CONTENT

EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................................... 2
PEOPLE ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
SOCIAL & GLOBAL PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................... 12
ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS ............................................................................................................. 17
CLIMATE CHANGE ............................................................................................................................. 19
ENERGY & RESOURCES .................................................................................................................... 21
PUBLIC TRANSPORT .......................................................................................................................... 22
CULTURE .............................................................................................................................................. 24
GLOBALIZATION ................................................................................................................................ 25
IMMIGRATION ..................................................................................................................................... 27
CRIME ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
EMPLOYMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 37
 EDUCATION
- Ongoing assessment: evaluation of a students progress based on his/her performance
throughout the whole course not based on one single test or exam
I would have been more relaxed at secondary school if wed had ongoing assessment instead of
those horrible end-of-unit tests.

- to be poor at sth: not good at sth

I was so poor at Mathematics at school, I always had to take extra lessons with a private tutor.

- Certificate (n): a document that shows an educational program has been completed
I have a hairdressing certificate on the wall in my salon to make my customers more relaxed.

- Diploma (n): the document received at the end of secondary school or graduate/professional
school or an academic award
The best students, including me, were awarded honorary diplomas.

- Degree (n): a rank given to s.o after completing his/her university or college studies
I hold a bachelors degree (BA) in Philosophy. Im studying for my masters (MA) degree now.

- Correspondence course: distance learning

When applying for a job, they dont usually take correspondence courses into consideration

- Grant (for poor students) = scholarship (base on academic merit): hc bng

Ive applied for the grant. All I can do now is cross my fingers and wait for the results.

- Tuition (n) s ging dy = instruction, education, teaching

- With flying colours = with great success

Im sure youll pass the exam with flying colours. Youve studied a lot.

- To resit an exam: to sit an exam again: thi li

If you want to get a better IELTS score, you can resit the test anytime.

- To take an exam: tham gia k thi

Tn mn hc
- Mathematics (maths): ton
- Literature: vn
- Foreign language: ngoi ng
- Physics: vt l
- Chemistry: ha
- Biology: sinh
- History: s
- Civic Education: gio dch cng dn
- Geography: a l
- Information Technology: cng ngh thng tin
- Fine Art: m thut
- Engineering: k thut
- Informatics: tin hc
- Techonology: cng ngh
- Politics: chnh tr
- Psychology: tm l hc
- Music: m nhc
- Craft: th cng
- Astronomy: thin vn hc
- Economics: kinh t hc
- Social science: khoa hc x hi
- Physical education: gio dc th cht
- Religious education: gio dc tn gio
- Philosophy: trit hc
- Assembly: cho c
- Class meeting: sinh hot lp

- Undergraduate (n) sinh vin cha tt nghip

- Head-teacher (n) gio vin ch nhim

A head-teacher is expected to deal with both teaching and students private problems

- Professor (n) gio s

- President (n) hiu trng

- Examinee (n) th sinh examiner (n) gim kho

- Supervisor (n) gio vin hng dn, gim th

- Assignment (n) bi tp, bi bo co

At the end of this semester, we have to hand in a research paper assignment instead of taking a
final exam.

- Seminar (n) hi tho chuyn

For this subject, we will have 3 seminars to discuss some controversial issues and everyone is
expected to talk.

- Lecturer (n) ging vin lecture (n) bi ging, din thuyt, thuyt trnh
Give/attend a lecture

- Lecture: the students make notes and listen to lecturer. There may be a question and answer
session at the end
- Seminar: often led by a student on a particular topic. Normally, the idea is everyone gets the
chance to talk, often follows a lecture
- Tutorial: sometimes teaching one-to-one with a tutor and sometimes the same as s seminar

- Nursery school kindergarten: trng mm non

- Primary/ elementary/ grade school: cp 1
- Secondary school/ junior high school: cp 2
- High school: cp 3
- Vocational college: trng o to ngh
- Polytechnic (n) / polytechnic institute: a technical school offering instruction in many industrial
arts and applied sciences
Traditionally, polytecnics focused on practical vocational training and universities focused on
theoretical academic qualifications, but there is now a significant overlap between the two
tertiary options.

- Grade (n) lp
When I was in grade 10, my family moved to a new city
- Semester (n) hc k
- Course (n) kha hc

- Revise (v) n tp, kim tra li

It took me half a month to revise everything for the final draft of my thesis

- Play truant (v) trn hc Truant (n) hc sinh trn hc

Playing truant is unfortunately becoming more and more common nowadays

- Drop out (v) b hc gia chng

- Prestigious (adj) uy tn = esteemed, honored

- Literate (adj) illiterate (adj): bit ch/ m ch

Many poor people in the countryside are not literate

- Literacy (n) the ability to read and write

- Numeracy (n) refers to basic skills in maths

- be an arduous process: be a tiring process that requires a great deal of effort

- be rewarding (adj) xng ng
Attending a university with a top-tier reputation is an arduous but rewarding process.

- Aspiration (n) kht vng

- Pursuit (n) mu cu
The educational aspirations/pursuits of rural youth tend to be different from those of students
living elsewhere.

- Use lateral thinking: use a creative approach to solve problems

Using lateral thinking, the students can solve problems in an unconventional manner.
- Rely on linear thinking: depend on habits of thought in which one idea follows directly from
another one
The students should not rely on linear thinking habits. Instead, they should think more
innovatively.

- Break the mould: lm iu g khc bit

Dont hesitate to break the mould because its the only way to create sth new, sth special and sth
that will change the world.

- Academic performance: thnh qu hc tp

- Academic qualifications: degrees, diplomas and certificates that s.o has acquired
Today academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.

- Rote memorization (n) hc thuc long, hc vt

Rote memorization is not entirely useless. It can help children to learn the basics such as the
multiplication tables.

- Cram (v) (n): hc nhi nht trc k thi

It concerns some parents that these examinations may induce (c xy) cramming.

- Ignorance (n) s ngu dt, khng bit

No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.

- Conduct (v) c x, iu khin, ch o

(n) t cch o c
Standard of upright conduct = standard of honest and responsible behavior

- Enroll (v) register formally as a participant or member

- Faculty (n) cn b ging dy trng i hc

A faculty is a main department at a university.

- Syllabus (n) cng kha hc = curriculum, course of study, program

- Bachelors degree (B.A): c nhn

Bachelor of literature/ medicine/ science
- Masters degree (M.A): thc s
- Doctors degree (PhD): tin s = Doctorate
- BSc / BS = Bachelor of Science
- MD = Medical Doctor: Bc s Y khoa
- BBA = The Bachelor of Business Administration: c nhn qun tr kinh doanh
- BCA = The Bachelor of Commerce and Administration: c nhn thng mi v qun tr

- Learning/ library resources center: trung tm lu tr

- Conduct an experiment: to do a test (scientific): thc hin mt thc nghim

- Cutting-edge research (n) modern research, show the newest discoveries

- Dedication (n) s tn ty
The true value of this book is its total dedication to recent developments and cutting-edge
research.

- Dissertation (n) = thesis: lun vn, lun n

- Postgraduate course of study (n) kha hc sau i hc

- Scientific journal (n) tp ch khoa hc

- Advanced education: nn gio dc tin tin

- General education: gio dc c s, nn tng
- Specific education: gio dc chuyn su

- Knowledge acquisition/ attainment: s tch ly kin thc

- Higher education: university education

- Further education: normally for more vocational courses and may start from the age of 16

- A graduate of/from Oxford University in economics

- A full-time degree course: Most students follow a full-time degree course

- A part-time degree course: If you are in full-time employment, a part-time may be more
suitable
- A distance course: In the age of the internet, more and more people are studying by distance
- A sandwich course: If you want practical experience, a sandwich course is the best option

- Physical education classes: gio dc th cht

If schools foster an environment that deprives students of getting a proper physical education, it
will have a long-term negative effect on children both mentally and physically.
- Learn about competition, cooperation and good sportsmanship
- Build character and develop personality

- Knowledge-based society: x hi da trn nn tng kin thc

- Be imparted to: truyn t

Knowledge should be freely imparted to everyone

- Tution fees: hc ph = education costs

The government are under no obligation to take care of university attenders education costs

- Scholastic capability: kh nng hc tp = scholastic competence

All students are equal in intelligence and scholastic capability, hence equal opportunities to gain
admittance to university.

- Readapt to an academic environment

Young adults may end up never returning to their studied or finding it difficult to readapt to an
academic environment.

- Restricted (adj): b hn ch, gii hn

A young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in term of general
knowledge and experience of the world.

- In the habit of studying

- Heighten peoples intellect and to form a civilized society

Education contributes greatly to heighten peoples intellect and to form a civilized society.

- Access to educational services/ free schooling

The possession of certain qualifications through fundamental education like vocational training
could secure a persons stable life.

- Educating methodologies: phng php ging dy

- To parallel (v)/ be parallel to: song song

The study of local history should always be parallel to that of world history

- Well-rounded (adj) ton din

Acquiring knowledge about the worlds past events equips students with a more well-rounded
perspective of life.

- Lack of adequate knowledge and understanding

Overseas students often feel disoriented and depressed for the lack of adequate knowledge and
understanding of the local customs and lifestyle.

- Comprehensive (adj): ton din, bao hm

Online students cannot develop comprehensively like the way other students who attend classes
at school do.

- Activities children can do in a big city: attend ballet school, school of art, gymnastic
 PEOPLE
- National minority = minority people = ethnic minority: dn tc t ngi

- Sense of humanity (n) tnh nhn o

- A materialistic lifestyle (n) li sng xem trng vt cht

What the young may copy may range from a materialistic lifestyle, an individualistic way of
living to more problematic behaviours such as sexism, racism and discrimination.

- Perfect role model: hnh mu l tng

- Common sense: the ability to make logical decisions

It is not a common sense at all to invest million dollars on space exploration while everyday
thousands of people are starving.

- Socializing (n) giao tip x hi

Socialize (v)
He never socializes with his colleagues
Workers who work at home might become lack of socializing

- Individual merit: gi tr c nhn

Students achievements should depend on hard work and individual merit.

- Interact and socialize with other peers

Children can interact and socialize with other peers in childcare centres on a daily basis, which
may enhance not only their language and communication skills but also their sense of
community.

- Sense of (humanity, community, neighbourliness, control, humor, orientation, direction,)

tnh
I believe that young people would lead happier lives if they had a more old-fashioned sense of
communities.

- Attitude towards (noun): thi i vi vn g

The greatest disparity between the generations can be seen in their attitudes towards gender
roles.

- Corporal punishment = physical punishment = physical force: hnh pht th xc

Physical punishment will damage children in later life.
Very few parents would agree with using force regularly as a way of dealing with discipline
problems.

- Discipline the child: k lut, trng pht

Some parents believe that for the childs sake, they have the right to discipline the child in any
way they see fit.

- Misbehaving children/ Misbehaviour

- Distinguish right from wrong/between right and wrong: phn bit ci ng, ci sai
The child will be hurt, fearful and anxious and will not learn to distinguish right from wrong.

- A product of nurture rather than nature

Criminal behaviours is a product of nurture rather than nature.

- Patriotism (n) lng yu nc (sense of patriotism)

Having thorough insights into what happened in the history of the country can develop peoples
patriotism.

- Take pride in: t ho v

Children are taught about the nation history would take pride in their origin.

- Personality (n) tnh cch

Some people believe that ours personalities are determined mainly by genetics. We inherit out
abilities and talents from our parents.
We can shape our own personalities.

- Genetic characteristic
Compared to other extrinsic elements, such as upbringing and schooling, genetic characteristics
appear to be less influential on childrens behaviours.

- Sanguine (adj,n) lc quan = optimistic

- Phlegmatic (adj) lnh lung = passive
- Persevering (adj) nhn ni, kin tr
- Melancholic (adj) u su
- Soft-hearted cold-hearted
- Choleric (adj) d ni nng = passionate
- Reserved (adj) kn o, d dt
- Introverted (adj) hng ni introvert (n)
- Extroverted (adj) hng ngoi extrovert (n)

* SOCIAL AND HUMANITY

- State budget = national budget = governmental funding
State budgets need to be spent on education, healthcare, infrastructure and security, among other
areas

- Vital (adj) quan trng = fundamental, essential

These public services are vital for a country to function properly.

- A productive and prosperous nation: quc gia giu c

A high quality education system will result in a well-educated workforce, and in turn a more
productive and prosperous nation.

- Reasons for helping poorer countries: humanitarian reasons, religious, social or moral duty
Many rich countries also donate money for political or diplomatic reasons, they want to maintain
the relationship of dependency with the countries; control the supply of commodities (oil, water,
rice,); ensure market for their own products (planes, computers)

- Ways to help underdeveloped countries: open up trade barriers, forgive debts

- Public welfare (n) phc li x hi

This money can be utilized for the public welfare such as building new hospitals or repairing the
roads.

- The two classes of society: 2 tng lp x hi

- To live on breadline: sng ngho i

- Local/international charity: t chc t thin a phng/ quc t

- Income inequality: bt bnh ng thu nhp

Income inequality is a threat to economic growth.

- The gap between the rich and the poor = inequity in the distribution of wealth = the rich-poor
gap
As the gap widens, the poor suffers deeper and longer deprivation.

- The effects of a continuously growing rich-poor socio-economic gap:

Deterioration in national competitiveness
High crime rate
Social unrest (ri lon x hi) and political instability (bt n chnh tr)
Onset of revolution and terrorism

- To resort to violence and opt for the life of criminals: tm n bo lc v la chn con ng
ti phm
As poverty restricts the capacity of the underprivileged to access services and other life-
sustaining matters such as education, employment and medicine, they might resort to violence
and opt for the life of criminals.

- The rich = the wealthy

The poor = the underprivileged

- Wealthy country = affluent country = rich nation = the richer world = first world country
Poor country = less wealthy/developed country = poverty-stricken country = poor community =
third world country = underprivileged region = underdeveloped nation
- The human society = the human race = human beings = humans = man = mankind = humanity
= humankind

- City = urban area = metropolis = urban center

Countryside = rural area = distant area = remote community

- Resident = city dweller = inhabitant = local = citizen

Foreigner = newcomer = immigrant
 SOCIAL & GLOBAL PROBLEMS
- Discrimination (n) discriminate (v) phn bit
Discriminative (adj) c c phn on, bit suy xt
Discriminatory (adj) c thnh kin
Sexual discrimination: phn bit gii tnh
Racial discrimination: phn bit chng tc
Racial discrimination is unacceptable. Ill hire the best candidate for this job, regardless of their
race.

- Protest = riot (n) (v): people gathering in a public place to show that they disagree with sth the
government did
There will be an anti-capitalist protest in the city center tomorrow.

- Poverty-stricken (adj) to describe places or people that are extremely poor

The Prime Minister visited the poverty-stricken areas of the country.

- Crime-infested (adj) to describe a place where crime rates are very high
I grew up in a crime-infested ghetto, but I managed to stay out of trouble.

- Beggar (n) n xin

They say you shouldnt give change to beggars. Theyll never get a job if they can make enough
money begging.

- Famine (n) = starvation: nn i

Water famine Famine prices: gi ct c
The famine in Ethiopia shocked the whole world and a lot of charities raised money to send food
to the country.

- Flood (n) (v) l lt

Floods of rain: ma nh trt nc Flood-tide: nc triu ln
To be flood with: lm trn ngp

- Drought (n) hn hn
There was a three-month drought last year.

- Global warming (n) a gradual increase in the temperature on our planet

Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect. It is causing natural disasters, for example
floods, tidal waves and hurricanes.

- Segregation (n) s tch ring, s phn bit

Racial segregation: phn bit chng tc

- Degradation (n) = abasement, abjection, debasement: s lm gim gi tr, hy hoi

Environment degradation is one of the largest threats that are being looked at in the world today.
- Environmentalist (n) nh bo v mi trng

- Biodiversity (n) s a dng sinh hc

The mining project threatens one of the worlds richest areas of biodiversity.

- Atmosphere (n) bu kh quyn

If the Earth was an orange, the crust would be as thick as the skin, but the atmosphere is as thin
as the plastic wrap on the outside.

- Ozone layer (n) tng ozone

The ozone layer is in better shape now that certain chemicals are banned, which is proof that
environmental laws are important.

- Habitat (n) mi trng

The pandas natural habitat is the bamboo forest.

- Conservation (n) = preservation, protection: bo tn

Road development in the area has been severely affected by the councils conservation
programmes.

- Endangered (adj) c nguy c tuyt chng

Endanger (v) gy nguy him Endangerment (n)
The sea turtle is an endangered species.

- Creature (n) sinh vt

The mouse is a shy, nocturnal creature.

- Recycle (v) ti ch recyclable (adj) recycling (n)

Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper.

- Destroy (v) ph hy

- Pollute (v) lm nhim Polluted (adj)

Pollutant (n) cht gy nhim Pollution (n) s nhim
The river has been polluted with toxic waste from local factories.

- Use up (v) s dng

Cars use up energy and cause pollution.

- Contaminate (v) lm bn, u c Contaminated (adj)

Contaminant (n) cht gy nhim Contamination (n) s nhim
The soil has been seriously contaminated

- Threaten (v) e da
Plastic waste threatens our marine environment
- Die out (v) tuyt chng

- Extinct (adj) tuyt chng Extinction (n)

- Renewable energy (n) nng lng ti sinh

Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides and geothermal heat.

- Nuclear energy (n) nng lng nguyn t

A major advantage of nuclear energy is that it doesnt put carbon dioxide (CO2) into the
atmosphere.

- Solar energy (n) nng lng mt tri

Solar energy technologies use the suns energy and light to provide heat and electricity for homes,
businesses and industry.

- Deforestation (n) nn ph rng Deforest (v)

Human activities, particularly agriculture and deforestation have increased erosion rates.

- Oil slick (n) trn du

Oil slicks cause untold damage to algae, seaweed, plant life, fish, birds, sea mammals, shellfish
and the soil and rocks on beaches.

- Dust (n) bi bn
Do not inhale the dust, its dangerous

- Climate change (n) bin i kh hu

Climate change is now widely recognized as the major environment problem facing the globe.

- Greenhouse effect (n) hiu ng nh knh

We are all beginning to experience global warming due to the enhanced greenhouse effect.

- Earthquake (n) ng t
The earthquake measured 6.8 on the Richter scale

- Volcanic eruption (n) ni la phun tro

Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption.

- Soil erosion (n) xi mn t Coastal erosion: xi mn b bin

- Preserve biodiversity: bo tn s a dng sinh hc

- Greenhouse gas emissions: kh thi nh knh

- Ground water: ngun nc ngm

- Acid deposition: include acid rain, acid fog, acid mist

- Activate carbon/ sludge: than/bn hot tnh

- Degrade ecosystems/ habitats/ the environment: lm suy thoi h sinh thi/ mi trng sng

- Harm the environment/ wildlife/ marine life

- Threaten natural habitats/ coastal ecosystem/ a species with extinction: e da mi trng sng/
h sinh thi ven b/ ging loi c nguy c tuyt chng

- Contaminate ground water/ the soil/ food/ crops

- Deplete natural resources/ the ozone layer: lm cn kt, suy yu ngun ti nguyn, tng ozone

- Log forests/ rainforests/ trees: cht ph rng

- Address/ combat/ tackle the threat/ effects/ impact of climate change: gii quyt/ chng li/ x
l nhng e da nh hng / tc ng ca bin i kh hu

- Fight/ take action on/ reduce/ stop global warming

- Achieve/ promote sustainable development: t/thc y s pht trin bn vng

- Preserve/ conserve biodiversity/ natural resources: bo tn/ gi gn s a dng sinh hc/ ti

nguyn thin nhin

- Prevent/ stop soil erosion/ overfishing/ massive deforestation/ damage to ecosystems: ngn
chn s xi mn t/ s nh c qu mc/ s ph hy rng/ s tn ph h sinh thi

- Raise awareness of environmental issues: nng cao nhn thc v mi trng

- Desalination (n) s kh mui

- 5oC = 5 degree Celsius

- Resource-rich countries: nhng nc giu ti nguyn

We have a situation now where, ironically, the resource-rich countries of Africa are the most
impoverished.

- Corrupt administration: nhng chnh ph bin cht, hi l = corrupt government

- Turn a blind eye: coi nh khng bit

The Western nations are doing slightly shady deals with corrupt administration in the
impoverished regions of the world.
- Carbon footprint (n) du chn carbon, ch s tc ng ca con ngi i vi mi trng

- An environmental conscience (n) thc bo v mi trng

- Nature campaigners (n) nhng ngi tham gia chin dch bo v thin nhin

- The rules of supply and demand: qui lut cung cu

- Climate proxies: sources of climate information from natural archives such as tree rings, ice
cores, corals, lake and ocean sediments, tree poller or human archives such as historical records
or diaries, which can be used to estimate climate conditions prior to the modern period

- Intensify (v) tang = escalate, step up

The rate of warming intensified in the latter half of 10th century and was nearly double that of the
first 50 years.

- Absorption (n) s hp th

- Consumption (n) s tiu th

- Solar radiation (n) bc x mt tri

Less solar radiation has been emitted by the Sun in the past thirty years.

- Precious metals: kim loi qu

- Renewable energy: nng lng ti to

Sustainable energy: nng lng bn vng

- Sustainable development: pht trin bn vng

- Habitat destruction: s ph hy mi trng sng

Forest fires and weeds also contribute to habitat destruction.

- Non-renewable resources: ti nguyn khng th ti to

Coal: than
Petroleum: du m
Gas: kh t

- Fossil fuel (n) nhin liu ha thch

Fossil fuel consumption rose about half a quad a year.
Fossil fuel technology has advanced more quickly than renewables technology.

- Permafrost (n) ground that is permanently frozen: tng t b ng bng vnh cu

- Catalytic converter (n) thit b chuyn i kh thi

The cars may have a deteriorating catalytic converter, causing the engine light to illuminate.

ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS

One of the most serious environmental problems today is of course pollution. Its a very pressing
green issue and if you travel to any of the large cities in China, for example, youll find that there
is very bad air pollution and there is a layer of smog hanging over the cities. There is also water
pollution. In many parts of the world, the quality of the water is not good because rivers have
been contaminated by all sorts of industrial waste, by chemicals and fertilisers. And what we
need to do is to recycle our waste and take care of the planet and try to use renewable resources
where we possibly can.

It is important not to forget that our actions have an impact not only on us but on the natural
world and other species. Certain species are now endangered because of our actions. Its not just
because of hunting, but because we have destroyed their natural habitats, they do not have
enough food or anywhere to live. If we carry on in this way, the biodiversity of our planet is
under threat.

The greatest threat to the Earth today is probably a combination of global warming and the
greenhouse effect. Its the build up of gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which
means that the planet is slowly but steadily getting warmer. And one of the results of this is that
the polar icecap is melting and the levels of the oceans are rising.

- Serious environmental degradation: the process in the quality of environment changes to a

worse condition
In some industrial zones, the production processes may result in serious environmental
degradation.

- Irresponsible disposal of industrial waste

Global warming stems from the irresponsible disposal of the industrial waste

- Waste treatment systems

If factory installed waste treatment systems instead of discharging chemical wastes into rivers,
water pollution could be controlled.

- Discharge chemical waste = to dispose of chemical waste

Nowadays, more and more company and industrial zones have been discharging chemical waste
into rivers, causing death to many fish and other aquatic animals.

- Litter the street: to leave waste paper, cans on the street

Residents will consider newcomers dirty and ill-mannered if they litter the street or spit gum in
public places.

- The emission of greenhouse gases

If all countries in over the world could decrease their energy consumption, this will reduce the
emission of greenhouse gases.

- Chemical fertilisers/ weedkillers: poison used to kill unwanted plants

Organic farmers do not pollute the water or the soil which result from the application of chemical
fertilisers and weedkillers.

- Eco-friendly: not harmful to the environment

Countries such as Japan are leading the way, for example, in developing more eco-friendly cars,
buses and lorries.

- To be spoiled by
Several famous beaches in Vietnam have been spoiled by this lack of respect for the local
environment.

- Contamination of land, air or water: to make land, air or water dirty or harmful by putting
chemicals or poison in it
Contamination of land, air and water has reached alarming levels.

- Illegal logging and deforestation: cutting down trees for commercial purpose in an illegal way
It should not be forgotten that illegal logging in the Amazon Basin is still a major factor in
climate change.

- Burning fossil fuels

Individuals can make a small contribution by not burning wood and other fossil fuels.

- Long-term consequences: h qu lu di
The effects of our use of fossil fuels today may last for generations and it is almost certain to
have long-term consequences for humanity.

- Wind farms and other sources of renewable energy will help to reduce CO2 emission to an
acceptable level.

- To reduce the dependence on the traditional energy resources/ on fossil fuels

- To curb environmental deterioration: kim ch suy thoi mi trng

- To raise the publics ecological consciousness = to raise awareness of the environmental issues:
nng cao nhn thc v mi trng

- To alleviate environment problems: lm gim nh

- Environmental protection is one of the most important challenges almost every country is
facing.

- Sustainable development: pht trin bn vng

The government should commit to sustainable development and the protection of the
environment.

- Depleting natural resource is becoming a serious concern for the government to get deal with
- Sort the daily garbage: arrange garbage in groups according to size, type daily
One thing that individual can do to protect the environment is sorting the daily garbage.

- Dump waste: to dispose of waste in an irresponsible manner

Disposal of household waste is a daunting task for local authorities. Towns and cities cannot just
dump such waste and hope it will go away.

- Toxic waste = toxic discharge

Efforts to recycle waste are only a partial solution. Meanwhile, the problem of toxic waste
remains.

- Introduce green taxes

Politicians should not be afraid of introducing green taxes and incentives to encourage eco-
friendly design in architecture.

- Reduce carbon footprint: reduce amount of carbon dioxide created by an activity/ person/
business

- Food miles: distance food has to travel between where it is grown or made and where it is
consumed
We can all reduce our carbon footprint by flying less and reduce our food miles by buying local
produce.

CLIMATE CHANGE

- Record levels/ amount: mc cao k lc

Despite the claims of some scientists, we are now producing record levels of CO2 and there is no
dispute about the connection between this and global warming.

- Disaster (n) Disastrous (adj)

It is not an exaggeration to say that the effects of global warming are disastrous.

- Irreversible (adj) khng th o ngc

The major concern is that the effects of our actions on the climate will be irreversible

- Effect of climate change

+ Searing heat + temperature soar
+ Ill-health: It sometimes goes unnoticed that there is a clear connection between climate
change and ill-health
+ Floods/ rainstorms: One result of the rising temperature is that floods and rainstorms are
now a frequent occurrence
 + The Polar ice cap: One major concern is that rising temperatures in the Arctic are causing
the Polar ice cap to melt, which in turn is leading to rising sea levels
+ Heatwaves and droughts: Most experts agree that there is an increased risk of heatwaves
and other extreme weather conditions
+ The natural world: Climate change will not only have a severe impact on people, but also
devastate the natural world and lead to the extinction of important species
+ Food shortages: We are already seeing in many parts of the world that climate change is
leading to food shortages as a direct consequence of extreme weather conditions
+ Housing/homelessness: One side-effect of rising sea level is that more and more people
who live by the coast will become homeless

- Cause of climate change

+ Human activity: It is no longer possible to say that human activity does not affect weather
conditions
+ Greenhouse gas emissions: If we are to halt climate change, we need to make substantial
reductions in greenhouse gas emissions
+ Power stations: One of the leading causes of climate change is the number of dirty power
stations using fossil fuels
+ Carbon emissions are still rising year by year and are at record levels
+ Illegal logging and deforestation
+ Burning fossil fuels

- Possible solutions
+ Wind and solar power: an obvious solution is to deploy much more wind and solar power
+ International action/ cooperation: International action on climate change could have a
significant impact
+ Investment: There should be greater incentives to invest in renewables and to reduce the
current reliance on fossil fuels
+ Decommission power stations: It goes without saying that coal-fuelles power stations
should be decommissioned
+ Protest/campaign: Individuals can help force government to act by taking part in legal
protests against the continuing use of fossil fuels

- Way of taking action

+ Investment in renewable energy will help avert the impact of the CO2 emissions
+ The only way to pervert disaster is to reduce these emissions to zero
+ Governments should take decisive action to halt global warming
+ A way needs to be found to make combating global warming that is affordable
+ In some areas, there are small-scale community projects to encourage local residents to
install solar panels and help to pay for them
+ Reducing food wastage is the way individuals can minimize their carbon footprint
+ Another small way in which we can use less energy is to switch to energy efficient
lightbulbs
+ Promote environmentally-friendly technology
ENERGY & RESOURCES

Type of energy
- Clean energy: energy that does not create pollution
+ Wind turbine: Modern windmills used to create power from the wind
+ Solar panels: tm nng lng mt tri
+ Solar energy: nng lng mt tri
- Fossil fuels: a collective term for coal, petrol, gas
- Non-renewable resources/ energy (coal, petrol, gas)
- Renewable sources/ energy (wind power, solar energy)
- Natural resources: water, coal, gas,

- to conserve energy = to save energy

- The growing consumption/ overconsumption of natural resources: s tiu th ti nguyn ngy

cng tang

- The over exploitation of the worlds resources: vic khai thc qu mc ti nguyn

- The resources come to the verge of depletion: cc ngun ti nguyn c nguy c cn kit

- To face the scarcity of fuels and materials: i mt vi tnh trng khan him nhin liu

- The conservation and recovery of natural resources: vic bo tn v phc hi ti nguyn thin
nhin

- To conserve/ save/ consume/ waste energy

- To use/ be made from recycles/ recyclable/ biodegradable material
- To recycle bottles/ packaging/ paper/ plastic/ waste
- To promote/ encourage recycling/ sustainable development the use of renewable energy
- To develop/ invest in/ promote renewable energy
- To reduce your dependence/ reliance on fossil fuels
- To get/ obtain/ generate/ produce/ electricity from wind, solar and wave power/ renewable
sources
- To install/ be fitted with/ be powered by solar panels

- Rate of exploitation (n) mc khai thc

- Energy scarcity (n) s thiu thn, khan him nng lng

- Hydroelectricity (n) thy in

- Combustion (n) s t chy

The combustion of fossil fuels is the culprit of greenhouse gas emission and other air pollutants.

- Utilise solar energy to generate power

Technology can also help to create electricity using renewable resources. Many countries have
built plants that utilize solar energy to generate power.

- Rainforests produce oxygene, absorb carbon dioxide and stabalise the Earths climate

- Impair the air quality: lm gim cht lng khng kh

Exhaust emissions from automobiles impair the air quality and consequently affect peoples
health.

* Governments should pay more attention to the preservation of the environment

- They can monitor the exhaust purification process of large factories so that dangerous exhaust
is not directly dumped into water streams
- They could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories or to force companies to use
renewable energy from solar, wind or water power
- They could impose green taxes on drivers and airline companies
- They could enforce stricter regulations involving serious prison sentences against forests
exploitation and poaching

* Individuals should also take responsibility for the protection of their surroundings
- Recycle glass and plastic products to reduce the amount of industrial waste
- Take public transport
- Choose products with less packaging
- Donate money to organizations which are in charge of the maintenance and the conservation of
the natural setting

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

- Traffic jams, air pollution and longer commuting periods: problems of the increasing number of
cars

- Means of transport: phng tin di chuyn

- Travel on a regular basis: di chuyn hang ngy

- Types of vehicles: motorbikes, cars

- Measures to improve the use of public transport/ stimulate public transport use/ spur/ promote
the usage of public transportation
+ Make private car use more expensive and inconvenient
Introduction of tolls along urban motorways
High-priced permits for parking in urban areas
Restriction of parking to a limited number of cars
 + The construction of free car-parks at suburban train stations

- Promote the usage of bicycles/ environmentally friendly vehicles

+ Make it more costly to own a motorbike or a car
Increasing the price of petrol
Raising tax on these vehicles
+ Build more lanes to serve only cyclists
+ Launch campaigns to raise citizens awareness

- Infrastructure development: pht trin c s h tng

Government should focus more on other areas like infrastructure development where individual
cannot contribute

- Traffic congestion: kt xe
It is common situation that every morning and evening employees always meet traffic congestion
and this situation not only wastes their time but also increases their stress level.

- Ameliorate (v) ci thin deteriorate

Amelioration (n)
There are other courses of actions that can be adopted to ameliorate the air pollution issue.
The level of gas emissions would be reduced on an international scale, triggering the
amelioration in the air quality as a consequence.

- Improve public transport condition and service

When public transport can fulfill customers demands for high quality condition and fast,
punctual and friendly service, people will be more motivated to use them as a vehicle to
commute to work.

- Increase consciousness of the community/ develop peoples environmental conscience/ raise

peoples awareness of environmental problem/ launch propagation campaigns to heighten social
awareness

- Driving penalty: small fines, licence suspension, driver awareness courses, prison sentences

- Safe road design (n) thit k ng an ton

More attention could be paid to safe road design. For example, signs can be used to warn people,
speed bumps and road bends can be added to calm traffic.

- Deter (v) deterrent (n) bin php rn e

Speed cameras can help to deter people from driving too fast.
Penalties for dangerous drivers can act as a deterrent.

- Alleviate the current travelling overload: gim bt tnh trng qu ti giao thong

- Relieve/ reduce the density of passengers/ vehicles

Traffic jam is attributable to the density of vehicles that exceeds the capacity of the current
system.

- To abide by (v) tun th = follow, respect

Motorists who do not abide by the rules of the road should be severely punished.
- To adopt policies: thc hin cc qui nh
In order to deal with traffic congestion, the government must adopt policies to restrict the use of
private cars.

- To allocate resources to: chi tin

The governments should allocate more resources to improve public transport, this will help to
reduce the problem of traffic congestion in cities.

CULTURE

- Cultural tradition: truyn thng vn ha

Cultural value
Cultural identity: bn sc vn ha
Cultural diversity: s a dng vn ha

- Indigenous culture: vn ha bn a = indigenous practice

- Follow the customs and traditions when people start to live in a new country = adapt to the
local customs and traditions when they come to reside in a new country = conform to the norms
of social behavior = adopt the customs and traditions = observe the local customs and traditions
= behave according to the local norms = follow local customs and embrace the traditions

- Customs and habits: phong tc v tp qun

- Time-honored/ long-standing culture: nn vn ha lu i

- Centuries-old customs: nhng phong tc t xa xa

- National culture legacy: di sn vn ha quc gia

Perhaps Kenyas greatest cultural legacy is in its national parks and reserves.

- Historical sites/ historical buildings: a im/ cng trnh lch s

- Blend into (v) ha nhp

It will become almost impossible for them to blend into their new environment.

- Social isolation (n) s c lp trong x hi

Being friendly enables the newcomers to participate in community life and avoid social isolation.

- Integrate (v) ha hp, ha nhp

The students at this school integrate immediately, despite their different backgrounds.

- Shun (v) xa lnh = avoid, dodge, ignore

Recent immigrants are likely to be shunned if they upset local sensibilities.

- Adopted homeland = new country of residence = host country = foreign country

- Influential culture: nn vn ha c sc nh hng

- The notion of modernism: khi nim v hin i

Influential cultures, especially the notion of modernism in terms of dressing, from the West has
become dominant in other nations.

- Cultural assimilation: ng ha vn ha

- Civilised society (n) x hi vn minh

- Preserve the traditions and customs/ the traditional values: bo tn gi tr vn ha

- Contribute to the cultural diversity of a nation

- Benefit the richness of the countrys traditional backgrounds

- Trigger a new and civilized way of thinking

The arrival of TV shows from more developed nations, which triggers a new and civilized way
of thinking, can be beneficial for the country.

- Lead to the oblivion (s bin mt) of the long-standing ethics

If exotic practices are absorbed thoughtlessly, it might lead to the oblivion of the long-standing
ethics.

- The westernization of traditional cultures

The most significant disadvantage of globalization is the westernization of traditional cultures.

GLOBALIZATION

To describe different regions of the world

- Developing countries: Poverty is still an issue in many developing countries.
- Less developed countries: Many less developed countries suffer from a poor transport
infrastructure.
- The industrialized world: It is the responsibility of the industrialized world to provide financial
support.
- Richer nations: Richer nations exploited the natural resources found in Africa and Asia in
colonial times.
- Superpower: While the USA was the great economic superpower of the twentieth century, it
seems likely that the world economy will be dominated by China and India in the twenty first
century.
- All around the world = all over the world = in all four corners of the world = worldwide = the
other side of the world

Different ways to use the word global

- The global village: It is often said that we live in a global village, not least because it is so easy
to communicate with people all over the world.
- The global economy: One feature of the global economy is that countries are affected by
economic problems in other parts of the world.
- Global trade: The WTO has helped reduce tariffs on global trade and this has changed the
marketplace.
- International (co-operation): This problem requires International cooperation just because it
reaches beyond the borders of any one country.
- The world: Modern telecommunication systems and the internet have made the world a much
smaller place.
- Local/national/domestic: If we are to find a solution to world poverty, it is necessary to look for
domestic solutions and not just international aid.
- Ubiquitous = everywhere: Coca Cola is now almost ubiquitous.
- Universal: A negative aspect of globalization is that some cultures are losing some of their
identity, as more and more people adopt a new universal culture.

One key feature of globalization is that nations work together and become more integrated
- Co-operate: Countries in the EU now co-operate together to control the level of immigration.
- Integrate: One key feature of globalization is that economies around the world have become
much more closely integrated.
- Multilateral/ unilateral: In the world today, it is not possible for governments to adopt policies
on immigration unilaterally.
- Communication: One of the major benefits of globalization is the ease of communication in the
modern world.

Problems related to globalization

- Loss of identity: While it can be argued that globalization leads to greater harmony, one
drawback is that loss of cultural identity may follow.
- Sweatshops/ outsourcing: Too many multinational corporations make their profits by
outsourcing their production to countries where labour is cheap. Indeed, at times this amounts to
exploitation in sweatshops, with the rich getting richer and the poor poorer.
- National sovereignty: Many people object to globalization on the grounds that it interferes with
national sovereignty.

- The global community = the international community

- Offer a helping hand to: tr gip = to provide aids = aid (v)

The question whether governments should provide aids internationally or domestically has
drawn much attention from the public.
- The provision of assistance for: cung cp s gip
The provision of assistance for people of all countries in the world is not an impossible task
anymore.

- Assume the responsibility: gnh vc trch nhim

I strongly believe any government must assume the responsibility of helping citizens in other
countries.

- A free movement of people between countries: s t do di chuyn ca mi ngi t nc ny

sang nc khc

- Encounter obstacles: gp phi cc tr ngi

Developed nations may encounter numerous obstacles in terms of transportation when sending
food and medicines to poor regions in Africa.

- Eradicate (v) = eliminate = get rid of: gii quyt trit

The underdeveloped countries leaders are unable to bear the burden of eradicating domestic
poverty or crises.

- Globalization process (n) tin trnh ton cu ha

- An international scale (n) qui m quc t

In the globalization process, a variety of organizations run on an international scale.

- The world as a whole is becoming one big global village

- Social responsibilities = social obligations

While I accept that the top priority of companies is to generate profits, I believe they should also
have social obligations.

IMMIGRATION

- Immigrant (n) = emigrant = migrant: ngi nhp c

Immigrate (v) Immigration (n)
- Illegal immigrants: dn nhp c bt hp php

- Economic migrants: people who move country to earn more money

Migrant workers

- Immigrant community/ population

- Influx of immigrants: negative sense meaning that there are too many immigrants

- Arguments in favour of immigration

 + Dynamism: Immigrants provide dynamism which is beneficial to the economy and helps
growth and competitiveness.
+ Unskilled labour: In many countries there is a shortage of unskilled labour and the
immigrant population is typically willing to do work that the native population is not. This is
particularly the case in agricultural communities where immigrants provide seasonal labour in
the harvest season.
+ Skilled labour: A large proportion of young immigrants are highly-qualified university
graduates and they work in fields where there is a shortage of skilled labour.
+ Childcare: Another benefit that immigrants bring is that they often work in childcare or as
home helps and this enables more mothers to return to work.
+ Boost the economy: Most research shows that encouraging immigration actually provides a
boost to the economy as immigrants are net contributors to the GDP.
+ Principle of freedom of movement: There is also the consideration that the principle of
freedom of movement is a human right and that people should be allowed to choose where they
live.

- Arguments against immigration

+ Integration: The major argument against immigration is that so many migrants fail to
integrate with the local community and culture and this leads to social tension.
+ Local services and jobs: One common difficulty is that they increase the pressure on local
services and create competition for local jobs and this creates ill-will.
+ Loss of trained workers: The impact on poorer countries which lose much of their trained
workforce through emigration should also not be forgotten.
+ Over population: Many countries need to limit immigration because they are already
suffering from over population.

- Measures and solutions

+ One possible measure is to ensure that migrants pay taxes and are subject to the criminal
justice system.
+ Another measure that could be put in place is to insist on a minimum language requirement
so that all immigrants are able to integrate into the community.
+ Deportation: Some people believe that all illegal immigrants should be deported
immediately.
+ Quota: The US for example has a quota system whereby a fixed number of green cards are
issued every year.

- National border = national boundary

National boundaries should not stop us from helping those who are in need.

- Immigration creates cultural diversity and multicultural societies.

- Contribute to the economy

Immigrants who find work contribute to the economy of their new country.
 CRIME
- Extradition (n) s trao tr ngi phm ti hay nghi can t nc ny qua nc khc
Extradite (v)
Extradition treaty (n) hip c trao tr t nhn

- Protective custody (n) giam gi bo v nhn chng

- To commit a crime: phm ti / commit murder

Crimes are commited by

- To break the law: vi phm php lut

- Unlawful actions: nhng hnh ng vi phm php lut

- Prison sentences: bn n t giam

- Imprison (v) imprisonment (n) s tng giam

- Rehabilitate (v) ci to rehabilitation (n)

Rehabilitative (adj)
Rehabilitative treatment Rehabilitation program
Rehabilitated prisoners: t nhn c ci to
Criminals need to be trained and rehabilitated so that they can enter the workforce.

- Criminal = wrongdoer = lawbreaker = offender = convict: ti phm

- Inmate = prisoner = captive: t nhn

- A criminal record: h s phm ti

- To deter/ discourage people from doing something: rn e mi ngi lm vic g

Something acts as a deterrent: ng vai tr nh mt s rn e
Prison acts as a deterrent to make people think carefully before breaking the law.

- To re-offend: ti phm ti
Suspend sentence: a sentence which will only have to be served if the criminal re-offends

- Amnesty (n) s n x = pardon, free pardon

- Theft (n) s trm cp Thief (n) tn trm

Police are investigating the theft of computers from the companys offices.

- Robbery (n) v cp Robber (n) tn cp Rob (v)

- Mugging (n) robbing someone under threat of violence in public Mugger (n)
- Burglary (n) breaking into a house with intent to steal from it: t nhp vo nh
Burglar (n) tn trm = housebreaker

- Assault (n) (v) a threat or attempt to strike someone: e da Assaulter (n)

- Battery (n) the striking of a person with intent to do them harm: hnh hung
Batterer (n)

- Blackmail (n) forcing a person into a particular action by threaten to reveal information: hm
da tng tin

- Extortion (n) involving the use of coercion to obtain money, property or services from a victim:
e da cp tin
Extortioner/ Extortionist (n)

- Petty crime (n) ti vt

- Abduction (n) the carrying, taking or enticing away of a person (esp. a child): bt cc/ ph thai
Abduct (v) Abductor (n)

- Affray (n) fighting in a public place: u ni cng cng

The two drunks were charged with affray and breach of the peace after their street-side dispute
turned violence.

- Domestic violence (n) acts of abuse against a person living in your household: bo hnh gia
nh

- Embezzlement (n) theft of money or property a person has put in your care: bin th
Embezzle (v) Embezzler (n)
I cant believe my own sister embezzled my trust fund.

- Forgery (n) falsely making or altering a piece of writing that has legal standing: lm gi giy t
= counterfeit = imitation
Forged (adj) Forger (n)
The forged identity papers were so convincing that he managed to give customs officials the slip
and escape from the country.

- Fraud (n) general acts of deceit or trickery: la o

Fraudster (n) Fraudulent (adj) Fraudulence (n)

- Organized crime: large scale crime by organization (Mafia)

- Harassment (n) repeatedly troubling or tormenting another person: s quy ri

Harass (v) Harasser (n)
Constant/ continual // racial/ sexual harassment
- Hijacking (n) seizing a vehicle by force or threat of force: cp xe/ my bay
Hijack (v) Hijacker (n)

- Homicide (n) the killing of one person by another: git ngi (c ch ch hoc khng)
Homicidal (adj)
Justifiable homicide: git ngi c l do chnh ng (t v)

- Murder (n) (v) ti git ngi

Murderer (n) Murderous (adj) Murdered (adj)
Murder suspect/ charge/ indictment/ investigation/ conviction/ scene/ mystery

- Manslaughter (n) the unlawful killing of a person without forethought or malice: ti ng st

- Hooliganism (n) the acts of general lawlessness, often associated with football
Hooligan (n)

- Money laundering (n) hiding the source of money gained illegally: ra tin
Money launder (v)
He money laundered what is thought to amount to some $ 1 billion dollar before his scheme was
discovered.

- Perjury (n) lying under oath in court: khai man

Perjure (v) Perjurer (n)
He perjured himself by providing the defendant with a false alibi (chng c ngoi phm)

- Smuggling (n) importing or exporting goods in a way that breaks the law: bun lu
Smuggle (v) Smuggled (adj) Smuggler (n)

- Stalking (n) following someone around persistently when not invited to: theo di
Stalk (v) Stalker (n)

- Vandalism (n) deliberate destruction or damage of property: ph hoi ti sn

Vandalize (v) Vandal (n)
My car was vandalized the night before.

- Racketeering (n) involvement in a dishonest scheme to trick people: la o, gian ln

Racketeer (n)
Drug racketeering = drug trafficking: bun bn ma ty
Labor racketeering: tham nhng cng on
Some people argue that legalizing drugs would put an end to the evil of drug trafficking and the
violence associated with it.
Number racket: nh bc
Customs racketeering: hang gi
Protection racket: bo k
- Jury (n) ban bi thm
Police officers arent usually allowed to sit on a jury.

- Judge (n) quan ta, thm phn

The judge sentenced him to five years in prison.

- Court (n) ta n, phin ta

At a court/ bring to court for trial
Supreme Peoples Court: ta n nhn dn ti cao

- Trial (n) xt x
Hes on trial for murder.

- Defend (v) bo cha Defendant (n) b co

- Commit an offence: phm ti

- Charge with a crime/murder: kt n

- Plead guilty/ innocent: nhn ti/ khng nhn ti

- Detain for questioning: tm gi iu tra

Detention (n)

- Remain in custody: b tm giam

- Release on bail: c th sau khi bo lnh

- Quash the verdict: hy b mt bn n

- Sentence (n) (v) bn n/ tuyn n

Sentence to life/ sentence to death: t chung thn
To pass a sentence of three months imprisonment on someone = to sentence someone to three
months imprisonment
Serious offender should be forced to serve at least a three-year prison sentence.

- Pass sentence (on someone found guilty of a crime ) tuyn n

The verdict passed for the plaintiff: bn n tuyn b cho bn nguyn thng

- Acquit of all charge = aquit of ones crime: tuyn b trng n

- Subpoena (n) (v) trt hu ta

He was subpoenaed to give evidence at the trial of his former business partner.

- Apprehend (v) bt gi Apprehension (n)

The assailant was apprehended by police in a hideout near where the attack had taken place.
- Bail (n) (v): tin bo lnh/ bo lnh
He was bailed on a bond of $18,000.

- Capital punishment = death penalty: t hnh

To be sentenced to capital punishment

- Community service/ order: lao ng cng ch

- Probation: n treo/ qun thc ti nh

To be put on probation

- Suspended sentence: is a sentence which will only have to be served if the criminal re-offends:
n treo

- Parole: is the early release of a prison on good behaviour or for compassionate reason: tha trc
thi hn

- Mandatory sentence: bn n phi c thc hin

- Minium sentence: bn n ti thiu

- Electronic monitoring: is tagging an offender to keep an eye on them

- Restitution (n) s bi thng cho nn nhn

- Fine (n) tin pht

Pay a fine

- Criminal law: lut hnh s Civil law: lut dn s

- Rampant crime: tnh trng phm php tng nhanh

- Crime wave: ln sng ti phm

- Verdict (n) s/ bn tuyn n

Contest the verdict: khng co

- Appeal (n) n khng n

The judge dismissed his appeal, allowing the original verdict to stand.

- Felony (n) a serious crime (murder, arson)

- Incarcerate (v) b t, tng giam Incarceration (n) = imprisonment

- Culpability (n) = culpableness (s c ti)

- Disfranchisement = disenfranchisement (n) tc quyn cng dn

- A ban (n) cm
Some driving offences such as drinking driving are punished with a ban.

- (Receive) a caution: nhn cnh co

If the offence is less serious then the offender may be let off with a caution.

- Pass a law/ legislate against: ban lut chng (role of government)

The government should legislate against age discrimination with severe financial penalties for
employers who break the law.
California used that authority to pass a law in 2002 setting greenhouse gas emission limits for
cars sold there.

- Enforce the law/ law enforcement: thi hnh lut (involves the courts and the police force)
The role of the police and the courts is to enforce the law.

- Arrest a suspect: bt nghi can (role of the police)

Before the trial he is a suspect, during the trial he is a defendant and if convicted, he is then
a criminal.

- Pass a sentence/ sentence a criminal (role of the judge)

- Convict a criminal: kt n

- Law-abiding citizens: nhng cng dn tun th lut

To abide by the law: tun th lut php

- To fight/ tackle crime: role of the police force and the courts

- Antisocial behavior: behavior that may not be against the law but disrupts the community
(being drunk in public)

- The incidence of crime: how much crime happen

The incidence of violent crime is on the rise all over the city.

- Motive for crime: the reason why people commit crimes

She also explained, as motive for her crime, that her father had been raping her for the past 6
years.

- Juvenile delinquency: antisocial behavior committed by people under the age 18.

- A repeat offender: someone who has been convicted more than once

- Turn to crime/ drugs = committing crimes/ using drug

During periods of high youth unemployment, some youngsters turn to crime to obtain money.

- To be tough on crime
The crime rate is likely to fall if governments take strong measures to be tough on crime.

- To reintegrate back into society/ community: ti gia nhp cng ng

There is an increasing focus among policy-makers and practitioners on identifying programs and
strategies that will help prisoners successfully reintegrate back into their communities without
reoffending.

- To implement a policy of zero tolerance: thc thi bin php cng rn

The most effective way to reduce crime is to implement a policy of zero tolerance.

- A chance of rehabilitation
We should give ex-offenders a chance of rehabilitation and teach them how to become useful
members of society.

- To make a fresh start

People should have the opportunity to make a fresh start after they are released from prison.

- Corporal punishment: hnh pht trn thn th

Many schools have abandoned the policy of corporal punishment for children who misbehave
and prefer to give extra work or detention after school instead.

- A non-custodial sentence: hnh pht ko giam gi

There is a wide range of non-custodial sentences which a court may give to offenders, including:
fines, probation orders or community service orders

- To convict a criminal: kt n, kt ti
Once the courts have convicted a criminal, the punishment should be severe.

- To install surveillance cameras: lp camera gim st

The security has installed surveillance cameras at all the entrances and exits of the shopping
mall.

- Eliminate the problem from its root: loi tr tn gc vn

Although prison sentences are commonly thought to effectively control illegalities,
improvements on education have gained social endorsement as a means to eliminate the problem
from its root.

- To be condemned to jail/ put in prison: b bt giam

Knowing there might be a chance of being condemn to jail, ones who are having the intention of
committing illegalities would reconsider going down the patch.

- Education serves as a remedy (bin php chm dt) for the origin of crimes
- The crime rate is accelerating: tnh trng tng nhanh

- Crime severity (n) tnh nghim trng ca ti trng

- Jail for life: t chung than

- Control the crime rate = bring down the crime ratio

Capital punishment is mandatory to control the crime rate and also provide the secured
life/ensure the peaceful life among communities.

- Ex-prisoner = reformed offender = rehabilitated prisoner

- The dangers of a criminal lifestyle

- Figures of authority: ngi c thm quyn

Young people are often reluctant to take advice from figures of authority.

- Crowded and overpopulated areas

I believed that crime will continue to rise, particularly in crowded and overpopulated areas.

- A stopgap measure: gii php tm thi

Building more prisons will not solve the problem of rising crime rates, but it is a stopgap
measure which the government must take to protect ordinary citizens.
 EMPLOYMENT
- Perk = fringe benefit: extra benefits given to employees besides their salary (use of company
car, mobile phone,)
The only perk I have is free parking in our basement.
I wish I had a better job with a multinational company.

- Promotion (n) Promote (v): getting a higher ranking position at a workplace

Ive just got a promotion. Ive been promoted to key account manager.

- Job satisfaction: how happy you are with the way things are at your workplace
Employee job satisfaction may give a real boost to productivity. Employers must realize that.

- Reward (v) (n) Rewarding (adj) thng

Im not sure what job Id like to do after I graduate, but has to be challenging and rewarding at
the same time.

- Health insurance contribution: money that your employers pay to the state every month to
cover your public health care costs
Your health insurance contribution is automatically deducted from your salary if you are
employed full time.

- Be made redundant: be dismissed from work because you are no longer needed
Being made redundant is better than being fired, you get redundancy payment.

- Redundant (adj) d tha Redundancy (n)

One side-effect of adopting these new technologies is that it had led to mass redundancies in
manufacturing industries.

- Workaholic (n) a person who has strong desire to work and doesnt like doing other things
My boss is a workaholic and he obviously thinks nobody in the office minds working unsocial
hours.

- to involve (v) to contain/include

My job involves travel. I love it because I get to see many beautiful places.

- A defined career path: con ng s nghip c xc nh

- to develop a range of experience and skills: pht trin mt lot cc kinh nghim + k nng

- Working conditions: iu kin lm vic

- Working environment: mi trng lm vic

- The atmosphere in a workplace: khng kh ti ni lm vic

- A sense of job satisfaction: cm gic hi lng vi cng vic

- The salary package: mc lng

- Job seekers = job hunters: ngi tm vic

- Employment prospects= career prospects: trin vng cng vic

I consider my career prospects rather good on account of my good education and track record.

- A choice of profession: s la chn ngh nghip

- The unemployed (plural) = jobless people = those who have no job: ngi tht nghip

- To face financial difficulties: gp kh khn v ti chnh

- Self-employment: t lm ch

- A demanding job: cng vic nhiu thch thc

- A fulfilling/ rewarding job: mt cng vic mang li nim vui/ ng lm

- An entry-level job: cng vic khng i hi kinh nghim

- A dead-end job: cng vic ko c c hi thng tin

- A lucrative job: cng vic kim c nhiu tin

- Dispute (v) (n) tranh chp

Industrial dispute, labour dispute: tranh chp lao ng
Commercial dispute: tranh chp thng mi
Pay dispute: tranh chp v lng

- Office politics: nhng chiu tr trong cng ty

I cant stand the office politics. It seems like kissing up to the people who call the shots is the
only way to move up the ranks.

- Micromanage: qun l mi chi tit d l nh nht nht ca cng vic/d n

- Breathe down someones neck: gim st ai lm vic cht ch

My boss loves to micromanage and I cant do my best work when shes constantly breathing
down my neck.

- Leave a lot to be desired: thiu mt th quan trng, khng tt nh mong mun

The job itself is rewarding, but the salary and benefits leave a lot to be desired.
- Spread too thin: c gng lm qu nhiu vic cng lc

- Need to be done yesterday: cn phi c lm ngay lp tc

I feel like Im spreading too thin, but every time I wrap up one project, Im given two more-
which, of course, need to be done yesterday.

- Climb the corporate/career/promotion ladder: leo ln nc thang thng tin

- Blue-collar job: nhng cng vic lao ng chn tay

- White-collar job: nhng cng vic vn phng

- Probation (n) thi gian th vic

- Vocational training: hun luyn ngh nghip

You may want to seek some vocational training if you think you are falling behind on a certain
skill set.

- Glass ceiling (n) tr ngi ngm v s thng tin c nhn

There is a glass ceiling in this industry and the truth is that women are not allowed to progress
beyond a certain point in the hierarchy (h thng cp bc)

- Disciplinary measures (n) cc hnh thc k lut

The shop steward is going to accompany me to the meeting with the HR Manager and make my
case in relation to the dispute over the disciplinary measures the company is trying to take
against me.

- Performance appraisal = performance review/evaluation (n) nh gi cng vic

My quarterly performance appraisal went very well.

- Pay-slip (n) phiu lng

- Take-home pay (n) tin lng sau thu

- Job specification (n) the statement which explains the minimum eligibility requirements for
performing a particular job: iu kin, tiu chun ca tng v tr (educational qualifications,
experience, skills, ages, knowledge, abilities, work orientation factors, etc)
The job specification has all the details you need to know about the nature of the role.

- Job description (n) the statement explaining about what are the major requirements of a
particular job: m t cng vic (designation, place of work, scope, salary range, working hours,
responsibilities, reporting authority)

- Employment tribunal (n) trng ti lao ng

I took them to an employment tribunal and the panel of experts sided with me and awarded me
compensation in the sum of $4,500
- Salary freeze: tnh trng tm ngng tng lng
A salary freeze is in place so the likelihood of me getting another raise is nil, besides, my current
salary is right at the top end of the pay scale.

- Constructive dismissal: nh tuyn dng tc ng ln tnh hnh lm vic sao cho nhn vin cm
thy h ko cn la chn no ngoi t chc
You might have a case for constructive dismissal there if you feel you were forced out for airing
a genuine grievance (a ra li ph bnh thng thn)

- Unemployment benefit: tr cp tht nghip

I have been claiming unemployment benefit since I lost my job in April of last year.

- Social insurance: bo him x hi

- Maternity leave: ngh thai sn

- Hiring practice: qui chun ca vic tuyn dng

I would question their hiring practices on the basis of the fact that the rate of turnover of staff is
so high, clelarly they are not finding the right people.

- Tender (v) a, ngh, yu cu

Tender ones resignation: a n thi vic

- Take a career break

- Terminate (v) kt thc, chm dt Terminative (adj) cui cng, tn

cng
Terminative conditions: nhng iu kin quyt nh
We are terminating your contract of employment immediately on account of your abusive
behavior.

- In breach of something: vi phm

You are in breach of your contract, consider yourself relieved of your duties as of now.

- Take a leave of absence = take a day off

- Lay off: cho ngh

- Workforce = manpower: nhn lc, lc lng lao ng

We had no choice but to lay off two-third of the workforce.

- Go under (v) tht bi, ph sn

The company went under, leaving its 50-odd staff jobless.

- Give the sack (v) give the axe, send away, terminate, fire: sa thi
If you continue to behave so irresponsibly, rest assured that you will be given the sack.

- Claim (n) (v) i hi, yu cu

- Forfeit (n) vt b mt, tin bi thng

The contract specified forfeits if the works was not completed on time.
Forfeit (v) mt, mt quyn, b tc
On account of having missed one of my targets, I forfeited my bonus.

- Serve someone notice = hand in someone notice: thong bo ngh

Im serving notice that Ill resign as secretary next month.

- Pay rise (n) = pay raise: s tng lng

- Call a strike: workers protest by not going to work

The staff at all ten of their centers called a lightning strike.
We went on strike about 6 days ago, so far management have refused to negotiate.

- Drive a hard bargain: to work hard to negotiate prices or agreements in ones own favour
You drive a hard bargain, but I agree that your role in this company is central to its success,
therefore, I am prepared to offer you a considerable pay rise.

- Compromise (n) (v): s tha hip

Both parties have agreed to return to the negotiating table in an effort to reach a compromise.

- Pursue (v) theo ui, thc hin n cng

We are being pursued in the courts for damages as a result of an allegation (l l) of unfair
dismissal (s sa thi bt cng)

- Ground (n) l do, nguyn nhn

She was dismissed on the grounds that she was no longer mentally fit to carry out her role.

- Motion (n) li ngh

- Second (v) give approval to: ng , chp nhn

I tabled the motion which was seconded by my superior.

- Apprentice (n) (v) ngi hc vic, tp s

He was apprenticed to his uncle as a carpenter.
Apprenticeship (n) hc ngh/ thi gian hc ngh

- Remuneration (n) s tr cng = wage, salary

Remuneration package/adequate remuneration

- Exposure (n) s khng nh

- Receivership (n) tranh tng ti sn

- Boycott (n) (v): (s) ty chay

- Workplace (n) ni lm vic

Sadly, there is still amount of discrimination against women in the workplace.

- Hours of work: gi lm vic

In some professions, such as law, the hours of work are much longer than in others.

- The working week: gi lm vic trong 1 tun

There is much to be said for the proposal that the working week should be reduced to 35 hours.

- Work-life balance: s cn bng gia cng vic v cuc sng

A sensible work-life balance can help employees work more efficiently.

- Work placement: s b tr cng vic cho sinh vin = job placement

Many large organization have work placement programmes that provide students with
experience before they start their career

- In work out of work

Unemployment has been on the increase in many countries and sometimes up to 10% of the
workforce are out of work.

- Job security: tnh an ton trong cng vic

For some people job security is more important than financial reward.

- Job seeker: ngi tm vic

Employers can attract jobseekers with attractive employment packages

- Interview process: qu trnh tuyn dng

- The relevant work experience: kinh nghim lien quan

- Adapt to new technologies

Employers need to provide training to ensure that their staffs are able to adapt to these new
technologies.

- Age of retirement: tui v hu

- Repetitive (adj) lp li
A great deal of office work is in fact quite repetitive and not expecially challenging.

- A reasonable career: mt s nghip thch ng

Academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.
- Highly skilled and educated workforce

- Heavy workpload
Many employees of the company take time off work because of illness and stress due to the
heavy workload.

- To have a defined career path: c nh hng ngh nghip r rang

Having a defined career path can certainly lead to a satisfying working life.

- Work towards someones goals: n lc t c

Many people decide as young children what they want to do as adults, and it gives them a great
sense of satisfaction to work towards their goals and gradually achieve them.

- to try a variety of professions: th nhiu ngh

- A means of earning money

Some people see their jobs as simply as a mean of earning money.

- Working conditions: a positive working atmosphere, enthusiastic colleagues and an

inspirational boss
Job satisfaction is often the result of working conditions. For example, a positive working
atmosphere, enthusiastic colleagues and an inspirational boss can make the working life much
more satisfying, regardless of the profession.

- Demonstrate leadership: th hin kh nng lnh o

While some people believe younger people would demonstrate better leadership, it is in my
opinion that senior managers possess more advantages over the young in leading a company.

- Gain adequate experience: tch ly kinh nghim

It is required the leader to have not only the knowledge of coping with problematic situations but
also strong nerves to calmly find a feasible solution.

- Enhance industrial skills/ working skills

The government should invest more in training and enhancing working skills to provide
sufficient workforce.

- Career progression/ promotion: s thng tin ngh nghip

- Competitive (adj) cnh tranh

The labour market is becoming more competitive than ever before.

- to cope with = to deal with

- Reasonable = plausible = justifiable: hp l
- Feasible = possible: c th thc hin c
- Adequate = sufficient: y inadequate