CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

By
Ummikalsom Abidin
C24-316
FKM, UTM

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

 Introduction
Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics

- fluid at rest
- fluid in motion
- deals with forces
applied by fluids at rest

Hydrodynamics Gas dynamics

Buoyant force Hydrostatic forces e.g liquid flow in e.g gas turbines,
applied by fluids on on submerged bodies pipes and open flow of air over a
submerged or
channel body
floating bodies e.g dam, tanks
(hydraulics), (aerodynamics)
storing fluid,
e.g ships, pumps,hydroturbine aircraft, rockets,
automation actuators
submarines s, water cooling automobiles
system

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Introduction
Naturally occuring flows
Meteorology
Oceanography
Hydrology

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

What is fluid?
Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under
the application of a shear (tangential) stress no
matter how small the shear stress may be.

F F
t0 t1 t2
t2>t1>t0

(a) (b)

Behavior of (a) solid and (b) fluid, under the action of a constant
shear
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
What is fluid?
Fluids comprise the liquid and gas (or
vapor) phases
Distinction between solid,liquid and gas
Atom Arrangement Intermolecular
bonds
Solid Molecules are relatively Strongest
fixed position
Liquid Groups of molecules move Moderate
about each other in the
liquid phase
Gas Molecules move about at Weakest
random in the gas phase
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
What is fluid?
Normal to surface

Force acting on area

Fn dA

Tangent to surface
dA Ft

Normal stress: = Fn/dA

Shear stress: = Ft/dA

The normal stress and shear stress at the surface of a fluid element. For fluids at
rest, the shear stress is zero and the pressure is the only normal stress

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

 No-slip Condition
A fluid in direct contact with a solid sticks to the surface due
to viscous effects, and there is no slip.
The flow region adjacent to the wall in which the viscous effects
(and thus the velocity gradients) are significant is called
boundary layer. Relative velocities of
Uniform approach fluid layers
velocity, V

Zero velocity at
the surface

Plate

A fluid flowing over stationary surface comes to a complete stop

at the surface because of the no-slip condition
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Classification of Fluid Flows
Viscous vs. Inviscid Regions of Flow
Viscous Flow Region flows in which the frictional effect is
significant
Inviscid Flow Region viscous forces are negligibly small
compared to inertial or pressure forces

Inviscid flow region

Viscous flow

region

Inviscid flow region

The flow of an originally uniform fluid stream over a flat plate, and the regions of viscous flow (next to the
plate on both sides) and inviscid flow (away from the plate)
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Classification of Fluid Flows
Internal vs. External Flow
Internal flow flows in which the fluid is completely
bounded by solid surface
e.g flow in a pipe or duct
Dominated by the influence of viscosity throughout the flow
field
External flow flows in which the fluid is unbounded over
solid surfaces
e.g flow over a plate, wire, sphere object
Viscous effects are limited to boundary layers near solid
surfaces and to wake regions downstream of bodies
* Open-channel flow the flow of liquids in a duct in which the liquid is
partially filled and there is a free surface e.g rivers, irrigation channels
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Classification of Fluid Flows
Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow
Incompressible Flow density of the fluid remains nearly
constant throughout
liquids, gases at low speeds
density changes of gas flows are under 5% or when Ma<0.3
Compressible Flow density changes of the fluid is
significant
gases at high speeds
density changes of gas flows are above 5% or when Ma>0.3
Mach number,
Ma = V = Speed of flow (Speed of sound=346 m/s)
c Speed of sound
Ma=1 (Sonic), Ma<1 (Subsonic), Ma>1(Supersonic), Ma>>1
(Hypersonic) SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Classification of Fluid Flows
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
In 1880s, Osborn Reynolds conducted an experiment to see
flow patterns

Tank arranged as above with a pipe taking water from the centre into which dye is injected through a
needle
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Classification of Fluid Flows
Filament of dye

Laminar (viscous)

Transitional

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Turbulent
Classification of Fluid Flows
Reynolds number,
Re =ud

Laminar flow Re<2000

Transitional flow 2000<Re<4000
Turbulent flow Re>4000

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows
Natural (or unforced) vs. Forced Flow
Forced Flow fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a
pipe by external means such as pump or a fan
Natural Flow any fluid motion is due to natural means such
as buoyancy effect, where warmer (and thus lighter) fluid
rises and cooler (and thus denser) fluid falls

Schlieren image of a hot water (left) and ice water (right)

in a glass

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows
Steady vs. Unsteady Flow
Steady Flow no change of fluid properties (velocity,
pressure) at a point with time
Devices that are intended for continuous operation e.g
turbines, pumps, boilers, condensers

t1=5 s t2=10 s
V1=10 m/s V2=10 m/s

Unsteady Flow fluid properties change at a point with time

Transient used for developing flows
t2=10 s
t1=5 s
V2=11 m/s
V1=10 m/s
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Classification of Fluid Flows
Uniform vs. Non-uniform Flow
Uniform Flow no change of fluid properties with location
over a specified region

1 2
V1=10 m/s V2=10 m/s or V=10 m/s

Non-uniform Flow if at a given instant, fluid properties

change with location over a specified region
V2=10 m/s

1 2
V1=10 m/s V2=11 m/s or
V1=10 m/s
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Classification of Fluid Flows
Steady uniform flow
Conditions do not change with position and with time e.g flow of
water in a pipe of constant diameter at constant velocity
Steady non-uniform flow
Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do not
change with time e.g flow in tapering pipe with constant velocity at
inlet, but velocity change along the length of the pipe toward the
exit
Unsteady uniform flow
At a given instant of time, the conditions at every point are the
same, but will change with time e.g pipe of constant diameter
connected to a pump pumping at a constant rate which is then
switched off
Unsteady non-uniform flow
Every condition of the flow may change from point to point and
with time at every point e.g waves in channel

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Classification of Fluid Flows
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
1-D Flow flow parameters (such as velocity, pressure, depth)
vary in one primary dimensions
2-D Flow - flow parameters vary in two primary dimensions
3-D Flow - flow parameters vary in three primary dimensions
Developing velocity profile, Fully developed velocity
V(r,z) profile, V(r)

The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe, V=V(r,z) and thus the
flow is 2-D in the entrance region, and becomes 1-D downstream when the velocity
profile fully develops and
SMEremain
1313 unchanged in theI flow direction, V=V(r)
Fluid Mechanics
Classification of Fluid Flows
The dimensionality of the flow also depends on the choice of
coordinate system and its orientation
Rectangular coordinates, V(x,y,z)
Cylindrical coordinates, V(r,,z)
Higher dimensionality should be considered if only very high
accuracy is required

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics
Human body (Bio-fluid Mechanics)
Cardiovascular system
Artificial heart
Pulmonary system
Breathing machine
Building
Water supply system
Sewerage system
Heating and air-conditioning
Aerodynamics forces and flow fields around
structure
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics
Automobiles
Hydraulic brakes, power steering, automatic
transmission
Fuels line, fuel pump, fuel injectors
Lubrication systems
Cooling systems
Air-conditioning
Aerodynamics design
Aircraft
Aerofoil design
Gas turbine
SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics
Ship, submarines, hovercraft
Hydrodynamics design
Buoyancy and stability
Industry
Cooling of electronics
Automation system
Recreational
Badminton shuttle and golf ball aerodynamics
Geophysical fluid dynamics
Meteorology
Oceanography SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
System and Control Volumes
System quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for
study
Surroundings mass or region outside the system
Boundary Real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surroundings (fixed or movable)
SURROUNDINGS

SYSTEM

BOUNDARY

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

System and Control Volumes
Closed System (Control Mass)
Consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no work, can cross the
boundary
Energy in the form of heat and work can cross the boundary
E.g piston-clinder device
Open System (Control Volume)
Both mass and energy can cross the boundary
E.g compressor, turbine, nozzle, car radiator
Imaginary
boundary
CV
(a nozzle) CV

Imaginary Real Imaginary

boundary boundary SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I boundary
Dimensions and Units
Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions
Magnitude assigned to the dimensions are called units
Primary or fundamental dimensions

Dimension Unit
Length meter (m)
Mass kilogram (kg)
Time second (s)
Temperature kelvin (K)
Electric of current ampere (A)
Amount of light candela (cd)
Amount of matter mole (mol)

The seven fundamental (or primary) dimensions and their units in SI

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I
Dimensions and Units
Derived or secondary dimensions are dimensions obtained from
combination of primary dimensions

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Most used derived dimensions
SI Units
Metric SI (from Le Systeme International dUnites) or
International System
SI system was produced by General Conference of Weights and
Measures in 1960
SI is a simple and logical system and widely being used for
scientific and engineering work in most of the industrialized
nations

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

SI Units
Multiple Prefix
1012 tera, T
109 giga, G
106 mega, M
103 Kilo, k
102 hecto, h
101 deka, da
10-1 deci, d
10-2 centi, c
10-3 milli, m
10-6 micro,
10-9 nano, n
10-12 pico, p
Standard
SME 1313 prefixes in SI units
Fluid Mechanics I
Dimensional Homogeneity
In engineering, all equations must be dimensionally
homogeneous where every term in an equation must
have the same unit

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Problem-Solving Technique
Step 1:Problem Statement
State briefly and concisely (in your own words) the
information given and the quantities to be found
Step 2:Schematic
Draw a schematic of the system or control volume to be
used in the analysis.
Indicate any energy and mass interactions with the
surroundings
Listing the given information on sketch
Step 3:Assumptions and Approximations
State any assumptions and approximations made to simplify
the problem to make it possible to obtain a solution

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Problem-Solving Technique
Step 4:Physical Laws
Apply all the relevant basic physical laws and principle and
reduce them to their simplest form by utilizing the
assumptions made
Step 5:Properties
Determine the unknown properties at known states
necessary to solve the problem from property relations or
tables
Step 6:Calculations
Substitute the known quantities into the simplified relations
and perform the calculations to determine the unknown
Pay attention to the units and unit cancellations
Give appropriate number of significant digits

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I

Problem-Solving Technique
Step 7:Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion
Check to make sure that the results obtained are reasonable
and intuitive and verify the validity of the questionable
assumptions
Repeat the calculations that resulted in unreasonable values

SME 1313 Fluid Mechanics I