ul/ Beginning to

Early Intermediate

1 m""Y

* Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2!

* Learn at a glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions!
* Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation!
* True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points!

DARAKWON
L -
Preface 4 Unit 3. Particles
How to Use This Book 6
N/ 68

G N/ - . 71

N/ 74
Introductio n to the Korean Language
~ N/. N(O I).N ... "." .... " 76
1. Korean Sentence Structure ........... 14
N|
. .. ...
.. 78
2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives . 15
N @

, 81
3. Connecting Sentences ............. . .. .. . 16
G N ~ """ "" ......... . . "" ... .. . , .,, 83
4. Sentence Types 17
N

..................... 86
5. Honorific Expressions ......... .. .. .. .............. 20
N N.N N 89

N/ ...... " ....... ... . , 91

N 93
N - 97
N . ,, 99
Getting Ready
N() ." , " .. """.".".",,,.,,,,,,,,. 102
(to be) 26

N() (1) .. " "".""." "", .. "", """. 105
(to exist/be. to have) .28 N( O I) @ . ... . 107
Numbers .. 31
f! N .""" ." ""."" ..... ..... . " .. " ... " '" 110
Dates and Days of the Week. 37
N . N , 112
Time 39 N 114

N 116
Unit 1. Tenses
Present Tense A/) 42
Unit 4. Li sting and Contrast
G Present Tense A/V-/ 45
A/V- .... ..... " ............................ 120
Past Tense A/V-/ - 49
G V- ..... " .... .. , ...... , ...... ", ...... " ..... , .. 123
Future Tense V-()2 52
A/V-
(1), ."
.... " ..... "". "." " ...... " ... "" 125
Progressive Tense V- 54
~ A/V-() L /
(1) " ,,
(1) .......... " ........... "".127
Past Perfect Tense A/V-/
56
Unit 5. Time Expressions
N . v- ...... "" .. "" ... "" .... 130
Unit 2. Negative Expressions
G N. V-()L " " "" ............. 133
Word Negation 60
V- ....... ....... .............................. 136
A/V-/ (A/V- ) . . 62
~ V-o ................................. " ...... 139
V-/ (V- ) 65
N . A/V)2 UH .....: ........ " .... " ..... 142
 v-( ..... .............. 145 - Unit 11. Trying New Things and
-
G N. V- .. ...... ........ .. ... ..... 148 Experiences
v-
-- v-/ 204
151
-- V-()L /
N . V- ............. 153 -
207

v-()L 157
-
- Unit 12. Asking Opinions and
-- Making Suggestions
Unit 6. Ability and Possibility -
V-() 2 @ . 210
v-() / .. . , ..... .... 160
v-() / 163
-
-- G V-()2 @ 212
. .. . ...... . .. --
V-() 214
--- v-(? ................... ...... 217
Unit 7. Demands and Obligations , --
Permission and Prohibition --- v-()2 ? CD 219
V-( -
166

v- 169 Unit 13. Intentions and Plans

A/V-O / . 171 A/V- @ 222

A/v-O . 174 v-()2 ......... 225

A/V-( . 176 - G V-() @ .. 228

A/V- Ict( A/V-O | -

.. 179 - Unit 14. Background Information
-
and Explanations
Unit 8. Expressions of Hope A/V-()L/ @ 232
--
-
v- 182 v-() (6) .... ... ... ...... ..... . ..... 235
-
A/V-/ 184 -
- Unit 15. Purpose and Intention
--
Unit 9. Reasons and Causes -- v-() / . 238

A/V-/ (6) .... .. 188 v-( .. ... .. 240

A/V-() @ 191 - v-() 243

N . A/V- 193
-- N/ (. V- ( - 245
-
-- v-71 .... .... .......... ....... .. ..... 248
--
Unit 10. Making Requests and -
-
Assisting Unit 16. Conditions and Suppositions
v-Ou . v-o ? - A/V-( 252
-
198 -- V-( 255
v-Ou . v-/ ? ... 201 --
--
-- A/V-O .. 257
-
-
--
--
Unit 17. Conjecture Unit 24. Irregular Conjugations
A/V- @ 260 - (I rregular Con jugation) 326

~ A/V-()2 @ 262 E (1ar Cugation) 329

A/V-() ? @ 265 (Irregular Conjugation) 332

~ A/V-()L//()2 267 @ I (Irregar Cougation) 335

(Ir
q re
guJlar


ar Co


on
n1J
jugat
@

g
attionm

om

n1) .
3 37
Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech
i (1Irr
gul
e
|ar
Co
mlL

njL
jLu
j
f -()L/-/-() N 272 G A (1Irg
lar Co
ugation) . 342
~ A/V- 275
A- 278

~ A-/ 281

Unit 19. Expressions of State Appendix

V- @ 284 Good Things to Know .346
V-o 287 Answer Key 354
A-/ 290 Grammar Explanations in Korean 360
~ V- 293 Grammar Index . 375

Unit 20. Confirming Information

A/V-()L/ 296
V- / 299
A/V-? 301

Unit 21. Discovery and Surprise

A/V-/ 304

~ A/V- 306

Unit 22. Additional Endings

A-()L ? v-? 310
A/V-()L/ 312

Unit 23. Quotations

Direct Quations 316
~ Indirect Quotations 319

i
Innc
d
1C1
322
1. Korean Sentence Structure
2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives
3. Connecting Sentences
4. Sentence Types
5. Honorific Expressions
1. Korean Sentence Structure
Korean sentences consist of either a subject + predicate (verb)" or a subject + object +
predicate (verb)."

. .
subject + predicate subject + predicate

Carol goes. Car sleeps.

. .
subject + object + predicate subject + object + predicate

Eric eats an appl e. Eric reads a book in the library.

Paicles are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective
words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence , the paicle 01 or is used. After an
ect the particle r is used. And after an adverbial , the particle or is used.
(See also Unit 3. Particles)

. .
subject adverbial

While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comes at the very end of the sentence ,
the order of subjects, objects, and adverbials changes depending on the intention of the speaker.
Regaro ess of their order in the sentence , however, the role of each of these pas can still be identified
be<use of the particle attached to it.
 . .
bject + subject + verb bject + adverb + subject + verb

an apple Eric eats a book in rhe library Eric reads

In addition , when the subject can be c1 early understood from the context , it can be omitted.

A ? What is Eric doing?

B () . (He is) eating an apple.

A ? Where do (you) go?

B . (1) go to school.

2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives

One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated
according to tense , p iteness level , passive and causative forms , and speech styles. Verbs and
adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending , with their base forms comprised of the word stem
plus This form is also called the dictionary form.' Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words
will reveal their base forms , such as (to 9 (to come) , (to eat) , and (to wear).
When conjugated , the word stems of verbs and adjectives d o not change; rather, is replaced with
the appropriate form depending on the speaker s intention .

Verbs

(ggoes)
() +- (present formal ending)

(go/goes) (referring to a superior/elder)
word stem word ending ) +-- (honorific) + - (present formal ending)
(ro go)
(went)
)+-'- (past tense) + --' (present formal ending)

Introduction to the Korean Language 15

 Adjectives

(is good)

() +- (present formal ending)

word stem word ending
(to be good)
(was good)
{ +-'- (past tense) + - (present formal ending)
eems be good)
() +-- (guess) +- (formal ending)

3. Connecting Sentences
There are two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adverbs (e.g. ,
(and) , (but) , (so/therefore)) , and the other is by using conjunctive endings

(1.) And

Conjunctive Adverb Connection

. .
It s windy. And it's cold

Conjunctive Ending Connection

.
It's windy and cold

(2) But

C m-. . m
g
m CO 4

l
.nn . .
Kimchi is spicy. But it tastes good.

Conjunctive Ending Connection .

Kimchi is spicy but tastes good.

( 3 ) Soj Therefore

Co njunctive Adverb Connection . .

It's snowing. Therefore the traffic is bad

Conjunctive Ending Connection .

It's snowing, so the traffic is bad.

16
 When connecting two sentences with a conjunctive adverb , it is sufficient simply to place the
c unctive adverb between the t wo sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending , the
ending must be attached to the word stem of t he predicate of the preceding sentence to connect the
two sentences.

(1) + -. + .
(2) + -. + .
(3) + - +
.

4. Sentence Types
Korean has four main sentence types: declarative , interrogative, imperative , and propositive.
Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speech styles , which can be divided in

1to three
main type
s: fo
orrrm
na1
po lite in

nlf

rrmm
na1 po
|te an
d in
1

used mos
t in fo
rma
10rpub
lic
s itua
tio
n

1
s including the military, news reporting , presentations, meetings ,
and lectures. The informal p ite style -/ is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared
to the formal p ite style , the informal p ite style is softer and less formal , and therefore it is used
mainly among family members , friends , and other close acquaintances. Furthermore , although the
formal p ite style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declarative , interrogative,
imperative , and propositive) , the informal p ite style uses the same form for all four types. Thus ,
sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation. For this reason ,
the informal p ite style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the informal plain style
-/ , it is mainly used among int imate friends , by superiors toward persons of lower-rank , and
among family members. It is considered rude to use the informal plain style w ith somebody one
does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Here we examine the formal p ite and
informal p ite styles only.

(1.) Declarative Sentence

Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to a question.
(See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense)

CD Formal Polite Style

Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding -() to the word stem

. I go to school.

. I eat bread.
Introduction to the Korean Language 7
 @ Informal Polite Style
Declarative informal p ite sentences are made by adding -/ to the word stem.

. I 90 to schoo l.

. I eat bread.

(2) Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentences are used when asking a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present 1nse)

CD Formal Polite Style

Interrogive formal polite sentences are made by adding -() ? to the wo stem.

? 00 you 90 to school?

? 00 you eat bread?

@ Informal Polite Style

Interrogative informal pite sentences are made by adding -/? to the word stem.
Because they have the same form as declarative sentences , they are made interrogative by
being spoken with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question
mark to the written form).

? 00 you 90 to school?

? 00 you eat bread?

(3) Imperative Sentences

Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice.
(See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations , Permission and Prohibition 01 V-()|)

CD Formal Polite Style

Imperative formal p ite sentences are made by adding -() to the word stem.

Please write in your notebook.

Please read the book.

18
@ Informal Polite Style
Imperative informal pite sentences can be made by adding -/ to the word stem , just
like in the other sentence types described above. However, using -() in place of-/
is considered a more p ite expression , and therefore -() should be used.

. Please write in your notebook.

. Please read the book.

(4) Propositive Sentences

Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agreeing with someone else s
suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-()

CD Formal Polite Style

Propositive formal pite sentences are made by adding -() to the word stem. -()
can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the
speaker. It cannot be used when speaking to a superior. It is considered improper etiquette to
use this expression toward a superior or elder.

11 Lets meet at 11 0 clock

Let's eat lu

@ Informal Polite Style

Propositive informal p ite sentences are made by adding -/ just like in the other
sentence types described above

11 . Let s meet at 11 o'clock.

. Let s eat lunch here.

The preceeding sentence types are summarized below using the verb (to go)

(1) go. (1) am goi ng.

? ? / Shall (we) go?

. . Go!

. . Let s go.

The subject is omitted and understood by the situation or context.

Introduction to the Korean Language 19

5. Honorific Expressions
Due to the influence of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common fo r Korean
speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speech in conversation according to age, family
relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy).

(1.) Honoring the Subject of the Sentence

Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior
member of one s family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject , -() IS

added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For verb stems ending in a vowel, - is added ,
and for those ending in a consonant, - is added.

09 0)
+ -- + -
+ -- + -
+ -- + -
+ -- + -()

.Il (to read)

+ -.- + -
+ -.- + -
+ -.- + -
+ -.- + -()2

The teacher teaches Korean

My father went to 8n last year.

(2 ) Honoring the Li stener

Honorifics are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and
also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final
endings are used to express the degree of respect , and they can be formed from each of the
formal p ite informal p ite and informal plain styles.
See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types)

20
 . (formal pite style)

. (informal pite styl

|. (informal plain s

(3) Other Honorifics

CD The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding -() to the verb
stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether.

Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form

(to sleep) (to die)

(to speak) (to take)

(to eat) / (to exist) |

(to drink) (to have)

. Mother is not home right now.

? 0 0 you have time tomorrow?

@ Some nouns have honorific counterpas.

Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form

01 (age) (birthday)

(words) q
c=f
C (house)

(m eal/ food) (name)

(person) i tIj (wife) -i=!-'2J

. Grandpa, please have some dinner.

? How is your wife?

Introduction to the Korean Language 2

 @ Honorific paicles can be used aer nouns indicating people.

/ | / ()

. My younger sibling gives a present to a friend.

.
Grandpa gives a present to a friend.

I like strawberries

Grandma likes strawberries

@ Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the suffix-.

Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form

(teacher) (professor)

(president) (doctor) ~

(pastor) (director)

.
ur company president is a generous person.

.
Pastor, thank you for your prayer.

@ Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an act ion by using the
following words.

Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form

(to speak) (to ask)

(to give) I / (to meet)

? Shall we speak with Dad?

. Please give this book to Grandpa.

22
@ The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering h is or her own
status.

| I Our Words

1 also heard that news

. Please stop by our house sometime

, . Chief, 1have somhing to tell you

(4) Things to Remember when Using Honorifics

CD In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather
than pronouns such as (you) , (you) , (he/him) , (she/he a nd (t hey/
them).

?
{x) (x)

. "
(x) (x)

"Yoko , did you see Jaejun at work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was looking for Yoko (you) , so Yoko (you) need

to give Ja un (him) a call.

tois aaddress
used mut anyone
title of address
other than onemai
used s spouse. Similarly, is a mutual title used only among

close friends.

? Dear, did you call me?

? What are you going to do today?

~~

Introduction to the Korean Language ;

 @ Special expressions such as ? (W hat is your name?) and
? (How old are you?) are used when asking the name or age of someone
you don t know or when the person you are asking is older or has a higher social status
than you .

? (O
)Si
irr
? (x)
? ( Mr. President (of a company) , may I ask

? ( x )

@ In most cases , the word is not used to refer to the age of someone older than the
speaker.

A ? Carol , how old is your grandfather?

B . (0) Hew be 75 years d this year,

. (x)

@ The t wo honorific forms of are and .

When the giver is younger than the receiver, then is used , but when the actor is older
than the recipient of the action , is used

. I gave a present to Mom

. Mom gave a present to me

I gave a present to my little brothesister.

2L
 (to be)
(to exist/be , to have)
Numbers
Dates and Days of the Week
Time
 (to be)

A 7
Whats this?
(= 7)

B . (= .)
Its a chair.

A 7 (= 7)
Is she Korean?

B . (= .)
Yes, shes Korean.

A 7 (= 7)
What country is this?

B . (= .)
Its Korea.

Grammar Focus ...... .

01 taches to the end of a noun to make it the predicate of the sentence. 01 is used to express
that the subject and predicate are the same thing. 01 can also be used to specify something.
The formal descriptive form is and its interrogative form is ? The corresponding
informal forms , |/ are the same for both the descriptive and interrogative forms , with the
nterrogative form rising in intonation as it is pronounced: ?/? When the preceding noun
ends in a vowel, is used , and when the noun ends in a consonant , is used. The negative
tonn of IS . (See also Ut 2. Negat ive Expressions 01 Word Negation)

. . .
. . .
. . .
 In COversatio .................. .

A ? A What is this?

B . B Its a bag.

A ? A Are you a student?

B . B Yes. 1m a student.

A ? A Who is that?

B . B That's my friend.

A ? A Where is your hometown?

B . B Seoul.

Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks using 0 1.

A ?
B

A ?
B

f~
(3)

f ~ l
A ?
B

(.1)

A ?

rf
Gett
 o existlbe, to have)

.
(= .)
There's a dog on the chair.

.
(= . )
Our house is in Sinchon.

.
(= .)
I have a boyfriend.

Grammar Focus ......... .

1 expresses the existence or location of something and means to be located in/on in English
Although is typically used in the form of NOI/ N(place) t he order of the subject
and place in the sentence can be changed with no change in meaning: N(place) N OI/ .
The opposite of is . When N| expresses a place , the following location nouns
can be used.

(= ) ( )

G) @ (= ) @ @

on top of the desk under the d esk in front of t he desk behind the desk
 @ @ @ @

beside the desk left of the desk right of the desk in between

X
@ @ @

n the desk inside the house utside the house

@ . The computer is on the desk.

@ (= ) . The shoes are under the desk.

@ The chair is in front of the desk.

@ The bookshelf is behind the desk.

@ The plant and coat hanger are beside the desk.

@ The p lant is to the left of the desk.

@ The coat hanger is to the right of the desk

@ The desk is between the plant and the coat hanger.

@ The teddy bear is on the desk.

@ The dog is inside the house.

@ The cat is outside the house.

2 is also used in the form NOI/ to express possession , meaning to have in English.
The opposite of is .
(See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation)

. .
I have an older sister. I don t have a younger sibling

. .
I have a bicycle. I don t have a car.

~~

Getting Ready L

A ? A Where is the book?

B . B It s in my bag.

A ? A Where is the bank?

B . B Its next to the school.

A ? A 00 you have any Korean friends?

B . B Yes, I have Korean friends.

A ? A 00 you have a computer?

B . B Yes, I have one.

Describe this room. Look at the picture and write the appropriate word in each blank as shown in the
example.

- .

( 1 . {2} --- .

3) _ _ . {4} .

~ J . {6} .

3;
 Numbers

Sino-Korean Numbers

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

/ 01 ACf I C

E}

11 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

AC}A
tj|
EE}A
tj| -H

1.000 I 10.000 100.000 1.000.000

Grammar Focus .......... .

There are two ways to express numbers in Korean. One is by using Sino-Korean numbers , and the
other is by using nat ive Korean numbers. Sino-Korean numbers are used to express such things as
telephone numbers , bus route numbers , height, weight , address numbers , years , months , minutes ,
seconds , and prices.

~ 1 5Ocm

o. 0 11'>> I
1 ~ iiIS I
N\..~ I

IC~I "
I C=
II
l
_"'1 \1) 1 1 = 3
f ..
h~}UfJ
I
I
1 = I1
I rrn1 1 J.-

[]

Getting Ready 3
 o In Korean , large numbers are read based on units of ten thousand () instead of thousands ().
lUS 354 ,790 is interpreted as 35 ,4970 and read as 35 4970 ( ). Similarly,

1
6 ,354,790 is interpreted as 635 ,4790 and read as 635 4790(- ) .
26354790 2635/4790

@ When a number larger than 1 begins with 1, the initia11 () is not pronounced.
10: ( x) 110: ( x)

1.110: ( 11.110 ( x)

o 16, 26 , 36 ... 96 are pronounced [][][l ... [ l.

0 is pronounced as either or . When appearing in telephone numbers, is used .

6508-8254 []

. 01 0-4783-0274 []

@ There are two ways to read telephone numbers.

7804-3577 []

- []

* In this case 1 is pronounced [l not [1].

In Conversation

A ? A What floor is the office on?

B 9 . () B The 9th floor.

A ? A What s your phone number?

B 019-8729-9509 . B Its 019-8729-9509.

( [] )

A ? A What bus do you take?

B 705 . () B I take bus number 705.

?C
A
A How much is the book?

pu
L
ll

B Its 25 ,000 won.

l

;
Write the f l owing numbers in Korean as shown in the example.
_ ..... ...................... ..............................................................................._ ........................................................................................._ .......

A ?

8 2734-3698.
( ).

(1) A ?
B .010- 738- 3509 .

).

(2) A (kg) ?

B (kg) .

( ) (kg) .

(3) A (cm) ?

B (cm) .

( ) (cm) .

(4) A -- ?
B 000.

( ).

Native Korean Numbers

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I

(= ) (=) () (= ) |j

11 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 I
(=) E|;=- B-H

Irrn
rrr1

Getting Ready ..:<:



Grammar Focus ........... .

Native Korean numbers are used to express time and units. They are generally used along with unit
nouns that express the appropriate unit when counting things or people. Examples of unit nouns
include and . In these cases , the Korean numbers that precede these nouns
are written in slighty different forms: becomes ( ) becomes ( )
becomes ( ) becomes ( ) and becomes . (
) etc.

+ |

+
_. .
+

)

Unit Nouns

-c= rC
j r:::

-l
t::::l
2 "" r i
[:!

4 | |

6 1

7
EE|t::::l L
rl
EE|t::::l rA

9 1 O |

10
EEj gC>1

11 1 |

20 ^C A A l
-"" 0 -, !... -, -'

L

:"
c

:><: .:... l
:><: -'
]

A ? A How many family members do you have?

B . B We are a family of four.

A ? A How old are your younger siblings?

B . B My younger brother is 23, and my younger sister is 20.

. A Please give me (111 take/buy) these three apples and

ne coke.

3 . B Okay, your total is 5 ,600 won .

Getting Ready 35
Look at the picture and write the appropriate number in Korean in each blank

.
: .

(1) .

(2) , .

(3) ---- .

(4) .

(5) .

~~

;
 Dates and Days of the Week

2010 5 7
- 5
2010
eagoIO 5 0-<:1

a|
~t &
T/
'= 1 - 1-

2
1--1- 7
1--I -
3 4 E 6 IGJ 9
1&
10 IJ 12 (3 I C/- 15
( 'i! f'l 2 21 22 23

2 't '2.5" 26 2/1 28 29 30

? (What Year?)
20 10: 1998 : 1864:

? (What Month?)

? (What Day?)

11

21

? (What Day of the Week?)

Getting Read,

A ? A Whats today's date?

8 5 5 ( ). B Its May 5.

A ? A What day of the week is today?

B . B Its Tuesday.

A ? A Whe n did you get married?

8 2001 ( ) . B We got married in 2001

o Th e Korean worcls for June and October are read and written as and respectively, not
and .

f) When asking what year ; is used , and when asking what month; is used. However, when
asking what day', is used in place of .
?(x)~ ? ( What is today's date?

Look at each picture and write the appropriate dates in Korean.

!
: - 3 __l

..... 1994.3.25. ( :
t~
:

(1)

6) 2009.6. 6.() :

1987. 11.15. () :

2013.10. 10. () :

~Q
~~
 Time

U


=

= =

Grammar Focus ..... .

In Korean , hours are read using native Korean numbers while minutes are read using Sino-Korean
numbers. When referring to a time when an action takes place, the pacle is attached to the end
of the time noun.

Gettmg Reac
Although the literal meanings of and are before noon and aer noon , respect ively, in
Korean is typically used to mean the morning hours while is used to mean the afternoon
hours. Furthermore, time can also be subd ivided into smaller units , including (daybreak) ,
(morning) , (noon , lunchtime) , (evening) , and (night).

A ? A What time is it now?

B . (9: 10 A. M.) B It's 9:10 in the morning.

A ? A What time is it now?

B B Its ten minutes to two. (= Its 1:50.)

(= .) (1 :50)

A ? A What time do you wake up?

B . (7: 00) B I wake up at 7:00 in the morning

- }

Look at the pictures and write the appropriate time in the blanks

(1) (2)

(3) (4) (5)

(7) (8)

! 1::11- 1-
t:J
 Present Tense AjV-()
Present Tense AjV-/
Past Tense AjV-/
Future Tense V-()2 @
Progressive Tense V- @
Past Perfect Tense AjV-/
 PresentTense AJV-()

?
Good evening.

9.
This is the 9 0 clock news.

?
Do you have any questions?

A ?
Whats your opinion of this?

B .
I think its good.

Grammar Focus ......

The present tense of the formal p ite st yle in Korean is made by add ing -() . It is used
mainly in formal o r public situations such as in the military, news broadc ast s , presentations, m eetings ,
and lectures.
--

--
- -

--
-

D e
-

--- -
l me i
-? -?

- --+ (Declarativ
+
- ? - ? (Interrogative)

- (Declarativ
+
(to come) -? --+ ? (Interrogative)

42
 - (Oe arativ
+
(to eat) -? ? (Interrogative)

- (Oeclarative)
+
(to sit) -? ? (lnterrogative)

Base Form Declarative Interrogative

| I:ll:l ?
Ends in Vowel
+- 01 ?
-?
O~ ?

1 ?

Ends in Consonant
?
+-
?
-?
?

* Irregular form

A ? A Are you going to school?

B . B Yes , I mg ng to school.

A ? A 00 you eat breakfast?

B . B Yes , I eat breakfast.

A ? A 00 you exercise?

B . B Yes, I exercise.

1. llses
Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks as shown in the example.

A \? A ?

B 1 . B .

() ()

(1)
A ?
B

()

A

u

~
(

(3)

A '

.
()

(4)
~
A ?

B
"-"'1111
()

(5)
J!'!
A ?

A ?

B
 Present Tense AN-ot/

A ?
Does it taste good?

B .
Yes, it tastes good

A ?
Where are you going?

B .
l m going to schoo l.

~"
.
i
-

:aa : ~
\ ;~
I love you , Carol.

Grammar Focus ......... ..

1e informal p ite style is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal polite
style, this style is softer and less formal and is therefore used mainly among fam ily members, friends ,
and other c1 0se acquaintances. The declarative and interrogative forms of the informal p ite style are
le same. The declarat ive form is therefore made by ending the sentence in a falling tone while the
nterrogative form is made by ending t he sentence in a rising tone.

is used when the word stem ends in 1- or ..L.

G)- is added when the word stem ends in a consonant.

+ - - i

~ If the word stem ends in the vowel 1- , one 1- is deleted.

+ 7 L
@ If the word stem ends in a vowel, the following contract ion can also occur.
+ (+ 1- )

1. Tenses
 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel other than ~ or ...L.

G) - is added when the word stem ends in a consonan t.

+ - ~

If the word stem ends in the vowel H, 1 , or ~ , the of- is deleted.

+ i - I -
@ If the word stem ends in the vowel T , T and the of combine to form .
+ - ( + 1 - ) .

@When the word stem ends in the vowel 1 , I and the of combine
to form ~ .
+ ( + 1 - )
- -

When the predicate ends in it is changed to . (Originally, was added I

to to form b is now shortened to .) I
-+ h |

- - - -

The verb changes t / wh used when the preceding word I

ends in a vowel and used when the word ends in a consonan t.
G) When the noun ends in a vowel : ( + )
- . -
When the noun ends in a consonant : ( + )
- 1 -

Base Form - Base Form

- - I r - - - - - --
l
l

-

Vowel Ending ---- -t---=-

--
01
Consonant Ending

6

A ? A What are you doing now?

B . 8 1 md< ng homework

A ? A What time do you eat lunch?

B 1 . 8 1 normally eat lunch at one clock.

A ? A What is Minu's job?

B . 8 Hes a teacher.

<Characteristics of Present Tense Forms>

o In Korean , the present tense forms include not only the present tense but a lso the present
progressive tense and a future tense in which it is clear that a future event will occur.

Present Tense Forms

L @ j
-

Present- / 1go to college

Progressive - /. I am studying now.
Near Future - / I will go to school tomorrow.

@ le present tense is also used to express general truths and to describe things that occur regularly.

. The Earth rotates around the sun.

. I run every morning.

1. Tenses
1 Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks as shown in t he example.

(2)
? ?

()

(4)
? A ?
B

()

2 Look at t he pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example .

. .. . ... ........ . ... . ... .............. . ........... .. ....

1A ;q !

A ?
f~ B I ;q. B

() ()
.... ..........

(2)

A

? A ?
B B
.
() ()

(3) - ~
A ? A ?
B B

i:;it-
( ) ()

5) (6)

A ? s) A ?
B
l ii \ , j
B
~
) ()
-
 Past Tense A/V-/

1981 3 5 .

(The baby) was born on March 5, 1981.

2004 2 .
I graduated from college in February 2004.

2001/. .2 .25

.
We got married last year.

Grammar Focus .....

The past tense form of adjectives and verbs is formed by adding -/ to their word stems. When
the word stem ends in the vowel ~ or ...L- is added , and when it ends in any other vowel ,
- is added. For verbs and adjectives ending in - is added to form +
which is then shortened to . In the case of the formal pite style, -/ and
are used

Base Form - Base Form - Base Form

* AA

1. Tenses 9
 --,
!I
-- -+

I ~
-
* I *

Vowel Ending -
01 -~--
Consonant Ending -
|
} wwel ding

Consonant Ending

* Irregular form

}
A ? A What did you do yesterday?

B . B I studied.

A ? A Did you see a movie on Saturday?

B . . B Yes, I saw a movie. It was interesting

A ? A What did you do over the weekend?

B . B I listened to music

\\'hile the past tense of can be written either as or ) and the past tense of can be
.
ritteneither as or ) the past tense of is written only as not .
+ - - ( (

+- - ( (

( (x)

50
.\fhat did Carol do this week? Refer to t he calendar and choose the appropriate word from below to fi ll in

each blank using -/.

12

-
l
E ~
-r 2.
-,

12 7 (1)
(2)

(3)

12 8 (4)

(5)

(6)

12 9 (7) . .

12 10 : (8)

12 11 : (9)

12 12 (10)

(11)

1. Tenses
 F

2 .
,'11 buy a car two years from now.

.
l 11 90 fishing this weekend.

.
,'11 visit China during my vacation.

Grammar Focus .....

This pattern is used to express a future plan or intention and means the same as will r is going to' in
English. It is formed by adding -()2 to the stems of verbs. - 2 is used when the
verb stem ends in or a vowel , and- is used when the verb stem ends in a consonan t.

Base Form - 2 Base Form -

"' Irregular form

52
In Conversation .....

A ? A When will you return to your hometown?

B . 8 I 11 return next year.

A ? A What will you do over the weekend?

B . 8 I 11 ride my bike.

The foliowing calendar is from Wang Jings daily planner. What wili Wang Jing do this week? Choose the
appropriate word from below to 11 in each blank using-()2 .

5
| l | |

6 7
H|

5 4. 5 5 .

. (1)


-

t n

2) . (3)

. (4)

. (5)

(6) . (7)

1. Tenses ::;:_:,
 Progressive Tense V- @

.
Dane is listening to music now.

.
Minu is going home now

.
.
Yesterday, a friend called Wesley on the phone. Wesley was sleeping
at that time.

Grammar Focus .......

This pattern expresses the p rogression or continuation of an action and is the equivalent of -ing In
English. It is formed by ad ding - to the stem s of verbs. To express the continuation of an
action that occurred sometime in the past , - is used.

+ - + - -

- Ba;m

lf
-


A . A Wang Jing , lets go to the market together.

B - . 8 1m sorry, but 1m doing my homework right now.

A ? A Why didn t you answer the phone a while ago?

B . 8 1 was taking a shower.

A ? A Where are you living now?

B . 8 1 m living in Seoul

To express that an action simply occurred in the past, the simple past form -/ is used.

A ? What did you do yesterday?

B (x) - ( 1relaxed at home

Look at the pictures and 11 in the blanks as shown in the example

A ?

B "1 .
()

(2) (1;
z-
.
.-- ?
(1) 3cXi~} : ?
n
A

( B ()

3)-r.'\~g~
(4)
A r f A ?
?

B
B
()
()

1. Tenses :::::
 Past Perfect Tense AN-

.

1have been to the U.S.
(1went to , and have already returned from , the U.S.)

.
1(have) lived in China.
(1 dont live in China now.)

.
My father was overweight
(He5 not overweight now.)

Grammar Focus ......

This pattern is used to express something or a situation that occurred in the past but did not continue
or something separate from the present because it occurred much earlier than w hen the speaker is
describing it. It approximates to did/ had (in the past)' in English. It is formed by adding - t
the stems of verbs and adjectives w ith stems ending in the vowel ~ or ..L. Otherwise , - is
added. For verbs ending in is added.

ImiiIm!la
. . Il.. iil ::ri'r.l'i1Ei i

(}I Q O fC4
+ - l -

L BaseForm -/ Base Form -/

^^~OiR

QC


-
* *

Irregular form

A ? A You don t smoke?

B . B I smoked last yea But I don t smoke now.

A . A Theres nobody at the seaside these days

B . B There were many people (ther in the summer.

A ? A What did you do over the weekend?

B . B I went to Lotte World. It was really interesting.

What's the Difference?

-/ ~I / I
Expresses that som ething simply occurred Expresses a past occurrence that does not
in the past or that an action or situation that continue to the presen t.
ended in the past has remained that way.
. .
(Dane may still be in Korea. We dont knowwhat (Dane came to Korea and later left; he is not in Korea
happened after he came to Korea. He may be in now.)
some place other than Korea.) 1 .
1 . (Dane previously lived in Seoul for one year, but now
(Dane has been living in Seoul for one year. he does not live in Seoul.)
He previously lived in Seoul for one year, but we
don t know where he lives now.)

1. Te'15eS ::::
What was Hayeong like 10 years ago? Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the
example.

,,_ g -

l
()

(10 /)

(1)

/
()

( 1 0 /)

~---- -
(2)

()

( 1 0 /)

(3)
!/
()

(10 /)

(4)

()

10 /)

 Word Negation
A/V-/ (A/V- )
v-ou (V- )
 Word Negation

.
She is Korean.

.
She is not Korean

.
I have money.

: .
I dont have any money.

:~
.
I know Korean.

.
I don t know Korean

Grammar Focus .....

Negative sentences can be mad e either by negat ing the entire sentence or by negating a word. When
m aking a negative sentence by negating a word , is changed to is changed to
and is changed to . Of t hese, is w ritten in the form 0 1/ but w hen used
in the spoken form , 01/ is often o mitted

In Conversation ...
...
...
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.....
........
..
..
..
..
..
..
......
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
......
.........
..
.....
..
..
..
..
..
..
.. ...../1/tracK
..
~
/
i
<

A ? A Is Minu a student?

B . B No , he s not a student. Hes a teacher.

(= .)

A ? A Do you have some time today?

B . B No, I don t have any time today. I'm busy

A ? A Do you know Japanese?

B B No , I don t know Japanese

_ook at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.

A ?

B |. .
 AN-ot/ (- ot)

. (
(= .)
I dont eat squid.

.
(= .)
Those shoes arent pretty
I 1"

.
(= .)
The room is not spacious.

Grammar Focus .....

This pattern is added to verbs and adjectives to negate an action or state. It approximates t not in
English. It is formed by adding to the front of verbs and adjectives or - to the end of
verb and adjective stems.

+ + -
+ - + - -

Because verbs that end in are comprised of Noun + they are negated by adding to the
front of the verb , form ing Noun . Adjectives , on the other hand , are negated by adding
to the front , as in + Adjective'. Note, however, that for the verbs (to like) and
(to dislike) , because they are not verbs in the form of Noun + but rather are indivisible , single
verbs , they are written as / and / .

62
 + - + - -
+ - + -
+ / ( (x)

Base Form -/ -

I~

* _l_

Irregular form

though and - can be used in declarative and interrogative sentences, they cannot be
Jsed in imperative or propositive sentences.

- (x ), (x)
- ( Please dontg

(x ), (x)
- ( Lets not eat.

}
A ? A 00 you like Korean bulgogi?

B . B No , 1don t eat meat

A ? A 00 you go to the office on Saturdays?

B . B No , on Saturdays, 1dont go to work.

A ? A Is your house far away?

3 . . B No , its not far away. Its close.

~~

2. Negative Expressions C:
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example.

. :
:
:
:
:
:
A ? :
:
:
:
:
B .1 :
:
:
:
:
:

A ?

(2)

A ?
B

(3)

A ?

(4)

A ?

6
 v-ot/ (v- )

.
(= .)
I cant swim.

.
(= .)
I can t drink today.

.
(= .)
I cant sing.

Grammar Focus ..... .. .

l is pattern expresses the subject s lack of ability to do something or the fact that something does not
go according to ones wish or hope due to some external factor. It corresponds to the English cannot
and is formed by adding in front of a verb or - to the end of a verb stem.

See also Unit 6. Ability and Possibility 0 1 V)2 /

+ - + -
+ - ( (x)

Base Form -/ -

"' A AA

* Irregular form
2. Negative Express100s .::;
In Converion
A ? A Do yo u drive?

B . B No , I can t drive. I never learned how

A ? A Whyarent you eating?

B . . B My teeth hurt, so I can t eat.

What s the Difference?

I
o Combines with both verbs and adjectives o Combines with verbs, but not normally
. ( (1) don1 go 10 school. witha ectiv.
. ( The skirt is nol pretty. . ( (1) can 1 go 10 sch

(x)

f) Expresses not doing something regardless Used when one is unable , or it is impossible,
of ability or external conditions to do something.
1don 1 drive 1can1 drive.
(1know how bul don 1 wanl 10.) (1 would like 10 be able 10 drive bul can1 due 1

. some exlernal circumslance, such as a leg injury.)

Iwon 1 go shopping loday .

(1simply don 1 leel like going shopping.) 1can1 go shopping loday.

(1 wanl 10 go shopping bul can 1 due 10 some
exlernal circumslance, such as a lack 01 money
rlime.)

Look at the pictu res and fill in the blanks using as shown in the example.

(1)
A -? A ?
B .1 ~ B
7'1 . .

A
2) (3)
A ?
?
B
B
.
.
 N / N
N/ N
N/ N
N N() N N()
N | N() @
N @ N() @
N @ N
N N N
N N N N N
N 1/ N
 N/

~- -
I I
.
The weather is nice.

.
A long time ago , there was a princess.

.
Theres Jaejun coming (this way).

~rammar Focus .....

1 01/ is added to the end of a subject to designate it as the subject of the sentence. For words
ending a vowel , is added , and for words ending in a consonant , 01 is added.
. Joel eats bread

. The fruit is too expensive

2 01/ also functions to particularly emphasize the preceding suect

A ? Whs going to prepare the food?

B . Junho will prepare the food

(Meaning that Junho , not anybody else , wi ll do it.)

A ? Who hasn t arrived?

B . Yoko hasnt arrived

3 It is used to express new information in a sentence , that is , the introduction of a new topic.

. .
Once upon a time , there lived a man. He had two sons.

.
Minu is coming this way.

01
.
. .
. .

In Conversation .-










.
.













.
.






..
.
.
.
..

...

....

..


....





....

....

....
.... /tJ
.. g
!
32)

Kz
1
A ? A
Wh1ic

B B That p
erson (o
ver
thhe) isJason
onn

A ? A Where does it hu?

B . B My stomach hurts.

A . A Your tie looks nice.

B . B Thank you.

When i s added to and they combine as follows:

+ + - +

.1 m Richard.
. (x)
. 1 11 do it
. (x)

? Who will clean up?

? (x)

3. Particles ':
1 Some friends have gathered to have a party. What will each of t he f lowing people be doing? Look
at the pictures and fill in the bla nks using 0 1 /.

1) A ?

B .

(2) A ?

B .

(3) A ?

B .

(4) A ?
B .

2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 0 1 /.

(2)

. .

(3) (4)

.
.

r
)
 N/

? .
Hello.1 m Dane.

. .
My older brother is tal l. My younger brother is short.

. .
Budi is good at sports. Studying , however, is not his forte.

Grammar Focus ...... .

1 / designates the t opic , or the target of exposition , of a particar sentence or group of
sentences. Thus it means the same as as for r regarding For words ending in a vowel , is
added , and for words ending in a consonant , is added

| m Korean

29 Richard is 29 years old.

Im a lawyer.

2 / is also used when referring t o something mentioned earlier in a conversation or when talking
about somhi ng already known by both sides in the conversation. In other words , / is used
when expressing old information.

. .
l 11 meet Yoko tomorrow. Yoko came from Japan.

. .
I went to New York last year. New York was really beautiful

} . .
Once upon a ti me, there lived a man. He had two sons.
3. Pamcles
3 / is used when comparing or contrasting two things , and , in such cases , it can be attached
not only to subjects but also the objects or other parts of the sentence.

. .
Eric is American. Junho, however, is Korean. (subject comparison)

. .
I like soccer. However, I don t care for basebal l. (object contrast)

. .
Snow fell in Seou l. In Pusan , however, snow did not fal l. (Iocation contrast)

A ? Do you have apples?

B . No , (but) we have pears. (alludes to the fact that while there are no apples ,
there are, however, pears)

.
. .

A ? A What do your parents do?

B . B My father is a company emplree.

And my mother is a teacher.
.

A ? A How s Tokyo?

B . B Tokyo is really crowded.

A ? . A Hello.1 m Dane.

B ? . B Hello. I m Caro l. I mAmerican.

-2
1. The f lowing is Tiruen s self-introduction. Read it and fill in the blanks appropriately with /.

? (1) --- . (2) .

(3) . (4) . 3

. (5) . (6) .

(7) --- . (8) --- . (9) ---

. . (10) .

2 Look at t he pictures and fill in the blanks using /.

(1) .

(2) .

;;R; (3) .

(4) .

(5) . .

3. Partic es
 N/

.

Budi watches a movie.

.
Dad reads the newspaper.

.
Yoko listens to music

Grammar Focus .....

The ect pacle / is ad ded to a noun t o express that the noun is the object of t he sentence
For nouns ending in a vowel , is added , and for nouns ending in a consonant , is added. Common
verbs that require this ect partic le include (to eat) , (to drink) , (to like) ,
(to rea (to see) , (to meet) , (to buy) (to teach) , (to learn) , and
(to write). In cloq uial speech , / is sometimes omitted.

l~r.mi1I1111Ml

7~
In Conversation ..
..
....
...

.
..
..
....


....


....


....


....


..
..
..
....


..
..
....


....


....


..
..
..
....


...
....
..
....


..
..
....
..
..
..
..
....


....


....

.
..
....

....(fra
..

cR

36

A ? A What kind of exercise do you like?

B . 8 1like soccer.

A ? A What do you study?

B . 8 1study Korean.

A Who will you meet today?

81 11 meet my girlfriend

o N+ -N

When / is omitted from verbs like and the form

becomes shortened to a single one-word form: and . However,
for the verbs and because O and - are not nouns, the forms and
are the one-word verb forms.

@ ?

1e qllestion nOlln can be shortened to which can be further shortened to . Th us, the
question ? can b e shortened to ? which can be further shorten ed to ? lis
form is often used in conversation

- -

? - ? ? - ?

I....ook at the pictures and fill in the blanks using /.

(2)
A ? A ?

B ---- . B .

3)

A ? A ?

B B

3. Par...cles ::
 N~ N() N

.
1like watermelons and strawberries.

(= .)
1like strawberries and watermelons.

.
Yesterday, 1bought a bag and a hat.

(= . )
Yesterday, 1bought a hat and a bag.

.
1'11 have a hamburger and coke, please.

Grammar Focus .....

1 These particles express the listing of various things or people and correspond t and in English.
is used mainly in writing , presentations , and speeches while () and are used in
everyday conversation. For nouns ending in a vowel , r is used , and for nouns ending in a
consonant , or is used is used regardless of whether a final consonant is present.

// //

. .
. .
. } .

2 These particles can also indicate th e t arget w ith wh ich the subject performs an action and
correspond to (together) with' in English. When indicating such a relationship , 0 1 and
nonmally follow the pacle.

1 plan to see a movie (together) with my friend tomorrow.

 . 1 want to go on a trip (together) with my family.

? Shall we have lunch (together) with the teacher?

In Conversation ..

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.....
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
......fW?
38

A ? A Whos in the classroom?

B . B The teacher a nd students (are in the c lass room).

A ? A What kind of food do you like?

B . B 1 like naengmyeon and kimbab.

o W hen func tioning as particles to list things, () and can be added to the final noun in the list,
but / canno t.

( . ( . (

I bought pants and a bag
. ( . ( . (x)

I buy clothes and a bag

6 Although / () and can all be used similarly to list things, they cannot be mixed within
the same sentence.

. (x )

. ( I like strawberries , bananas, tangerines. and persimmons .

. (

_ook at the pictures and 1 1 in the blanks using

V or( ) or .

(2)
A ? A ?

B B
. .


E

A
3)
? A ?

B
B
.
.

3. Prucl es
 Nl

.
(= .)
This is Wesley5 book

.
(= .)
This is Budi 5 teacher.

.
(= .)
My name is Yoko.

Grammar Focus .....

expresses the possessive relationship of the first noun being the possessor of the second noun. It
corresponds to the possessive of or (Noun)s , in English. When 1 is used in this possessive sense ,
it can be pronounced as either [1] or [1] although [1] is used most often. Furthermore , the paic le
is often omitted in colloquial speech. In the case of pronouns representing people, such as
and rather than being omitted , combines with each to form 1- 1- and
. In a sentence , 1 is placed between the possessor and the possession.

(= )
(= )
/
/

78
In Conversation

A -? A Whose umbrella is this?

B . B I t sJa un s umbrella.

-

A i
A Who is this person?

pu
B (Shes) Jason s mother.

A ? A Whats your name?

B . B My name is Lee Minu.

When referring to a group with which one is associated (home , family, comp any, country, or sch ool),
it is common to use the pronouns / in place of . Also, is used in place of and when
referring to one's family members. However, in the case of and are used more often
than (our younger brotherlsister).

(my house) ~ (my/our hous

(myfamily) (my/our fa
(my company) ~ (my/our company)
(my country) (my/our country)
(myschool) (my/our sch)

(my mother) (my/ourmother)

| (my father) ~ (my/our father)
(my older sist ~ (my/our older sister)
/ (my husband/wife) / (my husband/wi
/ (my daughter/son) / (my/our daughteson)

* (my younger brother/sister)

When showing respect to the listener, the humble from of is used. Examples include
and . However, when referring to one's country, only is used, not .

3. P artJctes I ':3
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using

(1)

n
AH /

-
u
-U -
@

A ?

B .
(

(3)
A ?

B
( . )

A ?

B
(. )
 N CD

.
My friend is coming to Korea.

.
My little brother goes to school.

.
I go back to my hometown next month.

Grammar Focus .....

i is used mainly w ith the verbs (to ) (to come) , (to attend/ commute) ,
(to return) , (to arrive) , (to go up) , and (to go down). It
expresses the direction in which a partic ar behavior proceeds. It corresponds to to in English.

|l

2 is also used with and to express the location of a person or t hing. It corresponds to 'in'
or on in English. (See also Getting Ready 02 (to be))

.
The dog is on the sofa.

.
Right now my mother and little brother/sister are in the house.

3. PE=s
In Converion
A ? A Where are you going?

B . 8 1m going to the department store.

A ? A Is Yoko coming to the birthday pay?

B . 8 No, she isn t coming.

A ? A What will you do this afternoon?

B . 8 1 m going to the bookstore.

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 1.

(1)

A ?

(2)

A ?

B .

(3)

A ?

:
A ?
~ B

~~

 N @

8 .

I wake up at 8:00 in the morning.

3 2 .
I came to Korea on March 2.

.
See you on Saturday

Grammar Focus ..... .

is also added to nouns that indicate time and expresses the time when some action , event , or
srruation occurs. It corresponds to at or n in E ish can also combine with the pales
to form | and .

Year 2009

Month 4

Day 4 181.

Day ofWeek

Time

Season

3.Pticles -..::
Of the nouns that indicate time , cannot be added to (= 1) (the day before yesterday) ,
(= ) (yeste (today) (tomorrow) , (t he day after tomorrow) , or
(when).

. (x) - . (
I met my friend yesterday.

. (x) - . (
I plan to see a movie tomorrow.

? (x) - ? (
When will you go to Japan?

A ? A What time do you normally go to sleep?

B 11 . B I usually go to sleep at 11:00 P.M.

A ? A When will you go back to your hometown?

B 6 . B I plan to go back in June of next year.

A ? A Do you have time on the weekend?

B . B Yes , I have time on the weekend.

When more than one noun representing time is used in a sentence, then is added to the final noun
only.

10 30 . (x)
10 30 (
Let's meet next Saturday at 10:30 A. M

;::;J!
;~
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using

(1)

A ?
B

(2)

A ?

(3)

A ?

4)

A ?

_Q_ - 0 _

3. P~c; es .:<
 N

. .
| m going to schoo l. I study at schoo l.

. .
1went to the theater. 1saw a movie at the theater.

. .
| m going to the cafeteria. I 11 eat at the cafeteria.

Grammar Focus .......... .

is added to the end of nouns to express the place at which some action or behavior occurs. It
corresponds to at or 'in in English.

.
.
.

86
Il n Conversation ............. .

A ? A Where do you Iive?

B . 8 1live in Seou l.

A ? A What did you do yesterday?

B . 8 1met my friend at Myeongdong.

A ? A What wll you do tomorrow?

B . 8 1 11 study at the library

W hen used before the verb the p articles and can both be used. lere is very little difference
m meamng.

. ( (Describes the state 01 living or existing in Seou l.)

. ( (Emphasizes the act or behavior 01 living in Seou l.)

What 's the Difference?

I
Indicates the place where a person o r thing is Indicates the place where an action occurs and
located or moves and is mainly used with verbs is used with a variety of verbs.
denoting movement, location , or existence.
. ( . (x)
City Hali is in Seoul . (x)
. (0) . (
The house does not have an air conditioner. 1eat in the dining room
. (x) . (
. (x) (1) learned the Korean language at school

3. o a::;.des :::.
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using .

(1)

A ?

(2)

A ?

(3)

A /
R

R
]

(4)

A ?

88
 N | N N N

.
I walked home from school.

?
How long does it take to get from Seoul to Busan?

9 5 .
I work from 9:00 A.M. until 5:00 P. M

lrammar Focus ........ .

1 ese particles express the physical or temporal range over which an action or event occurs and
correspond to from ... tO ... and from ... until ... in English. When expressing physical locations ,
rmally Noun Noun is used , and when expressing a ge of time , Noun Noun
.s used. Sometimes , however, both expressions can be used with no distinction.

20 . 1 2.

. .

(m)? 7 8 .

= (m)?} (= 7 8 .)

3.P:.o es
ij ij
A ? A Is it far from here to school?

B . B Yes , it takes about one hour by bus.

A ? A Is this library open on Saturdays?

B 10 B Yes, on Saturdays , ts open from 10 A.M. until4 P.M.

4 .

A ? A How do you get from Myeongdong to Dongdaemun?

B 4 . B Please take subway line 4.

Look at the pictures and 11 in the blanks using either ~ or ~ .

A
B 1 .

(2)

A ?
B 10 .

(3)

A ?

B 1 2

A ?

B .

(1 ,:), B- 0.1

-
 N/

.

Ja un gives a present to Carol.

.
The teacher teaches Korean to the students.

.
My little sister feeds the dog.

Grammar Focus ................... .

/ are added to nouns representing people or otheving creatures and indicates that the
noun is the recipient or target of an action. is more c loquial than . |1/1 are only
used when the pr.eceding noun is a person or other living creature. Otherwise , (for plants , things ,
aces etc.) is used.

/ cannot be used with all verbs. The limited number of verbs they can be used with include
(to giv (to give a present) , (to throw) , (to send) , (to ship/send),
(to attach) , (to write) , (to phone) , (to as (to teach) , (t
speak) , (to sell), (to ) and (to com.

3. ra

A ? A Who a re you writing a letter to?

B . 8 1 m writing a letter to my friend back home.

A ? A Why did you buy flowers?

B . 8 1 m going to give them to my girlfriend as a presen t.

A A Teacher, what is the phone number for Namsan

Li brary?
?
B . . 8 1 m sorry, but 1don t know. Please call (directory
assistance at) 114.
114 .

o When giving or doing something for someone equal or lower in social status than th e speaker,
is used. However, when the target of the action is someone of higher social status to w h om the
speaker m ust show respect, the honorific is used in place of |I!1 and is used in place
of (See also Introduction to the Korean Language 5. Honorific Expressions)

. .
I gave a present 10 my Grandpa.
- .
I made a call to the boss
. .
Itold my father.

Wh en receiving or learning something f rom anoth er person, / or /

is used. can also be omitted , in which case the expression becomes / or
/. When the t hing being received or learned comes from a person of higher social status , the
honorific is used in place of and .

=
I gol a present from my friend on my birthday.
=
I learned Korean from my teacher, Lee Jeonga.

Ilearned Chinese characlers from my grandfalher when I was little

92
 ook at the pictures and fill in the blanks using ()/.
,-

( n

(2)

3)

(4)

3. Par..'o
 N

.
.
Mukul is Indian. And his friend is also Indian

. .
My father is tal l. And I am tall , too

.
.
Wang Jing likes apples. And she likes strawberries, to

Grammar Focus .....

:. is used after subject and object nouns to express the listing of subjects and objects or the addition
of a subject or object to one mentioned previously. This meaning corresponds t also or too m
English.

. .
. .
. .

. .

When added to a subject particle , the subject partie is omitted , leaving only .

. . ( x )
- . . (
| m Korean. And my friend is also Korean.

g.t
s.rr

. . (x)
. . (
1like apples. And (1 l i k strawberries , to

'lhen is added to pacles other than subject or object paicles however, the other particle is not

omitted.

. . (
1have a friend in Japan. And (1 have a friend) in the USA, too.

. . (x)

. . (
1study at home. And (1 study) in the library, too.

. . (x)

. . (
1gave a present to my friend. And (1 gave a present) to my younger sister, too.

. . ( x)

In Conversation .............. .

A ? A What will you have to eat?

B . 8 1'11 have bibimbap. And 1'11 have doenjang stew, too.

A ? A What do you study these days?

B . 8 1study Korean. And 1also learn taekwondo.

A ? A Who came to the birthday party yesterday?

B . 8 Martin came. And Yoko also came.

3.P'tides ::'0
Look at the pictures and fill in the anks using .

(1)

A ?

B . .

(2) _ 6

A ?
7 .
% X. B .
.~ ~VW -.

\1
.t

-
-

(3)

(4)
A ?

s
 N

.
Today, only Carol came to school.

. .
Dane doesn t eat vegetables. (He) only eats meat.

5 .
Please wait for just five minutes.

Grammar Focus ......... .

expresses the choosing of one thing to the exclusion of other things. It corresponds to only or just
in English. When used after a number, it can also mean minimum . It is used by adding to the end
of the word being chosen or being stated to the exclusion of other things.

. Carol only wears pants.

. That restaurant is closed on Mondays only.
I will love only Jennifer for eternity.
. Our child just plays games all day long.

The particle can be used either in place of the paicles 01/ / and / or it can be used
together with them. When used together, is added first , followed by or to form
and .

. ( = . (
Only Junho was accepted to the university.

. (
= . (
Minu reads comic books only, and no other books.
3. P
= -
However, when used with parties other than 01/ / and / comes after the paicle
to form and for example.

. (
Our daughter studies only at school , and doesn t study at home.

. (x)

. ( I gave a present just to Junho.

. (x )

12 . (0) Jason studies only until 12 o'clock, and then sleeps.

12. (x)

In Conversation .....

A ? A Have all the students arrived?

B . 8 Only Budi hasnt arrived.

The others have all arrived
.

A ? A Do you take both sugar and cream in your coffee?

B . 8 Just sugar, please.

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using .

( 1) A ?

()

(2 ) .>~
-
;..
~ --

I J1)X
?tJ
I. ~l
A ?

B
__ _,. .. ---
/ 1_ c' - -
()

(3)
A ?
B
( )
 N

.
Theres only one apple left.

.
Theres nothing but milk in the refrigerator.

.
I only received one present.

Grammar Focus ........ .

expresses the only thing or option available , with no possibility of anything else. It corresponds
t only r nothing but in English . The wo rd that comes before has a connotation of being very
small or few in number, and a negative form must follow it.

(= - .
.

..\Jt hough is always followed by a negative form , it cannot be fowed by nor can it be
'ollow ed by imperative or propositive forms.

. (x)
. (x) . (
Please buy only a few tomatoes.

3.P
 . 10 . (x) - lO . (
Lets wait just 10 minutes.

(Compare with U nit 3. Particles 12 N 16 N( ) (1))

A ? A Did you read much of that book?

B . B Its difficult , so I could only read fi ve pages.

A ? A Did a lot of people come to the party?

B 30 . B I invited 30 people, but only 20 came.

20 .

A ? A How much time is left?

B 10 . B There are only 10 minutes remaining.

What the Difference?

le particles and h ave similar meanings, but while can be u sed in both positive and negative
sentences, i s used in n egative sentences only.

1
(x) . (
. ( Only Jaejun is in the classroom.
n ly Jaejun is in the classroom . (
. (x) Everyone but Jaejun is in the classroom
(AII the other students are presen t.)
. (
1 only bought fruit at the store . (0 )
1 only bought fruit at the store.
(
1 bought things other than fruit at the store.
(1 bought all the her ingredients.)

1
_ook at the pictures and fi ll in the blanks using .

A ?

B 10 .

A ?

B .

3)

A ?
B

A ?

3. Particles 10 1
 N()

.

Please go to the right from here.

.
(1) go from Seoul to Jeju Island by airplane.

.
(1) cut the paper with scissors.

.
(1) made jam from peanuts.

Grammar Focus
1 () expresses a d irection (toward a place). It means t or 'toward in English. When the
preceding noun ends in a vowel or 2 , is used , and when the noun ends in a consonant, is
used .

. Please go to the righ t. You 11 see a bank.

. Please go straight forward. There s a post office.

2 () is also used when expressing means of transport , other means , to

|s and ma
ter s used
to make something. This meaning corresponds to by r w ith/using and from in English.

102
 I11 go to Busan by train.

I cut the paper with scissors

I make bread from flour.

|.LLIl

A . ? A Pardon me. Where is the bank?

B B Please go to the 1t fror

A ? A How do you get to Bn from Se?

B . B (Please) go by train. The train is fast

A . ? A This candy is good. What s it made of?

B B This candy is made of ric

A A Koreans eat rice with a spoon

B B The Japanese eat rice with chopsticks

When a means of transport is represented by a verb instead of a noun, -/ is added to the verb ,
such as in and .

I go home from sch by foot.

I went from Seoul to Busan by driving a car.
I plan to swim (go by swimming) from Busan to Jeju Island

3. Pa...-.JCIS
 What the Difference?

o What is the difference between and ?

refers to getting in a car and traveling, with the subject either driving the car or riding
as a passenger. However, can only be used when the subject actually drove the car.
.

Can be used when expressing that Minu traveled by Can be used when expressing that Minu traveled by
car. driving a car.
Can be used when Minu drove the car. Can be used when Minu drove the car.
Can be used even when Minu was not the one wh Cannot be used when Minu was not the one wh
drove. drove
What is the difference between -() and - ?
) expresses going toward a particular direction, with the focus being on the direction.
-| on the other hand, focuses on the destination, and thus only the destination is expressed
because no sense of direction is conveyed.
-() I -
Focus on direction. I Focus on destination.
. ( Eric goes to his home. I . ( Eric goes to his home.
. ( Go to the right. I . (x)

Look at the pictu res a nd fill in the blanks using ().

A ?
B
.
C
.
D
C .
(2)

A ?

B .

-
 N()@

.

In the mornings, 1eat bread or rice.

. .
| m thirsty. Please give me some water or juice.

.
1want to go to Jeju Island or Mt. Seorak during the school vacation

)rammar Focus ............. .

(0 1) m eans that one of the two or more listed nouns will be chosen. When the preceding noun ends
in a vowel , is used , and when t he noun ends in a consonant , 01 is used. In the case of adject ives
and verbs- is added to t he verb stem. (See also Unit 4. Li sting and Contrast 02 V-)

01

When () is added to a subject or object , the subject or object particle is omitted , leaving o nly ()
in place of 01/ r / respectively

. (x) - . (
My mother or father cooks

. (x) . ( (1) eat bread or rice.

3. ParC S
When () is used together with the particles and can either be used alone
w ith the first word(s) in the list while and are used with the final word , or () can be
used together with and to form . However, the use of (0 1) by
itself is more natural.

. ( = . (
(1) exercise on Saturday or Sunday.

. ( = . (
(1) go to the mountain or sea. / Let5 go to the mountain or sea.

. ( = . (
tyVe) date at the park or a coffee shop.

11 (= -1011(
(1) ask questions to my teacher or Korean friend.

In Conversation

A ? A What will you buy?

B . B 1plan to buy some shoes or a bag.

A . A 1don t understand this grammar question.

B B Please ask instructor Lee or instructor Kim.

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using (O l) q

A ?

B .

A ?

B .

(3)
A ?

B .

06
 N @

.

I waited for my friend for no less than two hours.

.
lyJe) have (as many as) eight children

. .
The apples are tasty. 80 I ate (as many as) ten of them.

Grammar Focus
) indicates that the number or amount of something is much higher or more than expected , or
-;: IS at a level higher than w hat is generally considered normal. It corresponds to as many as or n
than in English. When added to words ending in a vowel, is added , and when added to words
:rld ing in a consonant , is added

.
30 . .

:ompare with Unit 3. Particles 13 N )

3. Part.es