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Sea f(x) =ln(x) aproxime la derivada en el intervalo [1, 1.1] usando un paso
de 0.01 y compare cada resultado con el valor de la derivada exacta en ese
punto.
Tabla de valores
j xj F(x)=ln(xj)
0 1 0
1 1.01 0.009950331
2 1.02 0.019802627
3 1.03 0.029558802
4 1.04 0.039220713
5 1.05 0.048790164
6 1.06 0.058268908
7 1.07 0.067658648
8 1.08 0.075961041
9 1.09 0.086177696
10 1.1 0.09531018
(x0 + h) (x0 ) h
(x0 ) = ()
h 2
Formula centrada
1 h2
(x0 ) = [f(x0 + h) f(x0 h)] ()
2h 6
1
(1) = [3(0) + 4(0.009950331) 0.019802627] 0.099993485
2(0.01)
1
(1) = [3(0.09531018) + 4(0.0866177696) 0.075961041] 0.90903985
2(0.01)
Para la centrada
1
(1.05) = [0.058268908 0.039220713] 0.95240975
2(0.01)
Para comparar los valores se tiene en cuenta que la derivada exacta eta dada por
1
f (x) = por lo cual se compara los valores exactos y aproximados.
x
Ejercicio 2
A. ( )
n = 4(numero de intervalos)
Entonces
21
h= = 0.25
4
x0 = 1
x1 = x0 + h = 1.25
x2 = x1 + h = 1.5
x3 = x2 + h = 1.75
x4 = x3 + h = 2
b
h
f(x)dx {f(a) + 2(f(a + h)) + 2(f(a + 2h)) + + f(b)}
a 2
2
0.25 3
3x (ex ) 3 3 3 3
{(1 (e1 )) + (2(1.25 (e1.25 )) + (2(1.5 (e1.5 )) + (2(1.75 (e1.75 )) + 2 (e2 }
1 2
2
3
x (ex ) 0.125[(2.71) + 2(3.75) + 2(6.93) + 9.30]
1
23
1 x ex 5.45
B. + /
b
h
f(x) {f(x0 ) + 2(f(x1 )) + 2(f(x2 )) + + 2(f(xn1 )) + f(xn )}
a 2
20
h= = 0.5
4
x0 = 0
x1 = x0 + h = 0.5
x2 = x1 + h = 1
x3 = x2 + h = 1.5
x4 = x3 + h = 2
2
x3 x3
dx f(x) =
0 1 + x1/2 1 + x1/2
Evaluamos las funciones
x3 03
x0 = 0, f(0) = = =0
1 + x1/2 1 + 01/2
x3 0.53
x1 = 1, f(0.5) = = = 0.0732
1 + x1/2 1 + 0.51/2
x3 13 1
x2 = 2, f(1) = 1/2
= 1/2
=
1+x 1+1 2
x3 1.53
x3 = 3, f(1.5) = = = 1.517
1 + x1/2 1 + 1.51/2
x3 23
x4 = 4, f(2) = = = 3.3137
1 + x1/2 1 + 21/2
2
x3 0.5 1
1/2
dx {0 + 2(0.0732) + 2 ( ) + 2(1.517) + 3.3137}
1 1+x 2 2
2
x3
1/2
dx 1.8735
1 1+x
3. SOLUCIONES LOS SIGUIENTES EJERCICIOS UTILIZANDO LA REGLA DE SIMPSON
1/3 Y 3/8. (N= 4)
3 ex 4
1 x
dx 2 ex ln(x) dx
Ejercicio 1
3 ex
1 x
dx
Donde:
ba
h=
n
n = 4( numero de intervalos)
Entonces
31
h= = 0.5
4
x0 = 1
x1 = 1.5
x2 = 2
x3 = 2.5
x4 = 3
3 x
e 0.5
dx {f(1) + 4f(1.5) + f(2.5) + 2f(2) + f(3)}
1 x 3
3 x
e 0.5 e1 e1.5 e2.5 e2 e 3
dx +4 + +2 +
1 x 3 1 1.5 2.5 2 3
3 x
e
dx 8.0409
1 x
Ejercicio 1
3 ex
1 x
dx
31
h= = 0.5
4
x0 = 1
x1 = 1.5
x2 = 2
x3 = 2.5
x3 = 3
3 x
e 3(0.5) 0.5
dx (f(1) + 3 ((f(1.5) + f(2)) + f(2.5)) + f(2.5) + f(3))
1 x 8 2
3 x
e 1.5 e1 e1.5 e2 e2.5 0.5 e2.5 e3
dx ( ) + 3 (( )+( )+( )) + (( ) ( ))
1 x 8 1 1.5 2 2.5 2 2.5 3
3 x
e
dx 8.07421
1 x
Ejercicio 2
4
2 ex ln(x) dx
4
0.5
ex ln(x) dx {f(2) + 4f(2.5) + f(3.5) + 2f(3) + f(4)}
2 3
4
0.5 2
ex ln(x) dx (e ln(2) + 4((e2.5 ln(2.5)) + e3.5 ln(3.5)) + 2(e3 ln(3) + e4 ln(4))
2 3
4
ex ln(x) dx 56.95495
2
Regla de Simpson 3/8
Intervalos
42
h= = 0.5
4
x0 = 2
x1 = 2.5
x2 = 3
x3 = 3.5
x3 = 4
4
3(0.5) 0.5
ex ln(x) dx f(2) + 3(f(2.5) + f(3)) + f(3.5) + f(3.5) + f(4)
2 8 2
4
1.5
ex ln(x) dx (e2 ln(2)) + 3((e2.5 ln(2.5) + e3 ln(3))
2 8
0.5
+ (e3.5 ln(3.5)) + ((e3.5 ln(3.5) + e4 ln(4))
2
4
ex ln(x) dx 56.7239
2
Aporte 2: Solucionar.
2 3
Ejercicio 1 1 ex dx
Segmentos
1 1
1, ,
2 4
Integracin del primer segmento
n=1
h
[f(a) + f(b)]
2
h=1
1 13 3
I1 = [e + e2 ]
2
I1 = 1491.83
1
h=
2
1 3 3 3 3
( )
I2 = [e1 + 2[e 2 ] + e2 ]
4
1
I2 = [e1 + 2[e3.375 ] + e8 ]
4
I2 = 760.5312
1
h=
4
1 3 3 3 3 3
I3 = [e1 + 2[e(1.25) + e(1.5) + e(1.75) ] + e2 ]
8
1 3 3
I3 = [e1 + 2[e1.953125 + e3.375 + e5.359375 ] + e2 ]
8
I3 = 434.836
M=integral ms exacta
L=integral menos exacta
Nivel 1 Nivel 2 Nivel 3
4 1
Im Il
1491.83 3 3 16 1
Im Il
760.5312 15 15
434.836 4 1
Im Il
3 3
1491.83
760.5312 4 1
(760.5312) (1491.83) 16
3 3
=516.7649 (326.2709)
15
760.5312 1
4 1 (516.7649)
434.836 15
(434.836) (760.5312)
3 3
=326.2709
=313.5713
2 3
1 ex dx 313.5713
3
Ejercicio 2 2 ex ln(x) dx
Segmentos
1 1
1, ,
2 4
Integracin del primer segmento
n=1
h
[f(a) + f(b)]
2
h=1
1 2
I1 = [e ln(2) + [e3 ln(3) ]]
2
1
I1 = [5.1217 + 22.0662 ]
2
I1 = 13.59
1
h=
2
1
I2 = [e2 ln(2) + 2[e2.5 ln(2.5)] + e3 ln(3)]
4
I2 = 12.3783
1
h=
4
1
I3 = [e2 ln(2) + 2[e2.25 ln(2.25) + e2.5 ln(2.5) + e2.75 ln(2.75)] + e3 ln(3)]
8
I3 = 12.0687
M=integral ms exacta
L=integral menos exacta
Nivel 1 Nivel 2 Nivel 3
4 1
Im Il 16 1
I1 = 13.59 3 3
Im Il
I2 = 12.3783 15 15
I3 = 12.0687 4 1
Im Il
3 3
I1 = 13.59
I2 = 12.3783 4 1
(12.3783) (13.59) 16 1
3 3
=11.9744 (11.96655) (11.9744)
15 15
I2 = 12.3783 4 1 =11.9660
(12.0687) (12.3783)
I3 = 12.0687 3 3
=11.96655
3
ex ln(x) dx = 11.9660
2
5. SOLUCIONE LOS SIGUIENTES EJERCICIOS DE INTEGRALES MLTIPLES
COMPRUEBE QUE:
Formulas
b d d b
f(x, y)dydx f(x, y)dxdy
a c c a
Ejercicio 1
1 2x
(x 2 + y 3 )dy. dx 1.000122
0 x
1 2x
y4 2
{ x y + ] } dx
0 4 x
1
(2x)42 2
x4 1
3
x4 3
x4
{(x 2x + ) (x x + } dx = {(2x + ) x } dx
0 4 4 0 4 4
1 1
x4 3
x4 x5
{x + } dx = + ]
0 4 4 20 0
14 15 04 05
( + ) ( + ) = 1.000122
4 20 4 20
Ejercicio 2
0.5 x2 y
ex dy. dx 0.0333054
0.1 x3
Se intrega la funcin en dy
0.5 x2 y 0.5 y 2
ex dy. dx = {xex }xx3 dx
0.1 x3 0.1
Reemplazando en y
0.5 y 0.5 x2 x3
2
{xex }xx3 dx = {xe x xe x } dx
0.1 0.1
0.5 0.5
2 2
{xex xex }dx = {x(ex ex )} dx
0.1 0.1
0.5 2
x2
ex
xe dx =
0.1 2
2 0.5 2 0.5
x
ex x
ex
{xe e } = {ex (x 1) }
2 0.1 2 0.1
2 2
0.5 (0.5
e0.5 e0.1
{(e 1) ) (e0.1 (0.1 1) )} = 0.0333055
2 2
x2 y
0.5
ex dy. dx 0.0333054
0.1 x3
6. DEMOSTRAR QUE EL VALOR APROXIMADO EN X = 0,2 DE LA SOLUCIN DEL
PROBLEMA DE VALOR INICIAL
y = x + y , y(0) = 0 USANDO EL MTODO DE EULER CON H = 0.05 Y ZO = 0 , ES
,
0,01550625
Formula
yi+1 = yi + (f(xi yi )h
dy
=x+y y(0) = 0 x = 0.2 h = 0.05 z0 = 0 0.01550625
dx
x1 = x0 + h = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05
y1 = y0 + f(x0 , y0 )h = 0 + f(0,0)05
dy
= x + y donde f(x0 , y0 ) = 0 + 0 = 0
dx
y1 = y0 + f(x0 , y0 )h = 0 + (0 0.05 = 0
x2 = x1 + h = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1
y2 = y1 + f(x1 , y1 )h = 0 + f(0.05,0)0.05 = 0
dy
= x + y donde f(x1 , y1 ) = 0.05 + 0 = 0.05
dx
y2 = y1 + f(x1 , y1 )h = 0 + (0.05 0.05) = 0.0025
x3 = x2 + h = 0.1 + 0.05 = 0.15
y3 = y2 + f(x2 , y2 )h = 0.0025 + f(0.1,0.0025)0.05
dy
= x + y donde f(x2 , y2 ) = 0.1 + 0.0025 = 0.1025
dx
y3 = y2 + f(x2 , y2 )h = 0.0025 + (0.1025 0.05 = 0.007625
x4 = x3 + h = 0.15 + 0.05 = 0.2
y4 = y3 + f(x3 , y3 )h = 0.007625 + f(0.15, 0.007625)0.05
dy
= x + y donde f(x2 , y2 ) = 0.15 + 0.007625 = 0.157625
dx
y4 = y3 + f(x3 , y3 )h = 0.007625 + (0.157625 0.05) = 0.01550625
x = 0.2 y = 0.01550625
Aporte 3: Solucionar.
Formula
(0 )2 (0 )3 (0 )
(0 + ) = (0 + (0 ) + + + +
2! 3! !
= ()
= cos() = ( ) = ((cos())
Se reemplaza y en la funcin
= ( ) = (()
= cos(0 1) = 1
= (1)((0) cos(0 1)) = 0
(0 )2
(0 + ) = (0 + (0 )
+
2!
(0)(0.5)2
(0 + 0.5) = (0) + (0)0.5 +
2!
(0)(0)(0.5)2
(0.5) = 1 + (1 + 0.5) +
2
(0.5) = 1.5
8. Plantee y solucione paso a paso un ejercicio por el Mtodo de Runge-Kutta de
cuarto orden
1 = (0 , 0 )
2 = (0 + , 0 + 1 )
2 2
3 = (0 + , 0 + 2 )
2 2
4 = (0 + , 0 + 3 )
Formula general
(1 + 22 + 23 + 4 )
(0 + ) = 0 +
6
Ejercicio planteado
Aplicar el mtodo de RK4 con h=0.1 para determinar la aproximacin al valor inicial
en x=0.5 para los siguientes datos.
= ( + 1)2 (0) = 2
Solucin
1 = (0 , 0 ) = (0 + 2 1)2 = 1
0.1 0.1
2 = (0 + , 0 + 1 ) = (0 + , 2+ (1)) = 2 (0.05 ,2.05)
2 2 2 2
2 (0.05 + 2.05 1)2 = 1.21
0.1 0.1
3 = (0 + , 0 + 2 ) = (0 + , 2+ (1.21)) = 2 (0.05 ,2.0605)
2 2 2 2
3 (0.05 + 2.0605 1)2 = 1.23321025
4 = (0 + , 0 + 3 ) = (0 + 0.1, (2 + (0.1))(1.23321025)) = 4 (0.1,2.12321025)
4 (0.1 + 2.123321025 1)2 = 1.49651
Reemplazamos
(1 + 22 + 23 + 4 )
(0 + ) = 0 +
6
1 (0.1) = 2.1230
REFERENCIAS
Garca, I., & Maza, S. (2009). Mtodos numricos: problemas resueltos y prcticas:
Problemas resueltos y prcticas. Lrida, ES: Edicions de la Universitat de
Lleida.Recuperado
dehttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2077/lib/unadsp/reader.action?docID=
10679293&p00=diferencias+divididas+newton&ppg=5
Alfa Teorema (2012) Ejemplo del mtodo Euler. Ecuaciones Diferenciales Ordinarias.
Tomado el 20 de noviembre de 2017 de
https://www.youtube.com/user/alfateorema