Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Therapeutics
Prescribing
BNF - dosage, frequency, route, forms, interactions / cautions / side effects
- dose varies with age, renal / liver disease, pregnancy, terminal care
Analgesics
Dental - Aspirin 600-900mg 4-hourly antipyretic X (<12, bleeding, GI, asthma, liver)
- Ibuprofen 400-600mg TDS antipyretic X (GI, asthma, liver disease)
- Paracetamol 1g QDS no anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, effective with codeine
- Carbamazepine
Hospital - Diclofenac Sodium 50mg TDS - Naproxen
- Opioids CNS depressant (addiction, respiratory, pupillary, urinary, nausea, GI)
- Codeine Phosphate 30-60mg every 4-hourly, moderate, short-term
- Morphine 10mg every 4-hourly / 30mg BD, requires laxative
- Buprenorphine sub-lingual 200-400ug TDS
- Diamorphine (heroin) 1-2mg IV
- Tramadol 50-100mg 4-hourly
- Gabapentin 300mg 3.6g / day, used in epilepsy and neuropathic pain
- Pregabalin 150-600mg / day, used in epilepsy, neuropathic pain and GAD
- PCA - computer system delivering micro-doses
Anti-Inflammatory (Steroids)
Topical - Hydrocortisone Mucoadhesive Buccal tablets
- Benzydamine
- Betamethasone Phosphate tablets
- Hydrocortisone 1% and Oxytetracycline 3%
- Hydrocortisone 1% and Miconazole 2%
Chlordiazepoxide
Lorazepam
Clomethiazole
Antibiotics
Amoxicillin 250-500mg TDS 5 days
Metronidazole 200-400mg TDS 5 days (effective with anaerobic bacteria, no alcohol)
Erythromycin 250-500mg QDS
Clindamycin
Tetracycline
Antivirals (herpes)
Acyclovir 200mg 5x / day
Penciclovir
Idoxuridine
Antifungals (candidiasis)
Nystatin
Miconazole (angular cheilitis)
Fluconazole 50mg OD
Antihistamines (allergy)
Chlorphenamine 4mg QDS
Promethazine 10-20mg BD / TDS
Alimemazine 10mg BD / TDS
Decongestants (sinusitis)
Ephedrine nasal drops
Xylometazoline and oxymetazoline nasal drops
Miscellaneous
Carbamazepine (antiepileptic) 100-200mg BD/TDS/QDS
Vitamins B, C, Folate, Iron
Artificial Saliva
Topical Anaesthetics 5% lidocaine (before LA) / EMLA & tetracaine (for oral lesions)
Fluorides
Retinoids
Alarm Bells
Liver Failure
Renal Disease
Pregnancy
Breast-Feeding
Materials
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Amalgam / Metals Lichenoid Reactions / Burning Sensation / Swelling
Acrylic Resin / Latex / Nickel / Acrylates (HEMA/resin) Allergic Contact Dermatitis (Type IV)
ETCH PATTERNS
Type 1 (rod centre removed [honeycomb]) | Type 2 (rod sheath removed [cobblestone]) | Type 3
(mixture)
Adv chemical bond, fluoride release, no significant overall shrinkage, little moisture control,
white filling
Dis - wear resistant, aesthetics (not tooth coloured), Early Water Contamination solubility /
hardness
Biocompatability minimal pulp irritation rapid recovery
AMALGAM
Trituration (Mercury + Silver, Tin, Copper) undertriturated (crumbles, hard) / overtriturated
(soupy, soft)
Condensation compact to achieve continuous matrix phase, prevent voids
Setting finishes when all the mercury has reacted and formed gamma-1
Adv high strength, rigid, little moisture control, cheap, easy to handle
Dis aesthetics, not minimally invasive, mercury, corrosion/creep failure, thermoelectric
conductivity
Biocompatability corrosion, thermal conduction to pulp, lichenoid reactions
THERMAL DEFINITIONS
Thermal Conductivity, K = [(heat X distance) / (area X temp. gradient)] = constant of a material
Thermal Diffusivity, H = [Thermal Conductivity/(Specific Heat X Density)] = rate of temperature
disturbance
Co-efficient of Thermal Expansion, CTE = increase in length per degree rise in temperature
Glass Transition Temperature, Tg = glassy brittle rubbery (for denture base / restorative
materials)
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS (KC)
Energy required for a crack to form (ability to resist crack propagation) (metals>composite>GIC)
Kc = Ya (k = Stress Intensity Factor, Y material / crack shape, = stress, a = crack length)
[MNm-1.5]
HARDNESS resistance to indentation (wear), tests (Knoop, Vickers)
FATIGUE LIMIT stress value where failure occurs, after a specific number of loading cycles
ENDURANCE LIMIT the stress below which failure never occurs, for infinite loading cycles
RCT MATERIALS (long term seal, bactericidal, compatible with bone/tooth, good
mechanically)
Filler - GP (polymeric) - rubber, semi-plastic, pre-formed isomer (ZnO, GP, radio-opacifiers)
- Adv: shape adapts to canal, removable Dis: not rigid (difficult
to place)
- Amalgam (metallic) - Adv: cheap, plastic on insertion, radiopaque Dis: difficult to
condense, leaks
- Titanium (metallic) - Adv: new, bone integration, rigid Dis: expensive
Sealant - ZOE (used with GP, neutral pH, bactericide, biocompatible, inhibits/discolours composite
resin)
HYDROCOLLOIDS Sol Gel state (fibrils = tear resistance), Imbibtion (uptake), Syneresis
(evaporate)
PMMA (powder beads + initiator) [2.5] + MMA (liquid + activator + cross-linking agent) [1]
Adv:
- High molecular weight
- Light weight
- Good aesthetics
METALS
Cast by the Lost Wax Technique (wax-up, add sprue, investment [ceramic], burnout wax, cast up metal)
Use: crowns/bridges/denture framework (more brittle due to small grains and many grain
boundaries)
Wrought by Cold Working (squeezing/drawing/bending to deform grain structure, allow the lattice to
slip)
Use: clasps/files/wire (good strength/elastic recoil, annealing [hammer/anvil increases
ductility/softness])