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CHAPTER 1
Bold, sentence
case, left 1.1 Background of study and problem statement
justified, 1 Passion fruit has high nutritive value but not so prominent in Malaysia
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from the top compared to other tropical fruits. It might due to the variety of fruit which
easily can be found in Malaysia. The most popular fruit include durian,
Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. Passion fruits are famous in Brazil and widely
enjoyed where the fruit is commonly processed into juice and other products.
It may be eaten fresh but mostly the pulp is extracted and preserved by
heating or cooling. Passion fruit has a sharp taste and makes it regularly used
Sentence case,
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with additional types of fruits in recipes to enlighten its tangy or pungent
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12, paragraph taste. One of the benefits contained in passion fruit is rich in carbohydrate
should be one-
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Bold, sentence
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justified, 1 1.2 Significance of study
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from the top In order to reduce environmental problems due to the industrial waste
which to be exact juice industry, new type of flour are introduced from the
waste. Most of the researchers are focused on the nutrient content in pulp
flour and also the antioxidant that may contained in the passion fruit peel
flour.
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1.3 Objectives of study
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from the top The objectives of this study are:
activities in passion fruit peel flour from ripe and unripe passion fruit
peel.
2. To determine the phytic acid, oxalic acid, tannin and saponin content
in passion fruit peel flour from ripe and unripe passion fruit peel.
3. To observe the microstructure properties of passion fruit peel flour.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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Bold, sentence 2.1 Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)
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Passion fruit which has a scientific name is Passiflora edulis are fruit
France and also Belgium. Other countries undertaking to grow the yellow
passion fruit are Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines and Taiwan (Knight and
Sauls,1994).
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justified, 2 2.1.1 Types of passion fruit
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from the top About 530 species have been identified in the Passifloraceae family
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Passiflora group is the most important with 450 to 500 species and
Passiflora edulis are the most widely grown (Mcgure, 1999). Reported by
Lpez-Vargas et al., (2013), there are several types of this fruit includes
gulupa (Passiflora edulis sims. fo edulis) and also yellow passion fruit
consumed are yellow passion fruit and purple passion fruit. The purple
passion fruit is preferentially consumed fresh and the yellow fruit is used as
raw material for juice processing (Mercandate et al., 1998). Purple passion
fruit are typically consumed fresh due to its sweeter taste and yellow passion
sweetened juice production due to its slight acidic taste (Yapo and Koffi,
2006).
quercetin and edulilic acid. Each of the part of passion fruit contained its
nutritional values which have its own benefits. It includes the peel, pulp, seed
and leaves.
Many fruits are processed to make dried products, juices and soft drinks
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classified as waste has been not used and caused environmental problem. In
yellow passion fruit rinds, pulps and seeds as agricultural by-products (Yapo
and Koffi, 2006). The waste from juice industry contains high amounts of
nutrients and can be used for the development of new functional products
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CHAPTER 3
Bold, sentence
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The unripe passion fruit was supplied peel were supplied from juice
Selangor.
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justified, 2 3.1.2 Chemicals
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from the top Methanol, Follin-Ciocalteu reagent, 7% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), gallic
reagent, methanolic solution and DPPH solution was used in this project.
3.1.3 Apparatus
Analytical balance, hot plate, centrifuge, cabinet drier, hammer mill, water
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3.2 Methods
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3.2.1 Production of passion fruit peel flour
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Passion fruit peel was selected ripe and unripe. The outer coloured skins of
passion fruit peel were not removed where it includes the inner layer which
known as mesocarp or albedo and outer layer known as exocarp. The peels
were sliced and washed under running water. After that, the sliced peel were
preservative. The dried peel then were introduced to the hammer mill in order
to reduce the size to less than 42 mm, sieves through less than 1.212 mm
sieve shaker and the passion fruit peel powder were stored in air tight
passion fruit peel flour is shown in the flow chart in Figure 3.1.
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Figure 3.1 Flow chart of passion fruit peel flour production
for 10 minutes and the supernatant was filtered with filter paper. The
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CHAPTER 4
Bold, sentence
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justified, 2 4.1.1 Colour measurement
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from the top The results for colour measurement of the flour samples obtained are presented
green ()/red (+) chromaticity and the coordinate b* to blue ()/yellow (+)
Passion fruit peel flour shows the lowest in lightness (L*) with 76.380.15,
with 19.170.07 compared to other types of flours. This is due to the darker
colour of passion fruit peel flour as it does not go through any bleaching process
which most of commercial flour does. Wheat flour, rice flour and corn flour has
nearly same value of lightness (L*) with 92.740.14, 95.130.09 and 97.000.13
respectively. The values are higher than passion fruit peel flour which the nearer
value to 100 shows that the flour has higher in whiteness in colour. Flour colour
often affects the colour of the finished product and is therefore the specification
is required by end-users. Bright white colour flour is more desirable for many
products
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Table 4.1 Colour values of flour samples obtain by using chromameter.
The passion fruit peel flour also in yellowish colour give it high value in a* and b* when
analysed with chromameter compared to other flours shows that the flour are more
towards reddish colour with value of 5.080.05 and yellowish colour with value of
19.170.07. Wheat flour has slightly red colour with value 7.970.07 compared to rice
flour and corn flour that have green colour value of -0.060.03 and -0.930.02
respectively. Meanwhile, wheat flour, rice flour and corn flour have less value towards
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CHAPTER 5
This passion fruit peel flour produced in this study is not only a new type of flour
produced from waste product, it also gives variety to the existence flour. Based on
the finding of this study, the production of passion fruit peel flour is believed can be
beneficial to human, reused in further research and reduce waste product. The result
information related to the flour content has been analyzed based on proximate tests,
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In comparison to the commercial flour, passion fruit peel flour in this study has
higher in ash content and fibre content. High ash content is related to good source of
minerals. These fibre-rich passion fruit peel flour have potential applications as
preservation, such as baked foods or cooked meat products, due to their high total
dietary fibre content and good technological properties, especially their water
holding and swelling capacities (Vargas et al., 2013). The passion fruit peel flour also
has moisture content less than 14% which is as good as other commercial flour to be
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CITED REFERENCES
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APPENDICES
Colour of flour samples. Up right is wheat flour, up left is corn flour, bottom left is
passion fruit peel flour and bottom right is rice flour Passion fruit.
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