir fortis)
A man of this kind, Vir eius modi (or huius modi)
A ten foot wall :::A wall of ten feet, Miir-us decem pedum

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 LESSON III THE DATIVE (Part I)
14.

1. All of the citizens 15. TO + NOUN (or PRONOUN)

2. Many of the cavalrymen
Dative of Indirect Object with verbs meaning:
3. Many states

l
4. Twelve miles
give, show, tell, entrust, etc.
5. A few of our men
He gave money to the queen.
6. A three foot ditch
7. (He gave the queen money .}
Enough legions
8. Regrnae pectlnfam dedit.
The merchants' money
9. Have you any food, slave?
Ad + Accusative with verbs of motion over space:
10. A mile
go, run, arrive (at), call or summon (someone)
11. Certain of the tribes
12.
to, hasten (contendd or proper6)
Two of the girls
13. A few boys
He went to town. Ad oppidum lit.
14. A large part of the city
15. All of the hills NOTE: Maturo, Hasten, must be accompanied by
16. A two day journey an infinitive.
17. No delay
18. From the middle of the sea
19. A brave soldier 16. Dative of Possessor.
20. Something bad He has a horse. A horse is to him. Equus est ei:.
21. More food (This sentence may also be written: Equum habe t.)
22. All of the money
23. Few of the laws. Few laws 17. Dative of Purpose
24. Two thousand towns He chose a place for a camp. Locum c aatt-Ia diHegit.
25. Many of the hostages
26. Certain of the scouts 18. Double Dative composed of a Dative of Purpose and a Dative of
27. A thousand books Reference.
28. A river of great depth
29. He praised a part of the soldiers. He was a great help to us.
30. States of this kind Erat magna auxilio nobfs ,
'~
31. The rest of the citizens Purpose Reference
32. On the top of the rampart
33. At midnight The following words are very common as Datives of Purpose:
34. Four of the animals
3S. The end of the ditc h auxi lfo, help, aid, advantage, advantageous
36.
37.
38.
A twenty foot tower
More arms
All of the wives
praesidia, guard, protection
subs idid, reinforcement
Iiauf, use, advantage, advantageous, useful
impedfmentb , hindrance
iI
39. Certain of the buildings
40. A very high hill (2 ways) ciir ae , care
41. Few of the shields
42. Citizens of this kind
43. Into the middle of the ditch
44. All the rivers
LJ 19. Dative after Adjectives meaning:
~, and their opposites.
~, also fit, friendly, pleasing, I-

The camp is near the river. Castra sunt pr-opfnqua Ilfirninf.

4S. Three of the javelins. Three javelins The town is like a fort. Oppidum est simile castettd.

1 NOTE: The following adjectives are followed by a genitive:

similis.like, when followed by a noun referring to a per-
son or by a personal pronoun (met, tuf, etc.)
peritus, Skilled in, and imperrtus, unskilled in
aVi~dus1eager for, desirous of
CUpl u~J
He is not like me. Non est similis mer. :
He was skilled in war. Erat perItus bellL il
All men are eager for peace. Omnas sunt avidf pads.

J.."---- -_4- ----l -S- ..l.1 JL-_4

20. LESSON IV THE DATIVE (Part 2)

1. Money is useful to us. 21. Dative with Compounded Verbs. Some verbs compounded with g..
ante, con, M... in, inter, ob , post, prae, .2, sub, and super are in-
2 He gave Caesar two of the buil dings . transitive and are used with the Dative. --
3. Brutus has three swords. He is in command of the army.
4. Will they go to the sea? Exercitui pr-aees t ,
5. The wall is near the street. (a) Certain compounded verbs are transitive and have an Accusa-
6. Is he like you, Marcus? tive direct object as well as a Dative.
7. They are unskilled in these things. He put Brutus in command of the army.
Brutum exe rc ituf pr-aefec it .
8. I shall send a letter to father.
9. The swamp was a great hindrance to our men. (b) Some common compounded verbs used with the Dative are:
10. The cavalry arrived at the village. Appr-opfnquo, approach
I!. Our lieutenant was given a reward.
De sum, fail
Bellum Infer-c. make war on
12. 'I'berwho le city was like a camp. Occur-r-d. meet. run to meet
Pr-aec ipifi, instruct
13. They told Brutus the cause of the war. Pr'aeficfo, put (acc) in command of (da.t.)
14. Gifts are pleasing to little boys. Praesum, be in command of, be in charge of
15. He had ten children. (2 ways)
22. Dative with Special Verbs
16. My son is not like me. Believe credo-ere, or-edid'i, creditum
17. A high rampart is an advantage to the soldiers. Favor Iaveo-Br-e , ravt. fautum
Please placeo-ere, placuI, placitum
18. They ran to the high hills. Trust confldo'-e r'e , conf'Isua sum
19. He had formed a plan for the journey. Command imper S, 1
Obey par-eo-Er e , parui, paritTIrus
20. Women are never eager for war. Pardon ignosco-ere, ignovi, tgnotum
21. We shall come to Long Island. Persuade per-sufideb-Er'e , per-suas'I, pe r suaaum
Resist resist6-ere, restitI, --
22. They hastened to the swamp. Serve servia-ire, s er-vivf (servii) servrtum
23. Is she unfriendly to you, son? Spare parco-ere, peper-c'I, par-sur-us
Harm noceo -Er'e , nocut. nocitiirus
24. He hastened to inform me of the reward. Envy invided-Er'e , invldf,
25. I called all the scouts to me. Threaten mtnor ar'L minatu s sum
e

26. The departure of the Germans was like flight. 23. Intransitive Verbs in the Passive must be used impersonally. The
27. Th)ree thousand men were sent to reinforce (as a reinforcement Dative is kept.
, o these cohorts.
(Active) Caesar persuaded them.
28. I told him something new.
Caesar efs per-sua s i.t,
29. Horses have four feet. (2 ways)
(Passive) They were persuaded by Caesar.
30. Children are a great care. (It was persuaded to them by Caeaar)
31 We shall arrive at camp today. Eis a Caesare persuas~ est.
32. She was like mother. (Notice that persuasum is Neuter, and that impersonal g
33. He is skilled is not expres sed in Latin}
in weapons of this kind.
NOTE: Transitive compounded verbs used with the Dative (CL par.
21 (a are used personally in the passive.

Brutus was put in command of the army.

Br-jitus exercitul
praefectus est.

-6- -7-
 LESSON V PERSONAL PRONOUNS. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
24.
REFLEXIVES
1. I do not trust you, Cassius.
2 We made war on the Germans. PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
25. PERSONAL
3. Who is in command of the fleet?
ego, I nos, we
4. Shall we spare those hostages?
nostrum (no s tr'I}, of us meu s -acum , my, mine
mel, of me noster-tra-trum, our, ours
5.
6.
The captives
Heavy arms
will be pardoned.
are a hindrance to a foot soldte r .
1 mihi
me
me
nobIs
noS
nobrs
7. He obtained a new sword.
tii, you vas, you
8. They do not dare to resist us. tuus-a-um, your, yours
tuf-, of you ves tr-um (ves n-t), of you
vester-tra-trum, your, yours
9. He hastened
10. He hastened
to the chief.
to complete the work.
2 Ubi
te
vobIs
vas

}
to vobIs
11. Nobody was harmed.
12. That bridge is a great advantage to them. -----
~ sur him (self) suus-a-um, his (own), her(own)
13. A brave man will be put in command of our legion.
14. What did he say to the soldiers?
3 -
" sib i
~ se (sese)
~ se (sese)
---------
her (self)
them (selves)
- - ~--- - -----
their(own)

"~.
15. Few of those girls please him. I- (eius, his, her)
, Forms of ~,~, id, him, her,
16. You have crushed the enemy, men. O~ it, them (eorum, ~, their)
z_
17. They bring in no wine.
18. Labienus will be in command of the tenth legion.
NOTE: Nostrum, of us, and Ve atr-urn, of you, are used as Partitive
19. Disaster threatens the smaller states.
Genitives.
20. That house is near the forest. Part of us, Pars nostrum
21. I shall meet father. The alternate forms, NostrI and VestrY, are used objectively.
22. A new book will be given as a reward. Love of (for) you, Amor ve s tr-I
23. Will you not obey me, son?
24. The safety of the soldiers is a care to the general. 26. TEST FOR REFLEXIVES: REFLEXIVES MUST (1) STAND IN
25. I shall not harm you, slave. THE PREDICATE OF THE ENGLISH SENTENCE, AND (2) RE-
FER BACK TO THE SUBJECT THROUGH THE VERB.
26. The consul is in charge of the first legion.
27 Did they meet the enemy's cavalry? He loves himself. Se amat.
He loves his country. Suam patriam amat.
28. Delay is advantageous to the Germans. We saw his friends. Eius amfco s vjd.imus .
29. Th ey were approaching the territory of the Helvetians. Their friends have come. Eorurn amfcI venerunt.
30. He serves a good master.
31. The river was a help to us. NOTE: Ipse, self, is ~ usually a reflexive.
32. Food failed the wretched inhabitants
He himself said it. Ipse id dfx it .
33. These Germans were not persuaded.' He said it himself. Ipse id dfxit..
34. Do they surpass us?
27. The preposition 9!!!l. is attached to the end of certain of the per-
35. Who has been put in command of our army? sonal pronouns in the Ablative case: Mecum. Tecum. Sgcum ,
36. Will they dare to make war on us? Nbblscum, V6bTscum (also Quibuscum).

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-8-
 LESSON VI
28. 1. He intrusted himself to us. ABLATIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS. PLACE CONSTRUCTIONS.
LOCATIVE
2. He will draw up his line of battle.
29. Prepositions used with the Ablative: sub, under, at the foot of:
3. He went to town with her. prae, before, at the head of, compared with; sine. without; ab @).
4. They praise us, but we do not praise them. by. from; ~ down from, concerning; ~ @}, out of; pro, before,
for, in behalf of; cumj with; in, in, on.
5. Will you go with me. my friend? (a) Before vowels and h. ab and ex are used; before consonants
6. The girls fled to their father. either a or abo ~ or ex. -
(b) in meaning into. against: is used with the Accusative.
7. We saw the general and his legions. {c} sub meaning to a position under, is used with the Accusative.
8. Will you come into my province. Caesar? 30. In with the Ablative is used only in Place Where. (See paragraph
9. Fathers ought to trust their sons. 33)
10. His friends are awaiting our arrival. 31. Cum with the Ablative
{a} Accompaniment (along with)
II. Have they heard our shouts? He came with father. Cum patre venit.
12. They fortified the camp themsel ves . He fought with (against) the Germans. Cum GermanIs pugnavtt ,
{b} Manner {often equal to an English adverb} must have cum or an
13. Has he found his sword? agreeing adjective. or both .1ill!. and an adjective.
14. We saw a part of you. soldiers. With great care. Magna {cum} cura

15. We praise your love for us (of us>. Brutus. 32. Ab (a) with the Ablative
(a) Personal Agent with a Passive Verb
16. He was informed of their plan. He was sent by the king. Ab rege missus est.
17. You will return to your work. soldiers. (b) Separation
He kept the sailors from the island. Nautaa ab Insula prohibuit.
18. Caesar and his men have fortified our camp. NOTE: AbCa) is omitted with carea,lack. and is usually omitted
with libera, free from, and priva. deprive of. They lack
19. He has given their books to us.
money. Pecunia c ar'ent ,
20. He repaired the ship himself. (c) Place from which (See diagram below)
21. The legion which he has with him is very brave.
J
33 Summary of Place Constructions'
22. We shall put Brutus himself in charge of this cohort. With Names of Cities. Towns,
Domus.home. and Rus. country
23. The men with whom we set out have gone away. (opposIteofclty), ALL PREPOSI-
Regular
24. The merchants carried their money with them. TIONS ARE OMITTED.
25. We shall return to their city. 8 Ab. Ex, De + Ablative
0
from the city. ab urbe Ablative
26. His army is a great advantage to you, Caesar.
27. He ordered his men to give the booty to him. '"" down from the hill, de colle
out of the city, ex urbe
from Rome, Rama
from home. dome, from the

0

28. I shall not leave you, my brave friends. ~ country. r-Iir-e

0-
Ad or In + Accusative Accusative
29. He has called two thousand soldiers to him 0
to Rome. Romam
<- to the city, ad urbem
30. We wounded a few of them. . into the city, in ur-bem
(to) home. domum

0

~ to the country, dis

31. He loves himself, but we do not love him. 0-
LOCATIVE
32. Our tribe
33.
is unlike yours,
You cannot see yourselves.
Antonius.
,~. In + Ablative
in the city, in ur-be
on the sea, in mar'I
at (in) Rome. Ramae
at home. dam!
in the country, r-iir'I
34. Boys , ha ve you s een my ani.mal
.. s in your father's forest?
0

0: SIng. PI.
Locative Endings:
35. Certain
. of his sold' rer-s have betaken themselves to the rear. I -8e --=is
36. HIS legion was being praised by all the citizens. 11 -i -is
1Il -i(e) -Ibus
37. I made it myself.
38. Did he carry enough water with him? NOTE: With urbs and oppidum the preposition is used. and the name of
the town is in apposition with the form of urbs or oppidum ,
39. Our. daughter! s friend likes himself. In the city of Rome, In urbe Rama
40. Their ja velins ar-e 1ong, b ut the i.r-
. swords are short.

-11-
-10-
 34. Place Names for use with the following exercises: LESSON VII THE ABLATIVE WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS

Cities a"ndTowns Countries 35. Ablative of Means

He fought with a sword. GladiO pugnabat , -
Car~hage, Ca r thagd-f.ni s , f. Belgiu_m, Belgium-i, n. (a) Five Deponents are used with the Ablative of Means; Utor, use;
Cor-inth , Corinthus-f, f. Italy, Italia -ae, f. Fruor, enjoy; Fungor, perform;~, get possession of;
Florence, F'Ior-ent ia ae f
c

Vescor, feed on.

Newton, Novi odiinum-T 'n . Continent
Syracuse, Syracusae-a'ru~ f. 36. Ablative of Cause_
Ve i.i, Veil-arum. m, ' Europe, Eur-dpa-ue, f.
They suffer from fear. 'I'Imcr-e Iabdr-ant ,
I am delighted at your- return. Redttii tud delector ,
(a) Prepositions are used in a few expressions like: Qua de causa,
A
for this reason; Qua ex re. for this reason.
1. In our town 13. From the country
2. At home (opposite of city) 37. Ablative of Time When or Within Which
3. To Florence 14. In Carthage In the winter, Hi eme , Within three hours, Tribus hor-Is .
4. In Newton 15. From Belgium Notice the difference between the Ablative of Time When and the
5. To Italy 16. To Europe Accusative of Extent of Time.
6. In the country 17 In the town of Veii He worked during the night (tells when). Nocte Iabor-abat ,
(opposite of city) 18. To Carthage He worked for three hours (tells how long). Tres horas laborabat.
7" In the city of Syracuse 19. From home
8. To Corinth 20. From the city of Florence 38. Ablative of Specification
9. Into the city 21. In this country
10. From Carthage
They surpass us in speed. Nos ce le r-i.tate superant.
22. In Corinth (a) Dignus. worthy (of) and Indignus, unworthy (of), are used with
11. In Europe 23. From Italy
an Ablative of Specification.
12. To Veii 24. In Syracuse 1 (b) Maior natu, older Minor natir, younger

1. He ran with great speed.

B
1 39. Ablative of Description (Must have an agreeing
A man of great courage. Vir magna virtute
adjective.)

2. They s truggle~ with the enemy. NOTE: The Genitive of Description (Cf. par. 13), magnae virtiitis1
3. We wounded him with spears would have the. same meaning. (With eius modI and~
4. He lacks wine and food. . modI, of this kind, the genitive is r-equfr-ed.}
5. Shall I go home with you, Anna?
6. He came from Italy. 40. Ablative of Comparison
7. They had deprived us of our freedom
B. Shall I depart WIthout them? After a comparative, than is expressed in one of the following ways:
9. ~e IS s taying at the foot of the mountain (a) Quam. (The 2 persons or things compared are usually the
10. --- same case.)
re y,our f r iends 10 town, Marcus? Marcus is- taller than Anna. Marcus est altior quam Anna.
11. My WIfe has gone to the country
12. Many thjng s were done by the sl~ves (b) Ablative of Comparison without Quam. (This construction is
13. I s he 10 the CIty of Cor-inth ? used only when 2 Nominatives or 2 Accusatives are compared;
14. HTh b . otherwise Quam is us ed)
e oys who came from Carthage lacked speed.
15. e was freed from all fear Marcus is taller than Anna. Marcus est altior Anna.
16. They surpass us in number' of men But: Marcus' head is larger than Anna's.
17. You ought to work zealously boys' -- Marci caput est maius quam Annae.
1 B, They cannot keep us from th'e wall
19. ~hose jav,elins were thrown with g~eat force NOTE: With PlUs, more (than), ~, less (than), Amplius, more
20. T~r depr-ived the wretched inhabitants of food (than), and Longius, longer (than), Quam may be omitted
21, There are many thousand men on the hill . without changing the case of the second person or thing
22. ey were defeated by th b . compared.
23. Many wars have be e ra":-rery of our infantry. He saw less than three-sailors. Minus tres nautae vfdit ,
24. He killed the anima~n ~thged WIth the Germans.
25. Brave men f'iIg h t bravely
WI a stone.
f or (pro-) their country (native land). 41. Ablative of Degree of Difference
Mar-cue is a foot taller (taller by a foot) than Anna,
Marcus est pede altior quam Anna.
NOTE: PaulO, a little (by a little) Multo, much (by much)

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 ,,--r

42. 1. They will return within two months. LESSON V111 COMMANDS
2. He is faster than the wind. an order. Imperatives are in the second
43. An Imperative expresses
3. They were terrified by the sudden attack. person
4. I fled with the rest of the soldiers. Active Verbs Deponents
5. He persuaded us by the speech. Plural
Singular Plural Singular
6. She is more friendly to me than to you, Marcus. Hor-taminf
I Pugnli Pugnate Hor-tjir e
7. Nights are much shorter in the summer. MonE!te ver-ere Veremini
II Mane SequiminI
III Pone Ponite equere
8. They suffered from lack of water. EgrediminI
Cape Capite Egredere
9. We worked for more than four hours. Audrte Potire Potiminl
IV Audi
10. Is he older than my brother?
Warn them, Marcus. - -
Mane eos , Marce.-
11. For this reason we deprived the Germans of weapons. Hear this, men. Audite hoc, virI.
Follow me, Mar-cua . Sequere me, Mar-ce .
12. Did he use the ships?
Go out, soldiers. Egredimini, mfl.Ites .
13. This river is wider than that.
(a) Dlco, Diic6, Facio, and Fere have the following imperatives:
14. There were many wounds on his body.
15. Caesar was a man of great influence.
nre DicHe
Due Diicfte
16. He could not see the river on account of the trees. Fac Facite
Fer Ferte
17. Villages are much smaller than cities.
All compounds of these verbs Jex~ept -ficiD co~pounds)
18. The enemy were defeated
19. The Germans enjoy war.
by the courage of our infantry.
i NOTE:
are similarly irregular. Reduc , Infer, but Refic e

20. He defended himself with a shield. (b) Sc ib, know, and MeminI, remember, use the future imperative
21. He set out at daybreak. only.
Scito Scitote
22. This boy is small because he is rather young. Memento Mementete
23. The consuls were men of courage. (c) Do not is expressed by the imperatives ~~l~ (singular) and
24. That building is much higher than the wall. Nolite (plural) followed by a Present Inffni.tive ,
25. The valley was filled with water. Do not go. Noll ire (Nbflte Ire) _
Do not follow. Noli sequI (Nolite s equf)
26. A storm delayed me for five days.
27. My foot is a little larger than my hand. 44. The Hortatory Subjunctive (1st or 3rd pereo.n, s.in~lar and plural)
is used in the present tense only. The negafive 18 ne .
28. This lieutenant is unworthy of gratitude.
Let us go. Ejirnus .
29. Many legions remained in winter quarters in the winter. Let us not go. Ne ejimua .
30. Will you complete the work carefully, Antonius? Let it stand. Stet.
31. A Roman general, Caesar by name, got possession of that region.
45. Summary of Commands:
32. He was easily persuaded (Cf. par. 23) by money.
AFFIRMATIVE
33. Next year he will build not less than three bridges.
Plural
Singular
34. For this reason our shouts were not heard by the scouts. Laudernus . L~praise.
Laudern, Let me praise.
35. He sailed from Veii to Syracuse. Lauda, Praise. Laudlite . Praise.
Laudent , Let them praise.
Laude t, Let him praise.
36. In that land there is a beautiful city, Florence by name.
37. All men enjoy good food. NEGATIVE
38. Caesar! s ships were larger than the Br-iton s". Ne laudem. Let me not praise.
Ne Iaudemus , Let us not praise.
Nolite Iaudar'e , Do not praise.
39. I saw a broader river than the Rhone. Noli Iaudar-e . Do not praise.
Ne Iaudent . Let them not praise.
Ne Iaudet, Let him not praise.
40. This route is more difficult for the infantry than for the cavalry.

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 LESSON IX PARTICIPLES
46.
47. Regular transitive verbs have three participles. In the following
I. Come here, Mar-cue. Do not go away. d"lag ra m th e liter a I m ea mIng i s gi v en for e ac h par t ic
i rp 1e.
2. Follow the leader. men.
Passive
Active
3. Let us not choose him.
4. Use your weapons, Antonius. Present Mittens, (while) sending
5. Do not stay here, soldiers. Missus a-urn, (having been) sent
Perfect
6. Let's burn the bridge as soon as possible.
Future Missurus-a-um, about to send
7. Remember this, boys.
8. Do not fall into the ditch, Anna. 48. Deponents have three participles, all active in meaning:

9. Believe me. my son. Hor-tfins , (while) urging

10. Let us hasten to the fort. Hor-tatua , having urged
Hor-tafiir-us , about to urge
II. Wound him again, Cassius.

j
lhe ac-
12. Do not bring your books, lieutenant. 49. The Present Par-ttc ipl.e denotes ac tton at same bme as non of
13. Let him say this, if he wishes. The Perfect Par-tic ipl.e denotes action completed before the verb
of its
14. Tell us your story. scout.
The Future Par-ttc tpl.e denotes act ton future wlth reference to clause
15. Lead back the troops, Brutus.
16. Listen, Mar cus , do not do that. I found him working. Eurn lab6rantem r-epper'L (Same time)
The Germans having been captured were killed. GermanI captl
17. Let us pray. necatf sunt , (Completed)
18. Hand over the money, farmer. We about to die salute you. MoritiirT te aalfitamus . (Future)

19. Let us not fear that which we cannot see. 50. Participle phrases are often used in Latin for English subordinate
20. Put your feet into the water. girls. clauses: Temporal (when, while, after), Causal (since, because).
Concessive (although), Conditional (if), Relative (who, which), or
21. Pray for (pro) us.
Coordinate (and).
22. Come quic kl.y, my friends.
Procedure: Step I Convert subordinate clause into its corre-
23. Do not tell this to the consul, Marcus. sponding literal meaning as a participle.
24. Let us not promise him money. Step II Determine case of word with which participle
agrees. (Remember that participles have no
25. Lead out the whole army. general. subjects .)
26. Let them try to persuade me. Step III Write sentence in Latin, making participle
agree in gender, number, and case with the
27 Encourage your men, Caesar. proper word.
28. Give us enough food, Mother.
Example: He found the money which had been lost.
29. Let us make war on the Germans.
30. Collect your arms, men.
Step I Having been lost
Step II Money is accusative (object of ~).
Step III p ec iiniam amfs sam repperit.
31. Let us return home.
32. Bring back my bonny (pretty girl) to me. 51. The perfect participles of some d.eponents are. u:.ed in p~ac.tical1y
33. Let us praise brave men. the sense of English present par tic ipl.ea: Ar-bttr-atus , thinking:
Ausus, daring; Veritus, fearing.
34. Defend yourselves c ar-eful ly with your shields.
52. A personal pronoun standing in the main clause and referring to
35. Let us not put Brutus in command of our legion. the noun of the participle phrase is not expressed in Latin.
36. Make war on our enemies, consul.
Having led out the troops he drew ~ up.
Copi'as eductas Instriixit.

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J
53. PARTICIPLES (Including the Ablative Absolute)
LESSON X
1. Men who have been killed do not tell stories.
54. Use the Ablative Absolute construction only when the t':"'o~~y
~~:
2. He was killed while fighting for his country. which the participle ag:ees is no! conn~c~~~h~::~e~~~~ (Re-
subject, object, etc) with the mam ver- "
3. After encouraging (cohortor) the men, he departed. member that participles do not have subjec ts .)
4. I found her writing a letter.
. d t he money, he bought the house.
Having r ece ive
5. Setting out from Rome they marched into Gaul.
6. We were worn out by the war and desired to make peace. Step I having been received b ht)
7. When Caesar had been informed of the disaster. he hastened to
Step II money (not con~ected gra~~atically
Step HI Pecunia accepta, domum erni t ,
with ~

Rome.
In general avoid usin~ a reflexive or an Ablative of Personal
8. We met (occur-t-o) them as they were about to go out. (al
Agent within an Abl.atfve Absolute .
9. Not daring to reply, I said notbing.
10. Having seized the town, he burned it. When Caesar had done this, he departed.
Hoc facto, Caesar di sce s s it ,
11. The enemy harassed us as we crossed the river.
t ormally ae:ree with the sub-
12, The food sent to our camp was a great help to us. (b) Perfect partic.iples bf d~hon:~o~enthey are not commonly used
ject of the mam ver. er- --
13. Although the gates have been closed, they will soon be opened. in the Ablative Absolute.
14. Fearing (ver-eoz-}an ambush he did not dare to approach nearer,
Having encouraged the men, he began battle.
15. As he was about to seize me he suddenly fell.
16. If the camp is defended bravely it will not be captured. Step I having encouraged .
Step II he is the subject of mam verb beg~n:
17. Have you seen Lost River, Marcus? Step 1lI Viras cohor-tatus , proelium c ommfs it .
I
18. I do not trust him when he says this.
55. A Present Participle in an Ablative Ab so I ut e has the literal mean-
19. After capturing these soldiers, he sent them to Caesar. Ing: With ---~.
20. Having advanced (pr-Sgr edtor) three miles, he pitched camp on
the bank of a certain river. j
~~~hee;::;~~~Jy s~~~t~nh~uti.ng} he could not be heard.
21. We made an attac k on the enemy who were approac hing. While everybody was shoutmg
22. Few of those who had been seen escaped.
Omnibus clamantibus audfr'I non poterat.
23. Fearing (vereor) a storm. he stayed at home.
t participle Hence two or more
24. Although we were defeated and driven back into the town, we 56. The Latin verb ~ h"as no p~esen ad"ectives) may form an Abla-
were not killed. nouns or pronouns (with or Wlt~out ti \ple of sum (being) should be
tive Absolute where the pr11ese.npa:p~~ssions and their English
25. Rewards will be given to the men who have been besieged in understood. Learn the fo owing e
that fort.
meanings:
26. After writing the letter, he sent it to his father. 1 hi (lit I being consul)
27. We followed the enemy for seven days and finally lost the road. Me consute. In co~su ls'bp In' the consulship of Crassus and
n:?'_
Cr-as sc et Pompeto c onsu 1 us,
Pompey .
28. I saw him returning {r-eded) to Italy with you. nder Caesarl s leadership (lit. Caesar being
C aesare d uce, U leader)
29. The ships could not proceed very quickly because they were
hindered by storms. Me invito, Against my will (lit. I being unwilling)
30. Our soldiers, trained by many battles, routed the enemy as they
advanced to our fortifications.

NOTE: In sentences 11 and 28 remember that eo and its compounds

have an irregular present participle: ie-ns. euntis.

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, J
 LESSON xi INFINITIVES (Complementary and Subjective)
57.
THE SUBJECT OF AN INFINITIVE IS IN THE ACCUSATIVE.
58.
1. Since the work was finished, he went home. the meaning of
2. Upon learning these things he demanded all the booty. 59. Complementary Infinitives are used to complete
3. Under the leadership of Marcus we crushed the enemy's horse- other verbs sue h as:
men.
4. Having found the soldiers, we led them to camp. possum, be able, can audeo, dare
5. Leaving part of the money at home, we started for town. coepf, began
CUP!O}WiSh conor-_} try, attempt
6. Did you find a few boys working diligently, Brutus? volo
7. Setting out at midnight, he reached the mountain at daybreak. nolo, be unwilling, not wish tempto
8. Although we had driven the men out of the city, we spared the malo, prefer vide or-, seem
conatttuo , decide
women and children. . iubed, order
matiir'B, hasten
9. Not daring to delay longer, they hastened to the woods. debeo , ought
10. While the Germans were besieging the city, we did not have pr ohibeo, prevent
enough food. I
11. After encouraging (cohortor and confi'rmo) the soldiers by a (a) Marcus wishes to depart. Marcus dis ceder-e cupit.
short speech, he gave the signal for battle.
12. Nobody saw me when I crossed the swamp. (b) Marcus wishes to be a sailor. Marcus nauta esse cupit.
13. On leaving (relingu6) the village we crossed a wide field. Nauta is a predicate nominative agreeing with M~rcus.
14. Although the children had been snatched from the falling build- (Remember that the verb ~ connects grammatIcal equals.)
ing, we could not find them.
15. They did not dare to depart against my will. (e) Marcus wishes his son to be a sailor. Marcus suum fil~um
16. In our consulship all the citizens fought bravely for (pro) their esse nautam cuptt ,
country. Ffl ium is subject accusative of the inf.initiv.e es_s~. (CL par. 58)
17. Although many were fleeing, he remained.
s Nautam is predicate accusative ag reemg wi.th ~:
'18. With Brutus as general nobody feared the enemy's troops.
(As in sentence (b), the verb ~ connects grammatical
19. He caught with his hand all of the weapons thrown by the Gauls.
20. We can very easily defend a place fortified by nature. equal.s .}
2 L When he had gained possession (potior and occupo) of the camp,
(d) He orders the letter to be sent. Litteras mitti iubet.
he set out for the river.
22. Since they have been alarmed by this disaster, they will sur- (Why is litteras accusative?)
render. (e) They prevented us from depar-ting, Nos discedere pr-ohibebant .
23. In the consulship of Caesar and Bibulus war was waged with the (What case is nos and why IS It 10 that case?)
Helvetians.
24. After beaching the ships, we c ar-efu ll.y hid our arms under a
certain tree. (f) They could have come. y'enrr: p~tu~runt.
You ought to have gone. Ire debutatf. h
25. When he tried to escape, we seized him. Notice that could have and ought to have are expressed. br t. e
26. Now that this has been done, we shall tell you everything (all perfect indicative of possum and debeo with a present 10 101-
things).
27. He summoned Labienus and put him in command of the tenth ttve .
legion,
28. Having devastated (vasto and populor) the large cities, the
Germans began to harass our towns and villages.
60. Subjective Infinitiv~s z:
~e~::~lrc~te e:~je~~~v~ agr~eing
u:t~d a;i~~: ~~~ji~~i~i~{V~t~:~ ~~:~:~ ~~~n,
with the infinitive will be ~.
29. Leaving eight ships to guard (as a guard to) the harbor, he
ordered (iubeo) the rest of the sailors to lift anchor and sail It is good to work. 0; To work is good. (or Working is good.}
to France. Laborare est bon!:!!!!.
30. After they had brought together a great multitude of weapons
and had chosen suitable leaders, they dismissed the council. (Notice that it is not expressed in Latin sentences of this type.)
31. They drove the other German into the river and killed him with
arrows.

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 61. LESSON Xli INFINITIVES IN INDIRECT STATEMENTS

1. He ought to be a merchant. 62. Simple Indirect Statements are composed of:

2. Do you prefer to be left at home. Marcus? (a) Introducing Verb meaning say, think, know, learn, etc.
3. It will be difficult to persuade him.
4. We could not have repaired
5. I do not wish my sons to be farmers.
6. Beautiful girls
the ships.

ought to be praised.
(b) Infinitive with Subject Accusative

The Present Infinitive denotes action happening

at same time as
The Perfect Infinitive denotes action happening
1 the action of
introducing
verb
7. He is said to be working. before
The Future Infinitive denotes action happening
8. It is bad to be conquered by the enemy. after
9. We shall order the javelins to be thrown.
He says that he is writing. Dicit se sc r-Ibere , (same time)
10. Talking is easy. He says that he has written (wrote). Dicit se scrlpsis,-~e. (time
before)
II. They had begun to move camp. He says that he will write. Dicit se sc r-Iptiir'um (esse). (time after)
12. The ladies could have set out for home.
He said that he was writing. DIxit s~ sc r-Jber'e. (same time)
13. He prevented me from breaking my head. He said that he had written. DIxit se scrtpsisse. (time before)
14. Most nations do not dare to harm Americans He said that he would write. Dixit se scrlpturum (esse). (time after)
15. She wished her daughter to be seen by a II the . young men.
63. Use Nego, deny, say ----- not, instead of Dico ----- non.
16. It is good to enjoy life.
., 64. Verbs meaning promise to, hope to, and expect to are usually fol-
17. He wished his son to be safe.
lowed by a Future Infinitive with subject accusative.
18. We ought to inform him of the danger.
He hoped to see her. == He hoped that he would see her.
19. Deceiving a friend is disgraceful. Sper-avit se earn vfs Gr-um (esse).
20. They will not dare to resist us.
21. He ought not to have done that. 65. In place of the rarely used Future Passive Infinitive, use:

22. I shall prevent them from being captured. Fore (or Futurum esse) + Ut (Ut ----- non) with Subjunctive
ver-b (present subjv. if introducing verb is present, imperfect
23. Those women seem to be unhappy.
subjv. if introducing verb is pas t.)
24. It is bad to lac k money.
25. He could have been a help to his father. He says that the letter will be written. Dicit fore ut litterae
sc ribantur.
26. She did not wish the letter to be written
He knew that the letter would not be sent. Sc'Ivit fore ut litterae non
27. They have decided to remain on top of the mountain. mitterentur.
28. It was very difficult to find the place at night.
(a) The same construction is used to represent a missing Future
29. All our citizens want the laws to be just.
Active Infinitive.
30. Marcus is unwilling to be sent home.
31. Why does he prefer to follow others? We think that the legion will halt. pu tamua fore ut legi5
consistat.
32. Seeing is believing.
(b) But Possum uses its Present Infinitive in place of the missing
Future Inf.
He thought that he would be able to go. Putavi t se Ire posse.

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~ ~::""- .....-'.-_J
66. LESSON XIII THE SUBJUNCTIVE: SEQUENCE OF TENSES.
PURPOSE. RESULT. CLAUSES AFTER 'VERBS OF FEARING
I. Do you think that he is at home?
67. The tense of all dependent subjunctives is regularly determined by
2. He said that many stones had been thrown. the following diagram:
3. She thinks she is safe.
4. They reported that the horsemen were being sent ahead.
Introducing Verb I Subjunctive Clause

Primary Present }-kpresent (lncompleted Action)

5. He promised to return within three years. Future
6. We know that the Germans lacked ships. Sequence Fut. Perf. IPerfect (Completed Action)

7. I hope that you will be able to see the fleet.

fI Secondary Any } I Imperfect (Incompleted Action)
Past
8. He replied that a few of the legions had been sent to Rome.
Sequence Tense ----t-<Pluperfect (Completed Action)
9. Do you expect to be in the country next summer, Anna?
68. purpose Clauses: Ut, (in order) that, to. Ne, (in order) that --- not.
10. We informed him that two thousand men were pitching camp on Subjunctive, Present or Imperfect only (according to diagram par. 67)
the shore.
H (in order) that he may see her.} V it t videat ,
11. Did he say that the larger part of our army would be defeated? e comes (in order) to see her. ern u eam
12. We expect to increase the number of legions. The, girl departed (in order) that she might not be seen.
Puella discessit ne vide r-etur ,
13. He learned that many men were being killed in his country.
(al Relative Clauses of Purpose: QuI, Quae, Quod may replace Ut
when there is an expressed ante-
14. I think that I shall demand reinforcements.
15. He said that he did not fear their conspiracy. cedent.
He sent men (who were) to do this. Viros mIsit qui hoc facerent.
16. I know she will help you, Tullius.
(b) When a comparative stands in the Purpose Clause, Quo may re-
17. They write that certain of our cohorts have been routed. place Ut.
18, Many men thought that she was very beautiful. He threw .away his sword that he might run more easily.
Gladium ab iec i.t quo Iac ikius curreret.
19. We think that the money will be found soon. i\
20. A few nations had already promised to send help. 69. Result Clauses: Ut, so that. Ut ----- non, so that ----- not.
Subjunctive, generally Present or Imperfect.
21. Did the scouts report that the mountain had been captured?
NOTE: Tam, so, so very; Sic, so, in such a way; Ita, so, so very,
22. We saw that it would be rather difficult to expel him. in such a way; or Tantus-a-um, so large, so great, often
23. He hoped that his men had not harmed the women and children, precede a Result Clause.
24. They announced that the fiercest attacks of the enemy were He ran so fast that he could not be caught,
being withstood. Tam celeriter cucurrit ut capi non pos s et ,

25. We hear that he has lost all the money. (a) Negative Result Clauses and Negative Purpose Clauses differ
in their use of introducing words. Study the following:
26. The lieutenant reported that he had carried the wounded soldier
three miles. Negative Purpose Negative Result
27. I knew that he would not fear {t imeo-fir-e, timuI,--) the attack. ne ut ---- non
that ---- not
that ---- no one ne quis ut ---- nemo
28. She expects to see him in Rome. ut ---- nihil
that ---- nothing ne quid
29. The Germans promised to send cavalry. ne umquam ut - - - - numquam
that ---- never
30. Did you tell Marcus that the fortifications had been destroyed?
70. Clauses after Verbs of Fearing: Ne, that, lest. Ut, that ---- not.
31. We hope that she will trust us. Subjunctive, usually Present or Imperfect.
He fears that he may lose the money. Timet ne pecliniam amittat.
He feared that we would not come. Veritus est ut cen'ir-emus .
He feared that the town had been captured. Timebat ne oppidum
expugnatum es set ,
(a) When the verb of fearing means to be afraid to, an infinitive
follows.
He was afraid to go out, 'I'irnebat exfr e ,

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 LESSON XIV INDIRECT COMMANDS
71. SUBSTANTIVE RESULT CLAUSES
1. They ran so fast that they were able to surpass all the others.
72 I n din-ee t C om m an ds
2. He always waits here to see us.
3. I am afraid that you do not trust me, Cassius. Person asked,
4. In order not to he seen, he hid himself behind a tree, ordered, etc. Indirect Command
Introducing Verb
5. Are you afraid to return home alone, girls?
6. He was wounded so severely that he remained with us for a long Accusative
Ask, Raga Ut, that, to
time. All other verbs meaning}
7. So great is his influence that nobody dares to attack him. Ab + Ablative Ne, that ---- not. not to
Ask, Beg, Demand
8. He will destroy the letter in order that nobody may learn our
plans. Negative IndirectCom-
Order (Give an order to) Impero} Dative mands , like negative
9. They had come to inform us of the route. Manda
10. We feared that he would perish from hunger. Purpose Clauses, al-
11. He was never afraid to help a friend. Dative ways begin with Ne .
Persuade, Per-suaded
(Cf. par. 69 (a)
12. We captured the fort so quickly that the general could not flee.
13. In .order t.o get possession of the other bank more easily, he Accusative
bui lt a br-idge across the river. Urge,~ Subjunctive, Present
14. We have so few men that we are accomplishing nothing. Accusative or Imperfect only
Advise, Warn, Moneo
15. That man will kill himself in order that he may never be cap- (Cf. par. 67)
tured ali ve. Allow, Permit (Give per-
16. He is afraid that the cavalry have been routed by the attack. Dative
mission to), Per-mi ttb
17, He held us in winter quarters so that we might not be able to
report the matter.
18. They sent ahead certain of the soldiers to learn the nature of He asks me to come. Me rogat ut veniam ,
the region. He persuaded us not to go away. Nobis per-euas it ne discederemus.
19. The enemy are losing so many men that they can be defeated
easily. NOTE: Iubed, order, and Pat ior-, permit, allow, are exceptions and
20. Three thousand farmers assembled to repulse the British. have the Infinitive with Subject Accusative.
21. Has he a shield with which to defend himself?
22. So great a silence filled the woods that the voice of the wind He ordered them to go away. Eos iussit diac ede r e .
could be heard.
23. They feared that a few of the ships had been destroyed by the 73. Substantive Result Clauses
storm.
24. H~ found so large a supply of money that he could not carry it.
f5. HIS men chose the swiftest horses in order to overtake us more Introducing Verb Substantive Result Clause
quickly,
26.
27.
What frightens you, Antonius? Are you afraid to meet him?
We were afraid that you were not at home, my friend. C aus e, Make,
B"r-ing It
it ab
{FaCiO
Eff' "-
28. H~ was so terrified by the slaughter of the animals that he never a out lClO
Perfici6 Ut. that
w is hed to see that place again. Ut ---- non, that ---- not
29.
30.
Will he try to see her in Athens?
That river is so deep that nobody can cross it without a boat. It happens
{FitAccidit
(or Ut ---- nemo: Ut ----
Ut~-- nu~mr-
nihil;
----
3!. She spends the winter in Florida that she may never be sick. (Cf. par. 69 (a)
32. Was Marcus afraid that we would surrender all our possessions
to the Gauls? . {Restat Subjunctive, usually Present or
It r-emaane Religuum est
33. He said this in order that the allies might fight more bol.dly . Imperfect. (Cf. par. 67)
34. They feared that we would not send reinforcements.
It is the custom, Mos est
35. We marched all night in order to reach home as soon as pos-
sible.
Added to this is the fact, Additur

It happened that nobody was at home. Accidit ut nemo esset domf.

He made everything seem easy. (He brought it about that everything
seemed eaey.)
Effecit ut omnia faeilia viderentur.

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J
74. LESSON XV INDIRECT QUESTIONS
1. I urged him not to hesitate. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT STATEMENTS
2. It is the custom of women to talk for a long time.
75. Indirect Questions are introduced by a verb meaning Ask. Learn.
3. He asked (rogo and quaer-S} me to go to Syracuse. Know. Tell. etc. They begin with an interrogative word (Who. What.
Where. Why). They have their verb in the Subjunctive. tense
4. We advised them to say nothing.
determined by the rule for Sequence in par. 6 7.
5. It happens that he is doing nothing today.
Introducing Verb Indirect Question
6. You could have urged (Cf'. par. 59 (f) them not to set out, Marcus.
7. It is good to fight for the native land. I ask, Roga } what you do, are doing,
8. He will not allow (permittb and patior) us to cross the river. ""
S" !<What
quid facias. (pr-.)
you did, have done.
e I shall ask, Rogab6
9. I ordered (Irnper'b and iube<: him to halt. quid recerrs . (per.)
"
o,
10. Added to this is the fact that he never complains.
11. It happened that nobody tried to find us. "" I asked, {ROgabam } I what you did, were doing,

12. Let us advise her not to buy that swamp.

"c
'0 Roga-vi K9Uid fac er-es , (irnp.}
0
0
I had asked, Rogaver'am \ what you had done,
quid fec isaes , (plu.]
13. Will he persuade us (0 undertake this work?
Ul
14. He caused us to understand all these things. (a) Indirect Questions referring to the future use the Subjunctive
15. I warn you, Antonius, not to go through that valley. of the Future Periphrastic (rut, participle + the pr. or imp.
16. We asked them to keep still. subjunctfve of ~ ...
)
I ask what you will do. Raga quid factlirus ars.
17. They brought it about that the hostages were returned alive. I asked what you would do. Rogavf quid facturus eases ,
18. Did he persuade the other consul to make war on the Gauls? (b) Where (in what place), Ubi Where (to what place), Quo
19. We. shall not allow (patiQr and per-mi.tto) those merchants to r-e-
mam here. (c) Whether. Num
Whether ---- or, Utrum ---- an -ne ---- an
20. Caesar ordered (impero and Iubeo) the camp to be fortified. Whether ---- or not, Utrum --=-:: necne
21. Wars often cause the number of citizens to be lessened. (d) Notice how an Indirect Question differs from a Relative Clause:
22. Men, I advise you not to await the arrival of your friends. (1) An Indirect Question is introduced by Ask, Learn. Know. etc.
(2) A Relative has an Antecedent; an Interrogative has none.
23. It is. the custom of certain girls to wander through the streets
at mght. 76. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statements have their verb in the
24. Will you allow this man to be arrested, lieutenant? Subjunctive; tense of Subjunctive determined by the Introducing
Verb (Say, Think. etc.) according to the rule in par. 67.
25. He ordered (impero and iubeo] the baggage to be left in that
place. --- He says that he will find the money which he lost.
Dicit se pec imi.am r-eper-tiir-um esse quam amfaer-it ,
26. This man caused peace to be made with the neighboring tribes.
27. I ask you not to weep. good lady. He said that he saw the men who were following.
28. Will he demand that the hostages be sent soon? Dixit se vide r-e vi.r-os qui sequerentur.

29. He urged us to be brave. (a) A Future Perfect Indicative of a Direct Statement becomes (as
30. The Germans were so terrified that they asked us to spare a subordinate verb) in an Indirect Statement:
them.
Perfect Subjunctive in Primary Sequence
31. They did not allow the bridge to be built. Pluperfect Subjunctive in Secondary Sequence
32. She ordered Itmper-o} him never to return
Direct Statement: "If the book is returned. I will give a reward."
33. And so it happened that he never saw her again. "sr liber redditus erit, praemium dabo,"
34. I warned the girl not to believe him.
Indirect Statement:
Dicit S1 liber redditus sit (perf. subj.) se praemium
datUrum esse.
Dixit 51 liber redditus esset (plu , aub j.} se praemium
dafirrum esse.
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 LESSON XVI CUM CLAUSES
77.
Cum Since (Causal) and Cum, Althou@ (Concessive) ~re always
78.
1. I asked him why he was following me. used' WIththe Subjunctive, tense determined by the rnam verb ac-
2. We shall learn where he has gone. cording to rule in par. 67.
3. The merchant thought that he would hide the money which he
had made. Since he does not dare to fight, he stays in camp.
4. They do not wish to tell us in what city they are staying. Cum pugnar-e non audeat, in castris manet.
5. Those men informed us that they had come to free the hostages.
6. He asked with great care what the men had said. Although many had set out. few however, returned.
7. I can easily learn what he found. Cum multf profecti essent, pauc'l tamen reverterunt.
a. Tell us. slave, whether your master is at home.
9. If we collect (Jut, per-L) enough men, the enemy will not attack 79. Cum, When (Temporal)
us.
10. I know that if we collect enough men, the enemy will not attack (a) Referring to Present or Future, use Indicative (Present, Fu-
us. ture, or Fut. Perf.)
11. I knew that if we cofIec ted enough men, the enemy would not
attack us. When he fights, he wins.
12. He asked why this was not being done faster. Cum pugnat., vincit.
13. I cannot learn whether she has set out or is waiting at home.
14. We all knew which legion he had sent. When I find it, I will return.
15. We think that the legion which he has sent ahead will perish in Cum id inveniam (or Invene rb), r-ever-tar",
the swamp.
16. They asked what he would reply. NOTE: The Future Perfect is used to indicate that an action is
17. We heard that he had killed the eagle which was harassing many completed in the future.
small animal s ,
(b) Referring to Past. use Subjunctive (Imperfect or pluperfect
18. She never told him whether she wished to go or not.
19. We hope to find the very stone with which the general was killed. only).
20. He asked us where the sword had been put.
21. I am trying to learn which hill they will fortify. Cum + Imperfect Subjunctive means Whe? or ~.
22. I thought that we would ge,t possession of the hill which was near When (While) he was fighting, he was kikled .
camp. Cum pugnar-et, interfectus est.
23. He was in the city to which we were being sent.
24. They know to which city we were sent. Cum + Pluperfect Subjunctive means ~ or ~.
25. He had often said that the Germans would be defeated. tCL par. When (After) he had said this, he departed.
65) Cum hoc dixisset, abiit.
26. I do not know whether he saw me or not.
NOTE: Cum. When, is occasionally used with the past ten.ses of
27. Don'f you see that the soldiers whom you summoned are being the Indicative to date or define the time of ~he ac tfon of. the
driven back? main verb. In this use Cum is often found m the f:,llowmg
28. He knows what plan he will form. combinations: Tum cum, At the time when, and Eo tem-
29. When (cum) the bridge is built (fut. per-L) , our men will cross
the river. pore cum, At the time when.
30. He says that when the bridge is built, our men will cross the
river. He received great praise when he said this.
31. He said that when the bridge was built, our men would cross Magnam laudem accepit cum id dIxit.
the river.
At the time when father had lost all the money, I was away.
32. Do you know which of the (two) brothers can be persuaded (Cr. Eo tempore cum pater omnem pectiniam amIserat, aber-am ,
par. 23)?
33. They learned from the scouts which town had been burned.
34. Who will tell me what mountain I can see from this place? 80. When an expressed subject of a subordinate verb refer~ to t~e same
person or thing as that of the main verb. place the subject brat.
35. I shall never do what you have ordered. Cassius.
36. We saw that nothing would be done unless we ourselves helped. followed by the subordinate clause.
37. I know why he does not dare to use force.
While Brutus was returning home, he fell int.o the river.
38. He reported that the city was being defended by men who were
Brutus cum domum rediret, in nnmen decddft ,
throwing weapons from the top of the walls.
39. He says he is preventing the ships from being sent because they
ought to be repaired.
40. We shall not tell you what we saw that day in the city of Florence.
41. They told us where they would spend the winter.

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-30-
 . __ . ----~--
8l. THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE

1. Since our men have been cut off from supplies, they lack food. 82.
(Cf. par. 80)
2. When the ships arrive, we shall have enough men.
3. When Cassius was preparing to leave camp, a sudden storm
arose.
4. Although all these things have happened, we shall not surrender.
5. Finally, when Caesar had collected as many ships as possible,
he attacked the smallest islands. (Cf. par. 80)
6. Although we fear treachery, we shall not arrest him.
7. When the general gives the signal, the soldiers advance. 83.
8. While the two armies were fighting it out, the inhabitants Buf-
fered from hunger.
9. After having fled to the hills, the horsemen hid in the woods.
10. When the war is finished, we shall go home. 84.
11. At the time when he found the money. he was a boy.
12. Since he does not have suitable clothing, he says he will not go
with us.
13. When he returns, I shall depart for the cousrir-y myself',
14. Although those Germans had surrendered their arms, they hoped
to defeat us.
15. While searching for the kingt s beautiful daughter, we met the
king himself.
16. Since the river was not very deep. they were able to cross
easily. . . - of seeing the girl. puellae vide~dae_
17. When father comes home, he will give us something new. of seeing, Vlde,?dl I ki g bridges pontium faclendorum
b 'geundo omam.
18. Caesar was our general when the Gauls were defeated. y goin , .' (Cf ar 22) have the Gerund
19. Since he has defeated many tribes, he will be called Imperator. But Latin Intransitives used wi.th the Da~,:,e th~~ e"is persua-dendY
20. When we were leaving the big city, we caught sight of that and keep the Dative. of persua 109 ,
famous ship, the Queen Mary, approaching shore.
2l. But when I ask you to bring back the money, what will you do? 85. Case Uses of the Gerund and Gerundive: Inf 't" (CI
22. When he goes to town, he buys many things for himself. . " U se Subjective 1m Ive .
(NOMINATIVE of Gerund 15 rmasmg . )
23. After the enemy had been defeated, we freed the sea of the par. 60)
enemy's ships. Praising (To praise) is -eaay. Laudar-e est f~cile.
24. Since they suspect nothing, we are safe. (NOMINATIVE of Gerundive. (Cf. Lesson XVII)
25. Although he had always been a brave man. the silence of the
place terrified him. GENITIVE of Gerund and Gerundive
26. Brutus ought to be our leader, since he is so skilled in journeys (a) With Nouns and Adjectiv~s , Idua e r'at ugnandi.
of this. kind. He was desiro.us of f1ghtt~6n~rr;~u~eciini~e faciendae
27. When the king had collected a large army and was preparing to A plan of making money,
attack us, he suddenly formed a new plan. h k of to express Purpose
28. Although he had arrived before daybreak, many men were wait- (b) Followed by Causa, F~r t e sa e, Eundi causa
For the sake of gomg , In order to go, ~ . _ _
ing near the gates.
29. When we are in Rome, we ought to do the same things which the
Romans do.
" . th Genitive'
NOTE: With the following Pronouns In , e de in
Nostri and Ve;.trI, the Gerun dive en -e,
r
Mel, TUl. Suf,
regardlessO!
30. When their largest cities have been destroyed with this new the ge~der and number of the Pronoun.
kind of weapons, not even one inhabitant will survive. The girls did this for the :,ake of !reeing themselves.
Puellae hoc fecerunt BuTIfber-andf causa. ,
di d with Adjectives meanmg
DATIVE of Gerund and Gerun ive , use I di g
F't S it ble and Useful. Books suitable or :ea n ,
_'_, Ul a, --- Libri idoneT legendo
dG di e used with Ad for. to ex-
ACCUSATIVE of Gerund an . erun 1v (In order to ~~money),
press Purpose. For making mon~y
Ad pecuniam fac1enda~ . Ablative con-
dive used rn var-rou s
ABLATIVE of Gerund an d Gerun ',. )
structions (with and with_out P;eposltlons
By working, Laboran~o - nanda urbe
About capturing the crty, De expug

~ '3_2. ...!... -3_3_- ............ ==:....__ J

86. LESSON XVlll THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC
1. For the sake of fleeing.
B7. The PassIve Penphrastic. a combmation of t~e Ge~~~~l::ar~gent
2. By crossing the river. forms of Sum. expresses necessity or obfigatton, -
3. Weapons useful for fighting. is expressed by the Dative.

4. In order to collect the baggage.

The money :~~~ to }be found by you. Pecunia tibi reperienda est.
5. By trusting him.
is to
6. The art of self defense.
7. He wished to learn about repairing ships. T had to
The cr izens were toJ
1
be warned by us. elves nobis manendi e r-arrt
(fuerunt).
8. They had not yet made an end of talking.
9. Large horses are suitable for carrying heavy burdens. Our ships will have to be repaired. Nostrae naves r-eficiendae er-unt.
10. You will accomplish nothing by resisting them. When the Passive Periphrastic is used, all active verbs in English
BB.
11. A few days were enough for bufldtng towers. must be turned into the passive:
12. They were not given the opportunity of recovering (their) (a) Transitive verbs are used Personally in the passive.
weapons.
We must capture the city. The city must be captured by us.
13. Withstanding their attacks was most difficult. Urbs nobTs expugnanda est.
14. By killing all the enemy we shall destroy the fear of a new
war. (b) Intransitive verbs are used Impersonally in the passive (Cf.
IS. He had come for the purpose of harming the king. par. 23).
We must set out. (It) must be set out by us.
16. Girls. have you a plan of training yourselves? NobIs proficiscendum est.
17. We put aside the hope of staying in the country that summer. Weought to obey the laws. (It) ought to be obeyed t.,?t.helaws byus.
18. By advancing quickl.y to the river our legion alarmed the enemy. NobIs parendum est Ie gibus ,
19. He wrote a book about sailing. (1) When two Datives (a Dative of the Agent and ~ D~tive with
20. This place is not suitable for finding animals. a Special Verb. cr. par. 22) woul~ cause ambiguity, ~
sonal Agent is expressed by Ab (a) + Ablative.
21. Mother was desirous of saving herself.
22. She adopted the plan of returning home. We must persuade them. (It)mustbepersuadedtothembyus.
EIs a nobIs persuadendum est.
23. They had no reason for delaying longer.
24. Talking is easy. but we cannot lessen the danger by talking. (2) Notice that impersonal!! is not expressed in Latin.
25. We prepared everything which had to do with attacking a town. (3) Notice that in the impersonal u~e of the Passive Periphras-
26. He had no hope of defeating that nation. tic. the Gerundive always ends 10 -dum,
27. His men are very skilled in bui.lding towers. The Passive Periphrastic is frequently used in Indirect Statements
B9.
28. The ships are ready for sailing. and Indirect Questions.
29. He has the chance to spend the winter in Athens. I know that the city must be captured.
30. Collecting swords pleased him greatly. Self ur-bem expugnandam esse.
31. He carried a large supply of money with him for the purpose of
He asked what must be done.
buying wine.
Rogavtt quid faciendum esaet ,
32. We can help others by obeying the laws.
33. Everything was done to please the soldiers.
34. Friends, I am saying this for the sake of encouraging you.
35. Have you seen the book which he wr-ote about the art of loving?
36. Time was not given for throwing javelins.

-34- -35-
 LESSON X1X CONDlTIONAL SENTENCES, SIMPLE AND FUTURE
90.
91. Conditional Sentences are composed of two parts:
1. Two cohorts must be sent.
2. Our army must defend the city. (a) The Condition, a subordinate clause introduced by one of the
3. We must flee. following:
4. You ought to trust me, my friend. If, S1
5. He thinks that the women should be left at home. Unless, Nisi
But if, QtiOd sI or SIn
6. The soldiers must not go far from camp.
7. A larger suppil.y of food should be sent.
NOTE: After SI, Nisi, Num or Ne , every ali- drops away from
aliguis, aliguid, someone, anyone:-Bomething, anything,
8. I know what river we must cross. and from aliqui, al.iqua , al iquod, some, any.
9. Those trees will have to be moved.
If he sees anything, he will return.
10. We ought to resist the Genmans . 8i quid vIder-it , r-edfb it ,
11. You must not come nearer, Anna.
(b) The Conclusion, the main clause of the sentence.
12. Those boys had to run home.
CONDlT10N CONCLUSlON
13. We roU.5t approach the enemy's camp carefully. 92.
14. Caesar had to choose a new route. Indicative, Present or Past Indicative, Present or Past
15. Our allies must be trusted.
If he is running he is winning.
16. These girls have to read many books. Simple superat.
Si currit
17. We must not delay longer.
If he ran he won.
18. Men who lack money should not be despised. super-av it .
5Y cucurrit
19. We must not complain.
Indicative, Future or Indicative, Future
20. The tenth legion must be praised. (Completed)
Future Perf.
21. They will have to cross
22. Ambassadors
without boats. '"
'2
~
0 If he runs he will win.
ought not to be harmed. Cl super abtt .
5i curret
23. Then she said that she must depart. .. he will rec eive the prize.
0 If he wins (shall have won)
24. The enemy must be given no time to move camp. ~ Si praemium accipiet.
supe t-aver-it
25. We must take away all hope of returning home. Future
Subjunctive, Present or Subjunctive, Present
26. American soldiers have often had to fight with Germans.
s Perfect (Completed)
27. Because of this he had to leave town. '2
~ If he should run he would win.
o
28. The wretched captives must be spared. auper-et .
S1 currat
29. Many men will have to die in this battle. 00
00 he would receive the prize.
30. Don't you understand why the booty must be returned?
..l
If he should winfshould
S1 supe rjiver-it
have won)
praemium acc ipia.t.
31. We must trust our friends.
32. Caesar had to put Brutus in command of the cavalry.
33. You must urge him not to lose the hope of finding his daughter.
34. Water must be carried to the wounded men.

-36- -37-
 CONDlT10NAL SENTENCES, CONTRARY TO FACT
93. LESSON XX

1. If I survive. I shall return home. 94.

2. If you were in Rome at that time, you were safe. CONDlT10N CONCLUSION
3. But if we should return, he would harm us.
~ Imperfect Subjunctive Imperfect Subjunctive
4. If our legions are routed, they will flee to the river. c 0
(CI. par. 80) Contrary ~0."S If he were running he would be winning.
6;'" sr curreret auper-ar-et,
5. If anyone is tired, he hinders the others. to
6. I will kill you if you move your hands. Pluperfect Subjunctive Pluperfect Subjunctive
Fact ~O
7. Unless you give him something, he will not bring the food.
~S If he had run he would have won.
8. If Anna should deceive me, I would immediately look for an- P-4~
Si cucurrisset superavisset.
other girl.
9. But if you are afraid to fight, this is not a suitable place for
you. 95. Contrary to Fact conditional sentences have the following trr-egu-
10. If any ships are destroyed, we shall be in danger. larities:

11. 1 will help you if you are unable to finish the work. (a) A Past Contrary to Fact condition {Plup. Subjv.) may have a
present conclusion (Imperfect Subjv J.
12. Unless something is done, we shall soon have no food.
13. If you were to (should) go to the same place, you would find If we had left earlier, we would be at h~me now.
many stones of this kind. Si matiir iua discessissemus. nunc dcmf aase mus ,
14. If Brutus lived in that valley, he saw the mountains daily.
When the verb of the conclusion of a Contrary to Fact condi~
(b)
15. But if any chance is given him, he will deceive us. tional sentence is possum. or expresses any id~a of neces~1t:c
(Debeb or the Passive Periphrastic), that verb 1S often Indlca
16. If Marcus should win, he would be worthy of praise.
tive. In this use, the Imperfect Indi.cati:ve replaces the 1m-_
17. I will not allow you to go, my son. unless you return those perfect Subjunctive, the Perfect Ind1cative replaces the ~
books. perfect Subjunctive.
18. Unless something new (Cf . par. 9) is said, most men will de-
part. If he were present. he ought to be praised.
Si adesset, laudandus erato
19. What would you say if he should try to find you, lieutenant?
20. If anyone touches me. I shall shout. If he had run. he could have won.
sr cucur-rt sset , auper-ar'e potuit ,
2l. If you look at the sun with (your) eyes open, you will be able to
see nothing afterward.
22. If you think that your javelins are heavy, Marcus, you ought to
lift mine.
23. If they do not reach camp at sunset, we shall send men to search
for them.
24. But if the general were to divide the booty, all of us would have
a small part.
25. Unless the hostages go with us. they will all perish within a
short time.

I
C6' -38-
......l.
-39-
......;;;_......l
 CONNECTED PROSE
96.
(For use after completion of all twenty lessons)
1. If this road were wider. we would be proceeding faster.
2. Had they set fire to one of the bui ldi ngs , the whole village would 97. There was a certain town in Gaul which the Romans had never at-
have been destroyed. tacked. The inhabitants were so brave that they did not fear
Caesar himself. They thought that he would not dare to approach
3. If scouts are sent ahead, they will learn the enemy's plans.
the wall.s of their town. After learning this, Caesar sent one le-
4. If he is working, he is making money. gion to capture the town. Within a few hours the inhabitants of the
town were defeated and asked the Roman soldiers not to kill them.
5. If you had enough money. you could buy the mountain.
6. Unless someone sends help, we shall all die. 98. Then the general asked certain of the guards to depart from the
7. Marcus would be a free man today if he had not stolen the gen- council so that all could see the captured king more easily. Since
er-al! s money. this king was a man of great courage, many citizens had assembled.
These men said that the king ought to be killed because he had
8. What would you have done if he had tried to drag you to the made war on the Roman people. Suddenly however, the king, hav-
swamp? ing snatched a weapon, wounded the general on the head and es-
9. But if he does not wish to stay, why does he hesitate to depart? caped. Although many men were sent to search for the tdng , they
could not find him.
10. If he had said anything, he would have been deprived of liberty.
11. If we knew his plans, we could resist him. 99. Our men did not want to advance at this time because they thought
that the enemy would suddenly attack them. The lieutenant said
12. Unless someone complains. the pay will not be increased. that he would lead them to a river which they could cr-os s , Whike
13. Had he been wounded, we would have had to depart. the lieutenant was saying this, he was wounded by a heavy weapon.
He was carried to the rear, but the men, fearing an ambush, set
14. If you should summon him, he would not be able to come. out as quickly as they could in order to reach home before night.
15. But if we had arrested him at that time he would not be so
powerful now. ' 100. Caesar immediately ordered his men to burn the bridge. After
doing this, he allowed the ambassadors of the Helvetians to come
16. If that stone were heavier, 1 could not lift it. to him. He told them that he wished to wait a few days in order
17. If Anna had been able to go, she would have been very happy. to decide what must be done about this matter. But when the am-
bassadors had departed, Caesar ordered his men to fortify the
18. If ~he girls wander along the shore they will find the wrecked place. This was done so speedily that the Helvetians were pre-
ship . '
vented from marching through our province.
19. Were Caesar alive today, he would be surprised at many things.
101. While Caesar was preparing to return to Rome. he put a certain
20. But if a storm should arise, our ships would be driven back to lieutenant in command of the camp. He warned this man not to at-
the harbor. tack the enemy, for he feared that the Roman legions would be de-
21. They would not have found the places if they had not descended feated. After Caesar had departed, this lieutenant saw that a few
from the hills. of the enemy were advancing to the Roman camp. Since he wished
to learn what they were doing, he ordered his cavalry to follow
22. If we sei~e the harbor, the enemy' s fleet will be unable to at- them. The enemy however, quickly collected reinforcements, de-
tack our Island.
feated the horsemen, and killed them.
23. Had I dared to open the gates, I could have deceived the guards.
102. "~o not urge us to stay here with you, good Ca.ss ius," replied the
24. Ifr&dnychance is given, you ought to carry the wounded men out Lieutenant, "Ttris place is a little higher than the river, but I fear
a anger.
that we shall not be able to resist the enemy. Believe me, my
25. ~ff~~ies~~l~: were lighter, I would be able to carry her to the top friend, I am skilled in matters of this kind. I tell you that we
shall be driven out easily within a few days. Let us not pitch
camp here, but let us depart quickly in order that no one may see
26. Unless we p:ut another leader in charge of our army, we shall us." Alarmed by this speech, Cassius sent ahead certain of his
be crushed in a short time.
scouts to choose a better place.
27. ~f YOtUhhadint~usted your safety to me, Cassius, you would now
e a orne WIth your friends. 103. Having proceeded three miles into the territory of the Germans,
our general ordered his men to pitch camp in this place. Since he
28. Ifrany~ne were to praise him, he would reply that he is unworthy knew that the enemy were approaching with great speed, he thought
o pr-ars e.
that they would make an attack before sunset. So quickly was ev-
29. You ~ould have seen the whole army my friends if you had erything completed by our men that the enemy were unable to learn
remamed on that hill. ' , where we had halted. On the next day the enemy! s troops were
30. seen drawn up on the top of a hill. Our general, having encouraged
I shall be happy if he returns before midnight.
-40- -41-
 his men by a short speech. gave the signai for battle. The enemy VOCABULARY
were routed by the first attack of our brave footsoldiers and fled
home. A

104. After getting possession of the town. our general warned the in- abLe(be), possum, posse, potut, ---
habitants to surrender all their arms immediately. Certain of the about, de (prep. w. abl.} _ _ _ _
accomplish, conficio-ere, confeo, confeetus .
inhabitants, terrified by the speech of the general, thought that across build a bridge across, pontem facere In (w. abl ,}
they ought to do what he asked. Others however were afraid that
added to this is the fact, additu!' (cf:.. par. 73) _ redtor-T pr-dgr-es aus
if they aur-r-ender-ed their arms, they would become Slaves of the advance, procedo-ere, proce as i , proc~s_sum;_prog (f ' 18)
Romans. Since they did not know what they should do about this, advantage, auxilium-I,!,. ~f. par. 18); usus-us, m. c. par.
they finally decided to hide part of their arms. When our general advantageous, auxi lio; USUl, (C'. par. 18)
learned this. he drove out the inhabitants and burned the town. advise monee-ere. monuT, morutus _ .
afraid '(bel, ttmeo-er-e , ti muf, ; ve r eor e r r, ver-ttus
r

105. In order that no one might say that our men lacked courage, the after, cum .
afterward, postea (adv.)
lieutenant led three cohorts out of the city and attacked the enemy again, iter-urn (adv.]
at daybreak. Although he was surpassed in number of men, he against my will, me invIto _ _
easily routed the enemy. Having gained possession of much booty, alarm, permovec-er e , permo,::,_permot~s_
he returned to Rome. After the citizens learned these things, they alive, vivus -a-um; be alive, VIvo-ere, VIX1, _
said that the lieutenant was worthy of the greatest praise. If the all,omnis-e
lieutenant had not been skilled in war, he could not have defeated allow, pattor-L passus; pe rmtt to-e re , permTsi, permissus
so large a multitude of the enemy. ally, soctus -r, m.
alone, sours -a-um
106. Two of the ships had been driven back to the island by a storm. along, per (prep. w. acc.)
already, iam
The Roman soldiers had to remain on the island all night. They although, cum
had to do many things: the ships had to be repaired, food had to always, semper
be found, new plans had to be formed. They were not given the ambassador, legatus-i, m ,
opportunity of completing this wor-k however. for in the middle of ambush, Insidiae-ji rum , f. . _ _
the night the Britons made a fierce attack. IWe must resist the American, Arner-icjinua-u-um ; an American, Amer-icanua-t, m.
anchor, ancor-a-ae , f.
enemy bravely." shouted the lieutenant. The enemy were finally animal, ammat-atts , n.
defeated, and at daybreak the Romans lifted anchor and left the Anna, Anna-ae, f.
i.s Iand, announce, nuntio, 1
Antonius, Antdnius -E, m.
107. A certain general who was besieging a town warned the inhabitants any, aliquI, aliqua, aliquod
not to go out from the walls. After the town was captured, he sent anyone, aliquis
a lieutenant to find whether the inhabitants had obeyed him. The approach, appr-cpfnquo , 1
arise, or-ior , ortrr, ortus
lieutenant reported that two of the enemy! s chiefs had escaped so
arms, arma-Srurn , n.
quickly during the night that they could not be caught. Upon learn- army, exerc itua-Iis , ffi. _
ing this, the general sent his cavalry to overtake them. The chiefs arrest, compr-ehendd-e re , comprehendT, comprehensus
were caught and brought back to the town. They have lost all hope arrival, adventue-Iie , m.
of escaping again. arrive at, perverno-Ire , pervenl, perventum ad (w. acc.)
arrow, sagttta-ae , f.
108. Although the Germans had seized the most beautiful city ot Italy. art, ars , artis, f.
they were finally driven out however by the bravery of our allies. as many as possible, quam plur imf-aeva
as Soon as possible, quam pr-Irnum (adv.}
American soldiers who were sent to that famous city found that ask, rogiS, 1; quaera-e re , quaesrvt , quaesrtus
many buikdi.ng s had been destroyed by the Germans. The inhabi- assemble, conventc-tre , convenl , conventum
tants, terrified by the war, remained -at home and did not dare to Athens, Athenae-arum, f.
go out into the streets because they feared that they would be attack, impetus-us, m . _ _ )
harmed. But when these citizens learned that American soldiers attack, oppugno, 1, (of towns, etc.): petb-er-e , pettvr, petitus (of persons
had arrived for the purpose of freeing the city. they were greatly await, exs cectg, 1
delighted. They said that a large part of the city which had been B
devastated must be repaired. They knew that our men would be a bad, metue-a-um
great help to them. If you should go to this city, you would see baggage, impedimenta-arum, n,
that many bUildings have been repaired. bank, ripa.-ae, f.
battle, proelium-I, n.
be, sum, esse, fuT, futurus
beach, subdikO-ere, subduxl, subductus
beautiful, pulcher-chra-chrum
because, quod
because of, ob; propter, (preps. w. ace.)
become, ITo, fierI, factus
before, ante (prep. w. ace.)

-42-
~",,--- ---.l.. -43-
~_
 began, coepi, coeptus (in perf. system -only)
behind, past (prep. w. acc .) complain, queror-r. quest~s _ _ Snrectws
complete, confi~~o-_e~_e, _c~nfecI, co
believe. credo-ere, credidI, cr-adttum
conspiracy, conH~aho"-oms, f.
besiege, obsideo-ere, obs~dr, obsessus
consul, consul, consuhs, m.
betake one' s self, se c3nfero, cbnfer-r-e , contuli, colHitus
consulship (d. par. 56)
Bibulus, Bibulus -I, m.
boat, navtgtum-r, n , council, concilium-i, n. . uv): patria-ae, f. (native land)
country, r-iis , riiris, n. (oppos ite of c i ty ,
body, corpus-oris, n.
courage. vir-tiis , virtiitis, f. ._ _ ._
boldly, audacter
cross tdi.nseo, transtre. tr-ans n , translturus
boojc, liber, librI, m ,
crush: opprimo-~r.e, o ppr-es af, oppressus
booty, praeda-ae, f.
custom, mas, mOrls, m. _ _ _ _
boy, puer-, puerr, m. cut off, intercliido-ere, mterctust , mterclusus
brave, Jor-tta-e
bravery, vtrtus-nue, f. D
break, frango-ere, fregI, fractus
bridge, pOns, pontts , m ,
bring, rero, ter-r-e, tulI, lAtus daily, cottrdie _
danger, per Iculum-T, n.
bring back, redticc-er-e , redilxI, reductus; rerere , referre, rettuli, relatus dare, audeo-sre , ausua
bring in, Irnportd, I
daughter, filia-ae, f.
bring it about, efficio-ere, eftecI, effectus; facio-ere, feci, factus; per-rtcta-ere, day, dies, diet, m._(f.) _ _.
perfecI, perfectus, (d. par. 73) daybreak, pr-Ima lux, pr-imae lUCIS, f.
bring together, confero, confer-r-e , contutr, collatus
deceive, tatto-ere , fefelli, fals~s _ ._
British (the) Britanni-c5rum, m.
decide, constituo-er-e. ccnstttut , constltutus
Briton (a), Britannus-i, m.
broad, latus-a-um deep, altus-a-um _.
brother, frater, fditris, m. defeat vinca-ere, ViCI,VlctUS
Brutus, Brutus-t, rn. defend, defendo-ere, defendT, di:!fensus
build, faciO-ere, feci, factus delay, mora-ae, f.
building, aedificium-r, n. delay, moror, 1
burden, onus-eris, n. delight, delect6, 1 _
demand, posco-ere, POPOSCl, . -- _
burn, incendo-ere, incendi, incensus
but, sed depart, discedo-ere, discessl, dlscessurus
but if, quod sf; sin departure, discessus-us, m.
buy, emCi-ere, emI, emptus deprive of, prTv6, 1 (cf. par. 32 b, Note)
by, a, ab dep}h, altitudo-inis, f. _ - s
descend descend5-ere, descendl, descensu
desire, ~upio-ere, CUpIVl,cuprtus
c desirous, cupidus-a-um __
Caesar, Caesar-aris, m. despise, despicio-ere~ ~e:pe~l,- des pectus
call, voca, 1 destroy, deleo-ere, delevl, deletus
camp, castra-arum, n. devastate, popular, 1; vasto, 1 ._
can, possum, posse, potui, _ die, morior, mori, mortuus (manturus)
captive, captivus-f, m. difficult, difficilis-e
capture, capio-ere. cepI, captus diligently, dnig~n_ter_ .
care, cura-ae, f. (cf. par. 18) disaster, calamltas -atls, f.
carry, porto, 1 disgraceful, turpis-e __ _ .
Cassius, Cassius-I, m. dismiss, dimitto-ere, dimISI, dlITllSSUS
catch, excipia-ere, excepi, exceptus dnch, fossa-ae, f. __
divide, divido-ere, divisI, dlV1SUS
catch sight of, conspicio-ere, conspexi, conspectus
cause, causa-ae, f. do facio-ere, fecI, factus
dr~g, traho-ere, traxI, trac;:u: _ _
cause (something to be done). efficio-ere", effect, effectus; faci~-ere, Uk!, draw up instruo-ere InstruxI, lnstructus
factus; perficio-ere, perfeci, perfectus, (cf. par. 73) drive ba'ck repello-e're, reppult, repulsus
cavalry, equites-um, m.
cavalryman, eques, equitis, m. drive out, ~xpello-ere, expuli, expulsus
certain, quidam, quaedam, quoddam or quiddam E
chance, facultas-atis, f.
chief, princeps-cipis, m.
children, lTheri-orum, m. eager, avidus-a-um; cupidus-a-um
choose. deligo-ere, delegi, delectus eagle, aquila-ae, f.
citizen, elvis, elvis, m. easily, facile (adv.)
city, urbs, urbis, f. easy, facilis-e
close, claudO-ere, clauS!, clausus eight, octo
clothing, vestis, vestis, f. encourage, cohortor, 1; c5nfirm5, 1
cohort, cohors, cohortis, f. end, finis, rmis, m.
collect, colligo-ere, coHegi, collectus end of, extremus-a-um
come, venia-ire, venT, ventum enemy, hostis, hostis, m. 35)
enjoy, fruor-i, fructus (cf. par. a
command (be in command of), praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefuturu8
(d. par. 21b)
enough, satis (cf. par. 91 _
escape, effugiO-ere, effugl, ----

-44- _45-
r ever, umquam
go away, aisceae-eee. .~isce.s~i', dtacesanrus
go out, exed, exi're, exrr, extturus
everything, omnia-ium, n.
expect, exspectz , 1 good,bonus-~-.um
expel, expellD-ere, expulI, ex pulsus gratitude, gratta-ae , f.
eye, oculus -t, m , greatly, magnopere n.: custos, custodis, m . (a sentinel)
guard, praesidium-I,
F
H
fail, deSum, dee s ee , defuY, deruttu-us (w. dat.); deficio-ere, defeci, defectus
(w, acc.)
fall, cadocer-e , cec idl , casurus halt, ccnetetd-ere, cbnstttr, - _
famous (that), ille, Il la , illud (after its noun) hand, manus-us, f. _. _ _.
far, Ionge . hand over, trida-ere, tr-adidf .. tr-adttus
farmer, agr-icola-ae , rn . happen, fio, nerr, factus
fast, eeler, celeris, celere (adj.): celeriter (adv.) happens (it), accidit; fit, (cf. par. 73)
father, pater, pat rts , m . happy, laetus -a-um _ _ _
fear, timor-oris, m. harass, Iacesso-er-e , Iaceeatvr, Iaceasrtus
fear, bmea-ere, timui, ; ver-eor cerj , veritus harbor, por-tua-Iis , m, ._
few, pauci-ae-a harm, noc_e~-~re. noc~I, n).OCltulru~ x., ere contendI, contentum (to a place)
field, ager, agrI, m. hasten maturo, I (w. inf. , can en 0 ,

fierce, acer , acr-fs , acre have, habeo-ere, habuf habitus . _ ad (w. acc.)
fight, pugno , 1 have to do with, perttneo-e re, pe r-ttnur, ----,
fight it out, cecer-to , 1 head, caput, capitis, n ,
fill, compleo-ere, complevl , completus hear, audio-ire, audfvf, audItus
finally, tandem heavy, gravis-e
find, repe rto-rr-e , r-eppe r-I', repertus help, auxilium-i, n. (cf. par. 18)
finish, confido-ere, confed, c~nfectus help tuva-Rre, iiivi. iiitus
first, prImus -a-urn Hel~etians, Helvetii-orum, m.. ( flex pronoun) (cf. par. 25. 26)
five, quInque her, suus-a-um (reflex. a~j.); ellis. non-re .
flee, fugio-ere, fugT, _ here, hic (in this place); huc (to thlS place)
fleet, classis-is, f. hesitate, dubito, 1
flight, fuga-ae, f. hide, abdo-ere, abdidi. abditus
Florence, Florentia-ae, f. high, altus-a-um
Florida, Florida-ae, f. hill, collis-is. m. ) (f r 25 26 Note)
follow, sequor-i, secutus himself, sui (reflex.); ipse (non-reflex. c. pa. ,
food, cibus -1', m hinder, impedi5-Ire, imped!vI. impedrtus
foot, pes, pedis, m. hindrance, impedimentum-~, n.. (cf. par~ 1BAex. pronoun) (cf .. par. 25, 26)
foot of (at the), sub (prep. w. abU his suus-a-um (renex. adJ.); elliS (non re
footsoldier, pedes, peditis, m. hold, teneli-ere, tenui, _
for, in behalf of, pro (prep. w. abl.) home, domus-us. f, (cf. par. 33)
for a long time, diu hope, spes, spei, f.
force, vIs, vis, f. hope, spero, I
forest, silva-ae, f. horse, equus-f. m.
form a plan, censilium capie-ere, cepI, captus horseman, eques, equitis, m.
fort, castellum-T, n. hostage, obses, obsidis, m.
fortifications, moenia-ium, n. hour, hora-ae. f.
fortify, munie-i"re, munivI, mun1tus house, domus-us. f.
four, quattuor however, tame.n
France, Gallia-ae, f. hunger, fames-is. f.
free,lIber-era-erum
free, ITbero, I
freedom, IThertJis-atis, f,
friend, amIcus -1, m. I, ego
friendly, amrcus-a~um if. si
frighten, terreo-ere, terrul, territus immediately, statim
from, a, ab; e, ex; de in. in (prep. w. abL)
in order not to, ne
G in order to, ut
increase, augeo-ere, auxt, auctus
gain possession of, potior~irl, potitus (d. par. 35 a) infantry, pedites-um. m.
gate, porta-ae, f. influence, auctorita.s-~~iS, f. __ r ctus (certlOr agrees w. ob].)
Gaul, Gallia-ae, f. (the country); Gallus-t, m. (a Gaul) inform, certi6rem faclO:er~, f~C~. ~us (certior agrees w. sub],)
general, dux, ducis, m. imperator-oris, m. informed (be), certior !lo. !len, ac
German (a), Germanus-r, m. inhabitant, incola-ae, m.
get possession of, potior-TrI, potItus (d. par. 35 a) intrust, mando, I
gift, donum-i", n. island. fnsula-ae, f.
girl, puella-ae, r. Italy, Italia-ae, f. J
give, do, dare, dedI, datus
go, eo, ire, ii, itUrus javelin, pilum-i, n.

-46- -47-
journey, iter, i ti.ner-i.s, n, money, pecGnia-ue, f.
just. Iiiatusv a-um month, mensis -ts , m.
K
moon,Iima-ae , f. ). {ad of degree) amplius (longer, further)
more, plus (adv. of amount; ~agls a v, ,
keep (from), prohtbed-er-e, pr ohibuf, prohibitus (cf, par. 32 b) most, pl Sr-Ique , p'le r-aeque, pleraque
keep still, tacee -er-e , tacut, taciturn mother, mater, rnatr is , f.
kill, tnter-ncto-er e , interfed, interfectus; neco, 1 mountain, mons, mantis, rn .
kind, genue-er-Is , n. modus-f. m. move, moveo-ere , movi , mctua
king, rex, regis, m. multitude, multitudo-Inis . f.
know, scto-fre , ectvr, sc'itus; cogndvf (in perfect system means know, have my, meua-a-um
learned); not know, neecto-Ir e , neacfvf . _
N
L
name, n6rnen-inis, n,
Labienus, Labtenus -I, m ,
nation, nati6-5nis, f.
lack, tnopta-ae, f.
nature, natii r-a-ae, f.
lack, cared-er-e, caruf, car-itiir-us [cf , par. 32 b, Note) near, proplnquus-a-um (cf. par. 19); ad (prep. w. acc.)
lady, Iemma-ue , f. nearer, pr-opius (adv.)
land, ter-ra-ae , f. neighboring, ttnittmus -a-um
large, magnus-a-um never, numquam
law, lex, legis, f. new, novus -a -um
lead, duco-ere, dlixl, ductus next, proximus-a-um
lead back, reduco-e re , reduxr, reductus night, nox , noc ti s , f.
lead out, educo-ere, edfucI, eductus no nullus~a-um; nihil (cr. par. 9)
leader, dux, ducis, m . nobody, nem6 (ace. neminem} .
leadership, (cr. par. 56) not, non; ne; ut (after verbs of rear-ing)
learn, cogncsco-er-e , cognovt, cognitus not even, ne quidem
leave, rettnqcc-e re , r-eIiqul , relictus (w. acc.)
not yet, nondum
legion, Iegto-Snis , f.
nothing, nihil
less, minus
now, nunc . -d- .. f
lessen, minuc-er e , minur, miniitus number, numeruS-l,- m., (a great) number, multltu O-lnls, .
letter, litterae -arum, f.
liberty, IThertas -atis, f. o
lieutenant, legatus-t, m.
life, v1'ta-ae, f. obey, pareo-ere, parui, (c!. par. 22)
lift, tallo-ere, sustulI, sub latus obtain, obtineo-ere, obtinul, obtentus
light,levis-e
often, saepe
like, similis-e
older, maior natu, maioris natu
listen, audio-Ire, audlvI, audltus
on, in (prep. w. abl,)
little, parvus-a-um
one, \I.nus-a-um
little, by a little, paulo (adv.)
open, aperio-ire, aperu1, apertus
long, longus-a-um
longer, diutius (adv.) opportunity, occasio-onis, f. t ).m ero l(Cf,par.22, 72)
look at, aspicio-ere, aspexI, aspectus order, iube6-ere, iussT, iussus (Cf,par. 7).2~~:-~:u~ (other, another)
other alter-era-erum (the other of two, a
look for, quaer6-ere, quaesivI, quaesttus ought', debeo~ere,debuI, debitus
lose, amitto-ere, amlsI, amiss us our, noster-tra-trum
love, amor, amaris, m. outof,de (prep. w. abL)
love, ama, I
overtake, consequor -1, consecUtus
M p

made (be), ITo, fieri, factus pardon, ignbsco-ere, ignovl, ignotum (cf. par. 22)
make, facio-ere, feci, factus part, pars, parhs, f.
make an attack on, impetum facere in (w. ace.) pay, stipendium-l", n.
make war on, bellum Infero, lnferre, intuIt, i11atus (c!. par. 21 b) peace, pax, pacis, f. . _
man, vir, viri, m.
perish, pereo~ire, peril", pentur_us_ uasum (cf par. 22, 72)
many, multi-ae-a persuade, persuadeo-ere, persuas1, pers .
march, contendo-ere, contendi, contentum pitch camp, castl'a ponere _ )
Marcus, Marcus-i, m.
place, locus-i, rn. (pI. loca-orum, n._ Ii capere
Mary, Marla-ae, f. plan, consilium-T, n.; ado~t a pl~n, con;l urn 22)
master, dominus-I, m. please, placeo-ere. placUl, placltum (c. par.
matter, res, ref, f.
pleasing.' gratu~-a-~m I of ossessive adj. (mea, tua, sua. etc.>
meet, occurro-ere, occurrI, occursurus (cf. par. 21 b) possesSlOns, res, rerum, f. Neuter p. p
merchant, mercator-oris, m. powerful. patens, potentis
middle of, medius-a-um praise, laus, laudis, f.
midnight, media nox, mediae noctis, f. praise, l.audo, 1
mile, mille passiis; miles, milia passuum pray, oro, I
mine, meus-a-um prefer. malo, malle, ma.luI, _

-48- -49-
 prepare, para, 1 set fire to, tncendc-er e , incendI, incensus (w. acc .}
pretty, pulcher-chra-chrum. _ .. set out, proficlscor-I, profectus
prevent, pr-chibed-Er-e , pr-ohibuf, prohlblt~s (cr. p~r. 59.e) _ seven, septem
proceed, procedo-ere, pr-dcees'I, pracessurus; prbgr-edtor-d, progress us severely, graviter
promise, polticeor--er-I, pollicitus shield, sciitum-r. n,
province, provtnc Ie.-ae , f. ship, navis, navis, f.
purpose of (for the), causa (preceded by gen.) shore, Htua, Iitor-is, n.
put, pond-e r-e, POSU!,positus short, brevts -e
put aside, dep5no-ere, deposui, deposttus shout, clamor, clamoris, m.
put in command of, praefici5-ere, praerecf , praefectus (cf. par. 21 b) shout, cljimo, I
Q
sick, aeger-gra-grum
signal, stgnum-t, n.
queen, regTna-ae, f. silence, enenuum-t, n.
quickly, celeriter
since, cum 9 Nt)
skilled in per-Itua-n-um (cf. par. 1 0 e
R slaughter: caedes , caedis, f.
slave, ser-vus-T, m.
rampart, val.Iurn-E, n. small, parvus-a-um_ . __
reach, perveni5-Tre, pe rven'i , perventum ad (w. acc.) snatch, eripio-ere, e r ipur , ereptus
read, Iegc -er-e , 1egT, lectus so, ita; sTc; tam (cr. par. 69 Note)
ready, paratus-a-um so great, tantus-a-um
rear, novissimum agmen, novissimI agmtrus , n, so many. tot
reason, causa-ae , f. soldier, mtles , mnttts , m.
receive, r-ectptc -er-a, r-ecepr, receptus something, aliquid (cf. par. 9)
recover, recuper-S, I son, mius -I. m .
region, regtd-Sms, f. soon, max 22)
reinforcement, subaidtum-T, n, spare, parco-ere, peperci, par snr-us (cf. par.
remain, rnaned-er-e , mansI, mansurus spear, hasta-ae , f.
remember, meminI, meminisse (in perfect system only) speech, oratiB-onis, f.
repair, reficio-ere, refed, refectus speed, celer-itjia-jit ie , f.
reply, respondeo-ere, respond1, responsus spend the winter, hiemd, I
report, miotia, 1 start, proficIscor-I, profectus
repulse, repello-ere, reppul!, repulsus state, cIvitas-atis, f.
reSist, resisto-ere. restitI, (cf. par. 22) stay, maneo-ere, mansI, man_siiru~
rest of, reliquus-a-um steal, aufero, auferre, abstuh, ablatus
return, reddo-ere, reddidi, redditus (give back); redei:l-Ire, rediI, reditGrus stone, lapis, lapidis. m.
(go back) storm, tempestas-iitis, f.
reward, praemium-r, n. story, fibula-ae, f.
Rhone, Rhodanus -I, m. street, via-ae, f.
river, flumen-inis, n. struggle, contend6-ere, contendi, contentum
road. iter, itineris, n.; via-ae, f. sudden, subitus-a-um
Roman, Romanus-a_um; a Roman, Rama-nus-I, m. sUddenly, subito
Rome, Roma-ae. f. SUffer,laboro, 1
rout, fuga, 1 sUitable, idoneus -a-urn
route, iter, itineris, n. Summer, aestas, aestatis, f.
run, curro-ere, cucurrI, cursurus summon, voco, 1; convoco, I
sun, sol, solis, m. _
s sunset, solis occasus, solis occasus. m.
supplies, commeatus-us, m.
safe, tUtus-a-um supply. copia-ae, f.
safety, salUs-litis, f. surpass, supero. 1
sail, navigo, 1
surprised at (be), miror, 1 . trado-ere, tradidi, traditus
sailor, nauta-ae, ffi. surrender, dedo-ere, dedidI, dedltus;
sake of (for the), causa (preceded by gen.) survive, supersum-esse-fuI-futiirus
same., idem, eadem, idem suspect, suspicor, 1
save, servo, 1 swamp, palus, palUdis, f. __ .
say, dIco-ere, dTxT,dictus SWift.celer~eris-ere; velox, velOC1S (gen.)
say.. .. not, nego, 1 sword, gladius-I, m.
scout, explora.tor-oris, m. Syracuse, Syracusae-arum, f.
sea, mare, maris, n.
search for, quaero-ert:, quaesfvf, quaesltus T
see, video-ere, vidl, vIsus
seem, vide or take away, aufero, auferre, abstulI, ablatus
seize, occupo, 1; capio-ere, cepi, captus (of persons) talk, loquor-I, locutus
-self, ipse, ipsa, ipsum (d. par. 26, Note) tell, dIco~ere, dTx'i,dictus; narro, I
send, mitto-ere, mIsT, miss us ten, decem
send ahead, praemitto-ere, praemTsI, praemissus tenth, decimus -a-um
serve, servio-Ire, servlvI, servI"tum (cf. par. 22) terrify, terre6-ere, terrul, territus

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 territory, rtnea-Iurn , m . weep,flea-ere, nevi, fletus .
than, quam (cf . par. 40) what,qui, quae, quod (Inter-reg. aoj.): quid (interrog. pronoun)
that. i lIe , i l Ia , illud when,cum
that famous, i lle , i l Ia , i Hud (after its noun) where,ubi (in what place); quo (to what place)
their. s u us a urn (reflex. adj.}; eorum , ear-urn (non-reflex.
e e pronoun) whether. nurn
(cf. par. 25, 26) whether . or, utrum . . . . an
then, tum whether. , .. or not, utrum .... nec ne
thing, res, rei. f. which,qui, quae, quod (relative pronoun); qui, quae. quod (tnter-rog . adj.J:
think, exrsttmo, 1; ar-b.itr-or , 1; puto , uter-tra-trum (which of two)
this. hIc, haec. hoc; is. ea, id while,cum
thousand. mille (pl. milia, milium) who,qui, quae, quod (relative pronoun); quis (interrog. pronoun)
threaten, minor, I (cf . par. 22) whole,tfitus - a -um
three. t r-es , tria why,cur
through. per (prep. w. ac c.} wide,liitus -a-um
throw, tactc -er-e , ied, iactus wife, uxor-Srts , f.
time. tempus. temporis, n, win, superfi , 1
tired, deres susva-um wind,ventus-i, m.
today, hod ie wine,vinurn-T, n.
top of. summus-a-um winter, hiems, hiemis, f.
touch, tango-ere. tettgl , tac tus winter quarters, hlber-na-Br-um, n.
tower, turris-i.s, f. wish, cupto-ere, cuplvf cupItus; vold, ve Ile , voluI, ----
town, oppi durn-E, n. wish (not), noll'), nolle, nolui. _
train. exe r-cItd , 1 with, cum (prep. w. abt.)
treachery. perfidia-ae, f. without, sine (prep. w. abj .)
tree, arbor, arboris, f. withstand, eustmed-er-e , sustinuI, sustentue
tribe. gens, gentis, f. woman, rermna-ae, r.
troops. cdpia.e-ji rum , f. woods, anvae-arum, f.
trust, confido-ere. c6nfisus; credo-ere. cr-edid'i , c r editum (d. par. 22) work. opus-e rts , n.
try, cbnor , 1; tempto , I work. Iabcr-o, 1
Tullius. Tullius-I, rn , worthy, dignus -a-um (ct. par. 38 a)
twelve, duodecim wound,vulnus -eris, n,
twenty, vigintI wound,vulnero, 1
two. duo. duae, duo wreck, traogc-er-e , freg!, Ir-actua
wretched, miser-era-erum
u write, serTha-ere, scrIpsl, scriptus

under, sub (prep. w. abl.) y

understand. intellego-ere. intellihI, intellectus
undertake. suscipio-ere. suscepI, sllsceptus year, annus-I, m.
unfriendly. inimlcus-a-um (cf. par. 19) yet (not), nondum
unhappy, miser-era-erum you, tu; 'lOs
unless. nisi young. iuvenis-is
unlike, dissimilis-e young man, adulesd~ns-entis, m.
unskilled, imperitus-a-um (d. par. 19 Note) your, yours, tuus-a -urn; vester -tra -trum
unwilling (be). nolo, nolle, nClul, --ccc---
unworthy. indignus-a-um (d. par. 38 a) z
urge. hortor. 1
use, utor-I. usus (cr. par. 35 a) zeal, studium-i, n.
useful. utilis-e; usuI (cf. par. 18)
v
valley. valles-is, f.
Veii. Veil-arum. m.
village. vicus-i, m.
voice, vox, v6cis, f.

w
wage, gero-ere, gessl, gestus
wait, moror, 1
wall, murus-i, m. moenia-ium, n. (walls of a city)
wander. vagor, 1
want. cupio-ere, cupivI, cupitus; volo, velle. voluI. _
war, bellum-I, n.
warn, maneD-ere, monuI, monitus
water, aqua-ae. f.
we, nos
weapon, telum-I, n.
wear out, canficio-ere, ccmfecI, confectus

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