Aditya Trias Pradana

Delivery
Encapsulation
Systems
Eric Perrier
to surround an active ingredient with a molecule, a membrane or
a network made of a polymer, or of a specific organization of simple
molecules
Frost and Sullivan
in order to protect and deliver active cosmetic ingredients in
todays increasingly complex products
Kline and Company
initially developed to enhance active stabilization; however,
increased penetration of the active into the skin has become a very
important aspect of their use
Product Purpose
Arden (Cellulite hand Glitter capsules for visual effect
lotion)
Avon (Skin-so-Soft Mineral oil capsule
hand lotion
Biopredict Increased alcohol content in wine
Colgate palmolive Fragrance
(Soft soap body wash)
Dr. Scholls foot Sponge technology for delivery of
powder fungicide
Extract (Acne Sponge technology for benzoyl
treatment) peroxide
Gillette (Degree Heat activated, antipersiprant
underarm product release
Gillette razor Lubrication, dimethicone capsules
Triplex toothpaste Encapsulated calcium peroxide
Consumers
expectations

Performance
improvement by
microencapsulation

Formulators
expectations
Make actives bio-available; control where to release
Skin vs sweat gland, pH 5 vs pH7 environment

Penetrate barriers
Transdermal delivery

Improve adhesion, substantivity and deposition

Deposit onto fabric, skin or hair, and make the active stick
onto the substrate
Deliver a therapeutic dose
Minimize skin irritation, avoid side effects
Provide an even distribution on skin, hair, fabric

Control the release kinetics, eliminate release when undesired

Reduce health hazards

Reduce skin contact and the risk of inhalation when it is hazardous (ex
sunscreens, enzymes in detergents)
Build in release triggers
Temperature, pH, ionic strength, diffusion, moisture and enzymatic
degradation
Separate incompatible components
Catalysts, pigments, antioxidants, bleach, and bleach
activators
Stabilize formulations
Designing a barrier around ingredients sensitive to
surfactants, UV light, heat, acidity or alkalinity, enzymes,
radicals and oxidizing agents
Mask odor and taste

Concentrate payload
Enhance visual appearance

Give consumer a viable cue of

the presence of beneficial actives
 Encapsulation
processes
Polymeric
materials

Capture and
release
mechanisms

Microencapsulation
Based on the combination of a payload
of active and encapsulating polymer,
brought together mechanically
Spray drying
Spray coating
Extrusion techniques
Spray drying of the active payload when blended
with natural gums

The gums may include: gelatin, acacia,

maltodextrin, agar, chitosan and food approved
synthetic polymers

Such active/polymer blends are typically sprayed

in atomization towers to remove required
solvent and produce actives dispersed in a
polymer matrix
 Spray coating technology operates on a
principle similar to spray drying

The payload is insoluble

The gum forms a coating on the surface

of the encapsulated payload particle
The payload of actives and the
encapsulating polymers are extruded
through a system of concentric tubes
and payload occupies to central tube

Extrusion techniques result in a

capsule architecture in which
the polymer membrane
surrounds a payload of the
active
 Based on payload of active and
encapsulating polymer brought together
in an aqueous environment
The sponge technology
Liposomes
Nanoparticle technologies
Nonaqueous nanoemulsions
Molecular encapsulation (cyclodextrin)
Based on sequestration of dispersed, or solubilized actives

Employs a polymeric, super-absorbing sponge that is made of

cross-linked polymethacrylate

Uptake is dependent upon polarity of the payload and its

chemical similarity to the polymer employed

Sponge technology has ability to provide a controlled-release

mechanism
This mechanism results from a combination of diffusion and shearing
conditions being applied during product application
Based on the principle of sequestration of actives from
aqueous dispersions and their incorporation into
multilamellar, vesicle-type structures
Such as fatty acids and phospholipids

They are capable of penetrating through the stratum

corneum associated with the lipophilic character of the
liposomal bilayer and its similarity to skin lipids
The stability of liposomes in formulation is frequently less than
desired
 Transfersomes consist of phospholipids and an edge activator which
is generally a single chain surfactant with a high radius of curvature.
Edge activators are responsible forweakening the vesicles' lipid
bilayers increasing their flexibility and deformability allowing them
to be squeezed through pores of the stratum corneum.
Sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, Span 60, Span 65, Span 80,
Tween 20,Tween 60, Tween 80 or dipotassium glycyrrhizinate are
commonly used as edge activators
Contains chemical processes

The encapsulating polymer is formed

in-situ on the surface of payload
droplet in an aqueous environment
Dispersing or emulsifying the payload active in a
gelatin solution (2-10% gelatin) containing a polyanion
such as gum arabic

pH adjusted to about 4, and the solution cooled to

about 10oC

The positively charged gelatin and the negatively

charged polyanion react to form complex
coacervate membrane on the surface

This membrane is strengthened by crosslinking it

with an aldehyde
 The structure and components of the
capsule wall determine the release
mechanism of the encapsulated active
compound, by:

Mechanical Controlled
rupture release
Solubility of shell
It will readily material
dissolve when suspended in warm
aqueous medium
Melting of theupon
Depending shell the
material
melting point of the coating
material

Internal rupture
Involves of the shell
volatilization material
of the internal phase
Biological
Involves degradation of theofshell
the consumption the material
capsule wall by
microbial action

Mechanical rupture of capsules can be

accomplished by either applying direct pressure
or abrasion during the application
 In these applications, the internal phase is allowed to
migrate through the capsule shell at a diffusion rate
determined by several factors: Solubility of
Particle size
internal phase
of the
in the
microcapsule
environment

Molecular Type of
weight of polymer shell
polymer shell employed
employed

Temperature Weight ratio

of of wall to
environment internal phase