Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ir]DARAKWON
Preface . ........ . ... 4 q~ J.}1f~ ~ 0 ]1-J- ~~ ~%W ITll
..... 6
Citing the Speech or Writing of Others
How to Use This Book .
01 -Cfll <M>? ........... .. ' .. 94
02 -Cf.:il ofl::!cil .. 98
03 - Cfi21.A.iR? ..........103
'f-~3!1- ~PJ~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
Expressing Conjecture and Supposition 04 -CfLIR? .......... ""'" '107
01 -O f/Oi !i!.OICf 14
02 -(O)L/E 2.~01Cf ... .......... 17
~{:}3!} ~~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
03 -(0)2 'M)cu . ... ... ... . 21 Expressing Resolution and Intent
04 -( 0 )2 EiiLIJJf .. 25 01 -(0)277f ofc.f . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... 114
OS -(o)2~R .. . .. 29 117
06 -(2.)L /~/( 0)2 ~~CI{~~tq) .. 34 03 -(2.)2.:j\::! ~to ICf .................... 120
01 -(o)2::X::I ~q .37 04 -(2.)2 f3 -(0)2 f3 ' 124
OS -Of/OiO~::X:: IR 127
01 .A.i-~~11 ''' '' . . ..... ' ......... .54 01 -\::! .. ' ' ...... 144
02 ~~~11 . .. . ....... .. ..... ............ 58 02 -C::j2.fll<i=? ' .. .. ........................ 148
ru -1::!~~ .............. 1~
04 '2! 5H ....... .. . ..... ... . ....... . .. ..... 203 AJ-Elj ~ t.fE}-~ n:Jl
Expressing Situational States of Being
01 -0 f/Oi ~q . 288
:g ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
Expressing Mid-Action 02 -O f/ Oi .!f.Cf ... 291
03 -{ 0 )L 5:H 294
01 ~ ~ 01i 208
02 -Cflf .. 04 -{ 0 )L/~ CH . ... ' ., ... 298
211
01 OfEf+{OI)Lf I Of.!pt ......... ....... 226 01 ~OfLf -{O) L/~:A i 2....Cf .... .... 316
~~ ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
6A ;,]:{1-a]t.f ~;t}~ ~ '8 ~ ti-E}-~ n:Jl Expressing Aims and Intentions
W' Expressing Time and Sequential Behavior 01 -7ii ... , .. .. .... ... 330
02 -~ .. . . ' .. ' ...... 333
01 '2!01i ....... ..... ... ......... . . 244
02 -Of/Oi 7f:Ai.::il ....... ..... ... .. ... . . . 247
03 - Of/ OiCf7 f .......... 250
04 -.::il.A.i ............ .................. ..... 253
~.li~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
Expressing C ompletion
01 _c~.u~q7f ..... .......................... . . 338
02 _cW~'Cl ....... . . 342
03 - Of/01 t:tj2.jq .... . 347
04 - .:il ~q ... 350
%~ g ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
Expressing Futility
01 -(.2.)Lf DfLf .. .. -- .... -- 356
02 - 0 f/ 01 ~;q .. ... . .. ... . .. .. ... .. .. .360
~~ ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
Expressing Regret
01 -( 0)2~ =z.~q - .. -.. ............ 378
02 -W~010 ~ ~ ~ e-ll - ...................... 382
Appendix
Answer Key -- ------ ........ .. -400
tH~-t 'L~<>t -intJl.? . -- -412
Grammar Index ...... .. ..... 431
~
[ 01 )
7f o}-=r. -1, ~"o ] ~~<511 .!i!..o:JA.
lf -::_ ~ 'V_ o-J _g_?
Mark, you look tired. Did something happen?
You look much younger now that you've changed your hairstyle.
Ol IE~~ ?i)Q. ~ ITH Oi't! Af'M2.1 i:J~OILf .gEH ~~ ~?:!O I Lf ~2.1 .gEHOU CHfiH L7~7'17~Lf ?::';1~ -3:!~
.R.~~ ITH Afgg)"LICf.
This expression is used to indicate one's conjecture or feelings based on the outward appearance of a
person, thing, or event.
7f wo }Bj ::z.J. 7-.:J t1}::Z.1 <1].2..1J.t:J1il... Grandpa, you're wearing blue jeans.
Lf .78!:1};<,1~ '"?J.2..Y7.71 G1 ~ e>-1 ~ol::Z.l? Don't I look younger now that I'm wearing blue jeans?
7f o1 g -6.1 ~ ~J-o1 uR%J ~01 ::= t=Jl .:@.~~Olil..? This food looks really spicy. Is that okay?
Lf 0 lA
11 uB-&- g .6.1011 Q.j~i>R;z,:jl-1 .:@.~J.o}..fl... I'm used to spicy food by now, so I'll be fine.
1 Ol 1!.~2 ~-.A.f6fjl'2! M~LI Cf. ITf2.f.A.i -.A.f7f 'ifOll .2.\::! ~iC:) .g:go1~Li ef.
This expression is only used with adjectives, so combining it with verbs results in grammatically incorrect
sentences .
~~'6fef to be hospitalized
7f
(1) q <5rc-~ \fl:lJo1 ~Z}~ \fl:lJ.!il..q G1 HRd.tiH .5!.01.2..
<5rc-~ \fl:lJ~ J-1-J-11..11.
-(.Q)L/::: ~01q
....... ! ~;~
~q ~~@
IIIE~t!
I ~'"
....... ................ ............. .... - ........ - ................ .
.,..._
~0
A -( O)L
v
...
0]2./l -(0)2
------ +-----+- ______________:_____ ~C!:________L______ ~~-----------;
~ f2! 2.I.A~o Iq 2.I.A~~ f2!
:i!t7-j
Ol~rc! 2t~OICf 2t{!J O I~rc!
NOICf ..................... .. ....... - .......... .. -
.Q.j.A~OICf 2.].A~~
~i\H
2t~OICf ~{!j~
Judging from the fact that she reserved a plane ticket, I'm guessing that she's going to her hometown.
r
1 Ol It.~~ '7'~2.1 27-17~ 1::::: .g~ .5:!.7-jq ~7-jq ~ 3:!~ 1::1 ~~ 5H.Ai .AI-<5~7 1 rrH-EE-011. ~1-E
.A~i@:tOI ~~ ~~~ ~011 CH5H.Ai::: .AI-<5~/.:I fi~LICf.
Because this expression is used to express the speaker's inference or guess based upon having seen or
heard about the situation being discussed, it cannot be used to describe something the speaker did himself/
herself.
Lf .A}'i:f0 l tlf~ ~ ~L-J Al ~ 0 l :l' ~ .2.0J= 0 lOilJl. ~ ~:;VH real estate agency
LHLH throughout (a time period)
(5) 7~ Ell-2- -]Qj ~~ lt?:.:jo] <U- ~~]Jl. (o] ~oj] -6"~~ ~:~q)
q
Jl~ :.z] (5}~ oj].A-j .!2.Lj 7l}.A}~~ o] Ell~?! PC(tabletPC)~ Ef0]7}:A]Jl qt9Jl. Jl~
Ell ~?:! PC7} (1)-l}-~goJ. .2.0JOIOil.2... o}-27- l:i].Ail...f TV, <?JEjl)lo] ~ Jl ~:.z}~ ~ ~ 9
~oi.Ai 0}-? (2) . All ~T 0 }3. -] Ell ~'}! PC~ (5}1-f
{3) . Jl~ 7-ll4f Ell~?:! PC01] -cJl i>R '!0}.!2.2 ~71 ~Jl. ~ ~
~.!J!-1 o} 2l:l}o] E ~ i>R.Ai .. 3!Jl (4) . .::::Ltei1:1] oi~ Al]g ~
.A}o]: W:A] (5) . Al]i-u}q ?:J-~ 31} ~H:jo] q q 27-j ~Jl. :A-j
Did Wei Ming say she would come to the alumni meeting today?
Ol R~::: '7'~01 q .Q.j.AI ~ qE~LH::: '-{ 0 )2 EiO ief'OU~~o1q ~.Q.j l:lH~~ qE~LH::: '-( 0 ) L /:::Ci!'7 ~ ~~~
~~Li ef. :c!Wo~Jil ~~<W~ '-( )Lf:::ci l'2.l '7'~ ~:= DI2H~ R~~ rrHA~oi-E ~O ic~.JJ. ~ ~~ Lief.
0 *
-t.!~~ou ::: Oi't! AI{JOiq ~~I cH~ ~~ '7'~ 0 IL~ D I 2.H~ qE~LH::: ~01 2..Jl ~~~ou ::: -t.!~~i!t ~~1
Jiq tt)"CH7 ~ 1::: ~01 ~LICf.
This expression is a combination of -(.)2 EiOICf, which expresses a particular future situation or intention to
do something, and -(.)L/-l::C11, which expresses t he background situation or state of affairs related to what is
to follow in the sentence. As such, it is used to express an expected or intended future state of affairs. In the
first clause of the sentence, a strong intention or expectation about a future event or situation is given, and
in the second clause (following -(.)2 'E!)c11), a statement either related or contrary to t he first clause is given.
-(.Q.) 2 ~ Cil
j]Pi
9:i ~~ ~[fl
A/V .... ............. .. - ---------------------
Qef ~~ ~Cil
~;~;H -( 0 )2 ~Cil
. 9:i ~ ~~
9:ief
-----'--~-~-E-.i)-Ci-1--T--~~~O~C~-----,- - - - !j!:;q~~-~~~------
j]_Pi
Ol~~ ~Cil ~{!JO i ef ~{!JOI~ ~ ~Cil
NOief ... ... ... .... .... -- ------- ---- ........ ... ..........-- ... ... .... ....... ........ -- -- - ------- .. .
!j!.A~O I Cf !j!.A~~ ~Cil
7; ;.1 ~~--~ ~ i>H;,~ -e-~o1011Jl.
I'm in big trouble because I haven't studied for the exam.
I'm expecting a delivery this evening, so please make sure that you receive it.
I-
I 01 .H.~~ '-( 0 )2 l[i!c-JIR'1 ~EH ~.g i}OU A~~ * ~:::c-11 OI[H::: Wof-E A~iM1 ;;;"~o1q 7~~
.g~~ qE~LH7 1~ ~Liq.
This expression can also be used at the end of a sentence in the form -(.2.)2 'C!JCiiR. but, in this case, it can
also express the speaker's supposition or assumption about the situation being discussed.
__j
-(.Q.)L C~l
~:AH ~~I CH~ I:IH~ ~~O I Lf .!f!OU L~ LHOII cH~ ~:AHLf Dl211 ~~I cH5H ~IE ).~Qj ~.H.~~~
.~~ Xii.J..I~ [[H .J..I~LI Cf. .J..I'~Lic.f.
Used to provide background information about Used to express the speaker's supposition or
the current topic under discussion or to introduce assumption about a current or future situation .
information about what follows in the next clause.
(:::<]-5-) l:l]7} ..2.~J:i] ..!f-AJ% 7}:7.].Jl 7}!-i]il... (..2.~oJD 1:1]7} % !ffi~:iJ ..!f-AJ% 7}:::<J.JI 7}!-iJil...
It's raining (now), so please take an umbrella It's supposed to rain (in the afternoon), so
with you. please take an umbrella with you.
-+ l:ll7f .2.Jl CX.PI ~goJI '-{.Q.)L/ECil'~ -+ 'i:t l:ll7f ~ ~0 1 7 1 ~gojl '-{2.)2 ~Cil'~
.J..Iof.:LI '1!eLICf. .J..Iof.:Ll '1!gLICf.
-{2.)L/-l=Cil is used because it is currently -{2.)2 Fti]Cil is used because the speaker
raining. expects it to rain later.
1
.~.
q
7~Ill ~B ~A.ICf :AlE- 7iiLI~ ofA.I~ .go1 cr.!' 2.Cf I~~ o fA.~2.f
.!fi!.:A I ~ '%J'::i!f q~ .5=!2.1 7fCf ~ .!fi!.:AI~g ~.uj ~';iq I Cf-E ~~~ S!Af
Ol IE~~ WI-E .A.~.Qj .t;S~~ qEfLH~ ~ '.t;S~ojq .Q.IJ:I' ~ qEfLH~ '-( 0 )2 EiOICf'Oll Ol~~ qEfLH~
'-( 0 )LI77Pf ~~ ~~Liq. 1-~~0ll ~ 4- W!-E .A.~O I ;t;ij~f]iq ~~ol-E ~O I 2D=l ~~~Oll ~ ~~lil
;t;ij~f7iq ~~ol-E Ol~~ .t;S~o f'2'!.A.i ~g)-Li ef.
This expression is a combination of -(.)2 EiOICf, which expresses the speaker's supposition or intention,
and -{.)LI77f. which expresses a reason. In a sentence w ith this construction, t he second clause contains
the speaker 's suggestion or statement of advice to the listener, while the first clause provides the speaker's
reason for giving such a suggestion or advice.
\;ilq
A/V ---------.... l ------------------------------------..--
7fq
-( o) 2 EjjLjJJf
OfOIOiq O fO I ~~ EjjLjJJf
2f~Ojq 2f~O I ~~ Ei!LilJf
NO!Cf ----------.. -- ... ......... ... - - - .... .... .
OfOI ~ Ei!LI77f
~AH I DI2.H i ~ EiiL!JJf
-------- -- -----j_ __ ______ __ ______ _ ___ ___ ______ i__ ________~~-~-~-----J.-------~~~ ~~J?7f ------
- ~2~ ~--'5'-~77} .A}~* .A} {l-77]-Jl?
::.- -: =-- s.=~: a,:)ot= s s nee Mary likes fruit?
Nant to meet with the teacher, so do you know where she is?
q t:H"tf ~ 0 }~ ~ ~ 1;!:] 91~ Efly7l} ;.JJ_~~:7.] S:. ~o] -l:IJ-5H=- 71] ~~oJJl.
Most people probably won't have eaten breakfast, so preparing some sandwiches too is probably a good
idea.
2 '--( 0 )2 EliLI77F1~~~011 ::: '2.:j~o1q, '.:il~q, 'o lm~q'1 wo1~ -9- ~~Liq.
Expressions such as :z:j~OICf .:il~Cf. and Dl~fCf cannot follow -{2.)2 EiiLI7Jf.
'-( 0 )2 'E!!Cil'2f '-( 0 )2 EilLl7JF::: ~ q ~~~ [[H '5!-E 'YOl:AI'2! Cf:i!f ~~ ~Oil-"i j:f0l7f 'gLICf.
Although -{.)2 li:!!Cil and -{.)2 EiiLI7Jf are used to express supposition, they differ in the following respects.
llH7} .TI~ 'ffitil 0 !Ai E.;,i1Jl.. llH7r .:rr~ CJ1t..J7lr 01;,1 E.Ailil...
You must be hungry, so please have (Because) you must be hungry, please have
something to eat. something to eat.
(2)
(3)
(4)
OI R~:: o~ ~Ojq;:l Bt:: ~o 1q ~ 2:::: ~011 cHoH 'lo~ .A.~OI ~~~~ ~~~ OIOt71~ rrH ~Liq.
~~Oli.A.i::: .A.If>~;:l ?A.:il ~~Oli.A.i'2.! .A.If>~IJj ~2~ .A.~OIOli .A.Ig,fLiq.
Th is expression is used w hen the speaker st ates an unconfirmed assumption or supposition about a
future event or something he or she is not sure about. It is used only among close friends and appears in
conversational form only, not in written form.
-()2~R
r;!::jq r;!::j~~~R
~1-71
~q E-~~~R
A/V ............................... ------ .......................... .. .
-(o)2~R
- -----------r------- ; - - -- - - - - - - : - - - -- - - - - ; - -- -- - - - - -
0
~::~ E~%i~
~:2..A.~<,a ~ ~R
!-~ OI~~~R
. : : [ ,...... ~:2..A.~~~R
l !-~Oiq 1"-gj~~R
- ;::~-1io; 7~.::1! i>li::-t:l] J+iffo] ?,f~ll}Jl?
- ::>!ann ng to go to the department store, but do you think there will be a lot of people there?
'Q '-{.)2 ~ .:::J!~~qon.A.-1 '.:::J.~q7f ~?,!'. '-{.)2~.g ~p~on ~~on Clic5H ~~~it !Ill~ ..~..~~Lief. q2.f.A.i ~~ IIIIE- ~
Llf~ !Ill}~~~ Lte.f~ UII2J ~EjPf ~f()fA:~ ~~2.IXI ?J~& ~~5fAjJR (Q-g ~~~ Llf~ UII'2J 01 '-{.)2 ~ .:::J.~Cf'
~)
The expression -(.)2~ can also represent the contracted form of -(.)2 ~ :J.'ll!CI, in which :J.'ll!CI has been omitted. As such, it can also
be used to express the speaker's feeling of regret about a past event. For this reason, you must pay special attention to this form when it is
used informally because it can mean either supposition or regret depending on the situation. (See Chapter 25 Expressing Regret, 01 -(.) 2
1.1 :r'l;l!c.t.)
1 O I R~:: .gcH~1 1?1011<2,to~lll ~cH~ rrH.s:. .A.~~Li ct OlrrH.gcH~O I <t.:il ~:: .A.f11 ~:: .gcH~1
7 ICH 7~ ~ 2.17-Jq ~1-E .A.~'S.i!~ q2q:: 3:! ~ qE~~Liq.
This expression can also be used to softly disagree with the listener, that is, to express the speaker's
belief that the listener's statement or expectation is wrong or different from his or her own.
: ~2.1 27~7f le .A.I-M~.2t .R7f -'?~77f:A I oH~l'Xi!Cf)~ f. .A.fEt cf ~-"2 ~7 1 rrti-OJI '-()2~R~
.A.!-~* ~1:Lic.f.
The basis for the assumption that the movie is popular-that is, the fact that the tickets are sold out
for the entire weekend-is shared by both people, and therefore -()2~. cannot be used.
: Ol ~~7 f ~~ 1 ~2.f-"I ofe ~!I:!.~ q~ 7f:AI-"2 ~71 rrH-Oll '-()2~.~ .A.!-~* ~Lief.
Here, only Lf (the speaker) knows that the movie is number 1 at the box office, so -() 2 ~R can be
used.
: (1)g .!i!~ cH~2.1 .A.f'Et~OI 3.A.I~OII-E ~~~ r;!:jg ~EHLillf *~ .u1~ r;!:j~~ 7-J2.fil ~ofil '?10-J.A.i
'-(.2)2~R~ ~~.Q.IJ:j (2)-E '*~ .UI7f ~ Qj.Q.2.-j -t!Cfil ~Cf'2.f-E@ Ci ~j-JI~'r.! ~2.1-27-J~ CHi!
'?1~ '-(.2)2 7iOliR'~ ~~rLICf.
In (1 ), - (.2) 2 ~R is used because Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the fact that most
people have normally eaten lunch by 3 o'clock in the afternoon. In (2), -(.2)2 7iOliR is used because
Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the more concrete fact that Suyeong actually said she
was going to eat.
%:2: .UI7f :x1-s ~on <llef Ol A.I?JOII-E .5!~ 5:~ '6fLI7Jf ~01 1 ~q
'--(O)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q::: ~1-E .A.fWOI ~~~2.j OIOPIOll CHoH ~~7-jq ou.g E:E.::: 7 ICH~ <5'~XI ~~:i
rrH .A.fg,t-Liq .:12.1~ '-(o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~cF ::: ~~~Sll LH~OI ~qjl ~2,1'~c~1 .:J.~OI .A.~OI O~'cl :i
~711 1~ :i [H .A.I~Li q.
The expression -(2)L/f=/(2.)2 ~ ~q is used to end a clause stating something the speaker was not aware
of or did not anticipate. -(2)L/E/(2)2 ~ ~~q, on the other hand, is used to end a clause stating what
the speaker had assumed to be the case; therefore, it expresses the speaker's realization that his or her
assumption was incorrect.
- (o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q(~.Jcn
ouuuq Oil ~
-(O)L
~q :A~.Q.
-, .._
A .. .... ...
Ollllllq Oil~
?~ -(0)2
:A~.2.
~q -, e
7 ~q I! + ~~~q
- (O)L
Q:jq Oi.Q.
-, .._ ~q
7 ~q 7~ :::
v Oi.!::.
-, .._
-
-(0)2
i!
Dl2/l I?~
- -- - - - - - - - - -- - _ .. - ------ ___ .....--
...,
Oi.2.
-, e
_ _
........... ........ ....- ....- ....... - .... - ............ ..
IN I.A~~::
- ..... ..... .. - ..
2)-~ '5~AH OI + ~~~q
- , C> '-'
~
[ 12)
1 7~ ~* l g Q{ :5::~ ~ ~~ ~).i]Jl. 0}7]7} 7-}Jl <V_~Jl.
.A.I~~!f-5fC.~ I ~2:ill::ll~--nq
og.up~ ~g.Cil.211 ~-- 7 ~AI~ .2.q O~Oil 'g.UI/~ ~2.~ .A.i 1::1 1 7 ~ .2.~q
~* .UI2.J {!j~ Ilj-EI-l= LH~<c.!Cil 211l!IOI.::i~ o~7Jf 2.f2.f .upf ~* AAIOillll ~~ %1.A.i
)..~ .2.q {!l~ II.fEI7f .2.--0iq
-~- =o 2 ~ ~'}.{q(~~c~)' ~ ,q~c5HAi Ci-%~ ~::: ;:01 1-& 1:1 ~AiiR.
2 ..~ -17} :[J-~ 0 1oJ1Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 4-~ -17} ~).~ 0 1 }1-]c}.::il ;,~zr9l~Jl.
-+
(3) .!f- ;.}~0 1 <5J1~~~Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= !f- At~ 0 1 7-l14f ;.}"ilt:f.::il ;,~zr~o-1Jl.
-+
(4) 'i:!''i:!' -17} o1~oJ1 n-~Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 'i:!'~ -17} ~RoJ1 ~q.::il ;,~zt9l~Jl.
-+
(2) 7~ 0}3.. -17} ~{! ~ ~ ~o-j).i HB7} .::ilE.t:JlJl. 12:j ~ 7-1 ~.9_J-11Jl?
q 0}1-]Jl, 0}77} 0}3.. -1~ ~~oj1).i ~).i 0}3.. -17} ~{! ~
q .R~ ~ 0 1 W0 r"'i q *
There's so much to do these days that he may not have finished
~ ~~::Z.l. %ct.R.
reading it yet.
Oi .R~:= Ojif! 9;101 ~1:) 7f-6~:= ~i1:1'2J .:J. 9;101 9;10j' -'?~ ~:;~ ~~~ ITJl AI-~Liq. '-( 0 )2il:l
..q~ w~ * ~~Liq_
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's view that something might happen or could possibly occur.
The form -{)2:AIq is also used.
A/V
rr --:p~
~;~:HI DI2H ... -~(~-)~il:-1~ ... ; ........ Jf~-f ... -- . ----
:U~J:I
~~~J:I
-!- : :
~q : a ~J:I~
- -------- , --------+------~-~:i:i~----------:------~~-;-,-~~-------+----- ~~~-~A~~----i + 2q
:t!P~
NOiq I OI~~AI~
--
~EJ"OICf ~EJ"OI~~il:l~
'-I J-}~ -1::::: .!2.~ ~ oJJ ~~ 7}-Aj~ 41~ J-j~oj ~~L.j77} J-i~J ~ ~.Al. %etA.
Sato normally goes home early, but he's got a test tomorrow, so he might be in the library.
4 41~--El ~ ~%etJ-i ~ ~ <?.} 'i-Al. %etA. ..2..~ ncr ..2..::::: llJ ~ ~ ~ :Q-o}.fl..
Tomorrow's the first day of the Chuseok holiday, so it might be closed. I think we should go today.
q :~.Fr ~ 0 1rJ' 0 1F7J '8'}~c}JI * ~ ~~.Al %et.B.. l;P? --878 -.AJ a}.AiJ.B..
She likely didn't hear you because she's busy talking with her friends. Don't get too worked up about it.
1 Ol .H.~:= 7f-5~:= 7~2.1 ~:AI'2.! ::J. ~01 ~~tg *.s:. <LlCf::: ~01.9.. ~['! %.~ ~~ Cft~j]_ :z:J~
of~ <Ll::: )..f'SOlllil A~of'i:! ~~ll7f ~ * <Ll~LICf.
Because this expression indicates something that is possible, but unlikely, to happen, it can come across
as rude to a person who is worried about an event that is important to him or her.
: ~~~;~; l.s:. ~2.~R'2.f2 ~~o f~ ~~~ Jf-5{:101 0~~ ~;~;1'2..1' &AI 2ELI77f 7 ICH~ ilH .!i!.2.fE ~01 !1Ai ~~
Af'M1 7 1~01 L~ *~~ Li ef. OIUIIE .::J.~ 7f-6-{JOI Of~ ]i-cfe ~~~ 7iOliR'2.f2 ~~ o~ 3;!01 C-j ~
Lief.
The phrase ~~~;~;1.5:. ~2{. means that the speaker thinks the hearer might pass even though the
chances of doing so are slim. Naturally, the hearer would feel bad upon hearing such a statement. In
this case, therefore, it is better to use the phrase ~~~ 7iOliR, which expresses the speaker's belief
that there is a very high probability that the hearer will pass.
~7-}7] o}- ~ 7-l.S:. .2.EJ--l7!} Q.j=.S:. .:Jt ~~7] "'i] Jl. ~71Cf to tidy up; put things i~
2 7f 79llti -] 7}- ~~ ~ i>}E J-}-1fo] 0 }\!r:i] ..2.~ 211 ~.:uLo]] <?} ~~71}-Jl?
~\';tO I ~E .A.~OI Of'L::!Cil21i ~.Uj -EO I oItt:! 'gOil ~~Oii.A.i xiE~ ~~2.f.::il
q ~01x1q ~q~q
.!i!."'i]ii..
(3) 7f o1 g-6.] ~ ..2.~ ~..Q.y 7l}- WoJ1 f-Oi. {]!?tf~7-1ii.? (.AJ<S-}q)
40
7~ '8 e>i 7,:] J.i q~ :- ~ JJ:!J_?3fo}Jl?
Is the place where you hurt yourself when you fell okay?
Ol .!!~~ cH~QI 5::~ qE~~ UH A.fg,t-Liq. '-71::: "5~:A I'2..!"'~ A.f%"5Piq '-71::: -:A I'2.!-'~i'El ~~ A.~q
~gA.~ !f. ttl A.f%"5~7 1~ ~Li q. OI[[H::: ~~~2.1 LH~ <2.)~"5~:AI'2..!" q::: 2.1~01 <1!~ ~ qE~LH::: ?:3~011
A.fg,t-Liq.
This expression of contrast can be expressed with two forms: -7IE <5fJ;:I'2J and - 711::: -J;:I'2J. Note that the
latter form uses the same verb or adjective twice. The expression is used when the speaker recognizes or
acknowledges t he content of the first clause but then wants to express a different view or stance in the
following clause.
.3.71::: ~:AI'2..!"
ll71::: Q:J ~:AI'2..!"
A/V
.3.71::: 5~:A I '2..!"
ll 71::: 5~:AI'2..!"
.3.71::: .3.:AI'2..!"
ll 71::: ll :AI'2..!"
o] ..Q...)..l..Q..
0 I 2
D-1
I
7].!=.
"1..-.
-Qj--:tll:Aj
')..)..
n} u}o] D-1:7.].!:::=.
'\..,!. 1:(5 I
o}..Q..
'l..- U'5 2..
-z.l.-.1]. .
F Jf
I will have some of this food, but I won't eat very much.
------ - ---- -
1 O I.H.~~ W~ [[H ::: '-7 1::: <5~AI 12.Y. '-7 1::: -AI~~ ~O=i),i '--(J o~AI'2._1-', '- -(J -AI~' 'C'iOI AI
~Liq.
This expression is often used in its contracted forms in conversation. -71-E Of:AI\:I contracts to - {.! 6f:AI\:I,
and -71-E -:AI\:! contracts to-{.! - :AI\:!.
2 :i:!m~ W~ [H::: '- 71::: ~AI~' AI-Q~j]_. -~/~71::: ~AI'2.Y AloVI <(.{~ Li q.
The past tense form of this expression is -71-E ~:A I \:!, not -~/'1t 7 1-E %!:AI\:!.
(1) ~~~:!!~ ~~~_Qj .2?0Pf 'g2.~~ ~Li ef. (1) ~~~:i!f ~~ ~Qj .2?0j7~ '~ ~ ~Lief.
The subject of the preceding c lause can be The subject of both the preceding and following
different from that of the following clause. clauses must be the same .
(2) 8~~ CH~ ~CH~ Ll1\llLIC~. (2) ~~~21 LH~ ?J.JI <2J~g o~A:I'2! ~~~21 cH35.
Used when the speaker wants to express a {t~ c1~ :Y35.aH.A:1 ?J~ IIH AI~Lief.
simple contrast. Used when emphasizing a contrast. In the
preceding clause, the speaker states something
that he or she acknowledges or knows to be true,
-+ CH35.QJ QJDI7 ~ '1-!f: 8~.f A~'2!~ OIOPI and then in the following clause emphasizes a
o~.Jl '1-!Lief. contrasting fact or situation.
The speaker is only stating the simple
contrasting facts about the subject under
discussion. -+ ~21 LH% ~.JI 'r.J~o~~A1 A:f~QJ ~:z.t~ ~~OjAi
:Y35.o~.Jl
'1-!Lief.
While acknowledging the preceding statement,
the speaker emphasizes his or her belief about
the subject under discussion.
(4) 7f Ai J.,}i:!}_Q_
t:1 2
Ol-7.JlOiJ:l.'f
2M .
q ~ROi
'-'- ..s.
2 2. .7-l- A <5HJi..
~
'[ 17 )
01.H.~~ ~~~:c.f -.~~2.1 LH-OI .A.i 'tJ"CH1 ~ ,q~~ ~ LfEf'2\! [ H.A.~grLI Cf. EE~ Oi't! 3:!011 cHaH.A.i
~ ~ ~~ Wof'i:!.A.i Lf~ ~.s:. ~0 1 ~of.JJ. {l ~ llH.S:. .A.~W *~~ Li ef. ~.A.f 'Oil '~ .A.~of:AI 'ri.JJ. '-( 0 )L
/~ 't..!"'i:!'.1 ~EH .A. ~of7I.S:. g)"LICf.
This expression is used to express the fact that two things are opposites. It can also be used to state both
the positive and negative characteristics of something together in the same sentence. It can be used with
the partic le O!i or in the form --(2.)L / E ~~-
L_ _ -( 0 ) L /~ ~~011
~=-~
- --~
-- ~- ~.~
- ~
-"~~=== J
.3.Cf 2 'tl'i:!Oll
A
~q ~~ ~~011
-----~-~--~----"'""';---~- -~---
7fef l! ~~ou
~q ~ ~~~Oil
v --- ------------ ------- --- ------ - .... - --- ----
7f-E ~~Oil
-~ ~~011
:_________ ~q ~ ~~~Oil
... .:...... -- -~------ -- ____________ :___
________ __________ __:......._. .........:_
While that actor has received a lot of praise for his acting, he has also been criticized a lot.
~~~.l!f *~~01 't_l-cH 1 ~ ~~ LfEf~ [H '-( 0 )L/~ C~l ~H'~ A.~%/" .::?.s=. ~t:;Liq.
When the preceding and following clauses represent opposites, the form -(.2.)LI~ Cil ~5H can also be used .
~.21 A.l.j7 ~ -~~ i\tO I "O~Cf -~~ i\tOI -o~q 1 --.S:.l'JO I -?c~
7~9:h'::- ~01 'i'JOI ~--~Cf ~--Cf I .!i!Et BI"Cf
!:.::~ ~-=jl-7~ ~~ i\tO~.AICf !:.::~ ~-=?-7~ ~~ 'i'JO~.AICf I ~g. A~g ~~ ~.:il <L!Cf
7~ Oi~. <iJ ~
~ ~
*
1 <5}l-}.S:. ~OiJ.l
J.}o]:3QC>iiL.
0
~
( 19 )
Dear, I'm all out of clothes to wear, so I should buy some more.
You've got all these clothes in the closet, but you want to buy
more?
You look tired. Were you not able to sleep last night?
Despite getting a good night's sleep last night, I'm really tired
today.
01 .H.~~ ~~ ~~~ ol-2 '-( 0 )Lf :::c-ti'Oll <y~ ~~ cH~2.1 ~~ J::l'.:! -o ~/OiS:.'7~ ?@gt~ ~~ Liq.
[[f-c~.A.i Ol R~~ ~~~Oll -t:!~~1 ~O iq ~%,f0li.A.i 7 ICH~ 9 <U::: ~:il~ q27-jq tt!CH1 .A.~O I ~ rrH
.A.f~Liq.
- his expression is a combi nation of --{.)L/E:C11. which describes the situation under discussion, and
-0f/Oi.S:., which indicates concession or contrast. Thus, t he expression is used to introduce a clause that
1ndicates an opposite or an unexpected st ate of affairs when compared to the information given in the
preceding c lause.
-( 0) L /::: C-!1
t:i i~:::C-11
~~:::c-tl
A
t:i i.Jt!'C-!1
-( 0) L C-!IS:.
~ ~C-11
:u::::c-11
9:j ~::: C-!1
v
7f-2C-!I
9:j :::c-tl
~-----L--------~-------------------------~---------------
- ---------- - , - - - - - - - - - - - -- -----------------------------------------
~ ::: 1:-j].S:. .2.~o ] q .2.~ ~::: l:fi.S:.
oI ~::: c-fl.s:. .2.~o ] q .2.~ 01~::: 1:-j].S:.
: ......... -- -- ........... ...
.2.~0]q .2.~ 'l! 1:-j].S:.
.2.~ 'l! 1:-j].S:.
----''--------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
Even though it's the weekend, the department store isn 't very busy.
'-( 0 )L/:::I:i].S:.' ~ ~~5HAi .ff.~o~.i!A~ W [ H.!f-10!1~o~.JJ.'~ *O:l '-( 0 )L/:::I:i].S:. ~o~.JJ.'~ ~Ljq_
To further emphasize the contrast or unexpectedness of the situation indicated by -()L/eCii.S:., the phrase
~Q"fj]_ can be added to form -()L/eCii.S:. ~ofjl.
J::i llf ru~.tll ~~~~ ofjl <1!Cf 1 'aJt'!.g ~Ciltt 1~'2! .!i!Cf
~iftt l7f ~ofef I ~=?@>11711 ~ J::!Jil Af .??Cf
~O I ~~q I ~5f'2'! ~=?~~ ~Oil Cil2.ljl.2.Cf
~:g ~il~ ~ J::l II .X.I~.2.LI77f ~ 'rJO I .2..2.Cf ~:g ~~~~A]~ .jq I-~ 'rJO I ~ .2..2.Cf
~~~ uo1 o-H 1.2.LI77f OIJ::i l ~ ~2.IJ::I uq ~<c!~ BtOI o-H.!i!Cf I Ef.CHOil ~ II/IDfef 'rJOI ~2.1q
~~0-j~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-~.2.LI77f Olt!! ~~ A~x1EJ ~~0-l~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-i5fef I~~ II/I7f rrJq
~fef
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1) 7f ~ ~c}o}oJ]!: %~~ l:lH~~o] 1fo] L-}_2_A]Jl? (%~~ l:lH~~o] 1fo] L-}_2_t:.j-)
Lf ~-E" ~oj]
----------------- ~C;jJl,
(3) 7f '81' .]!:: _2_~. <?J-IQ ~~~<>!Jl? (o]:2~ "8'} t:j-)
Lf t:ll. t:.J-~ "'r~~~ t:.J- '81' -1!:: c5J-J..J- <?J-IQ 71-t:ll..a.
G)ct :=
ct:=
J.-j-~~ ~7.1~
J..1~~ -w71~ oJ-7.1~
q;:: J..1~ ~
@ q;:: J..1~~ ~~
* ~ Jillt=J1
.2_0J<(lt=J1
3 7~ Ol ~~ ~0 1 9-t<UOlR?
q
4 7~ -!fi!-AI~~ ~0 ~5HR?
Lt Lil . .:::l~AI'2..!" - - -- -- - - - - - -- -- - - -- -
G) ~0 }15]-L.j77} J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"i 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
"*0 }~ Jill-e-n J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l .A}2t- *!;!}..a
@ -woJ- .s!_o1y77} J..1{1-o1 ~ojJ..-j 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
@ ~ 0 }15li::-t=J1S:. HoJ-,lL J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
6 G) 01 ~ 0 1 2 ~ ~q,J..a_
~7f1-&71-e <5]-7.1~ ~
~TI1 ~ ?01 uJ-1f-er=ns:. H15},l1. 7-J14i- ~PJ..a.
@ 7.1 ~ ,l1.71~ ~ -woJ-if lfr~oJ1 7-H~~ ~0 }-6l!S.
@ ~L.j~ oJ1.!!!!-e lfr~oJ1 %A~~~.~ oJ1~ ~ ~o}..a.
52
10-%!_ 1 ~
01.H~:= ~go1q 5!....:il.Ad ?:t:= -Oli.Ai -~ AA:: .AfEJ'OI .Af.z:!2-l LH ~~ .zlltl-~.9. qEf~ rrH .A~g,t-Liq.
~q
A .... .... . . .. . ........ ... . .
..' .
-~-~-~------------1--~--:--------~-~--------'-----------------------~------------------
..'
:' -:-~L7Jl
.l.!.f
':
-~.u~q
7 fq Itq
e:jq e:j ~q
v ~;t;H
.
.-- ...... -'
-(0)2 ~01q
---~---------
: e:jq
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.....,!_______ ____ __ __ ___ _ _ ___ __
, e:j ~
_ _ _~~---~-----------------
~OIC.f
1 '?Jq'::_ ~A~ .!f-1011 ~o~ ~A~~ ~~~~~ 3~jl ~~A~ .!f-1011 ~ 0 ~ ~~A~~ ~~~~ ~Liq.
When '[iq follows a verb, it is conjugated as a verb, but when it follows an adjective, it is conjugated as
an adjective.
3 Ai~j:il~ AI--~ ITH:: '::t:i /::t:f2j' 2.~jl.R~3~::t:l ?Jjl 'qj~2.1'2.~jl .R~~Liq. .:J.2.Ijl ';:t:f::_ q,
'::t:i::~ q::. '.:X:ii7V:: 'LH7V. '::t:i.9:17V:: ~2.17V AI--~Liq.
In the narrative form, Lf/.sf-2.1is used in place of :Ai/:Ai ~l to express "1/we". Similarly, Lf is used for J\i, Lfe
is used for :Aie . LH7f is used for Xil7f, and .sf-2.17f is used for J\i ~Pf.
4 Ai~j:ii011Ai :: %)g ~ EH :: 7i2.J AI--3~.A:I ?J~ Liq. .:J.2.iq %)g ~~~ ~~ AA!l ~~ rrH:: ~BL
8~1011Ai I: IHg '-( 0 )L7~?' ~EH ~ ~01 AI--~Liq.
Sentences are almost never written in the form of questions in the narrative form. However, to express a
question in this form, you can use the ending -(.)L 7f? that we learned in the beg inning level.
l ____________________________,_______________________________________~----------- _)
l--------~-------------- - - --
Eunhye, are you doing okay?
q g ,~::z] ~Ol . ~ ~?
Yeah, I'm doing fine. And you?
\:!"~:= ~~ ~.::rq ~l-tJH .A~ol, 7 ~ .A~O IO!I.Ai ? .Af~LICf. -of/OiR'.s!Cf ~ ~%of7 1 rrHg.Oll ~cH~OI
012.1c-J2.~~ ~ofAI t>i:= ~~Oil ..v.'C:! ~2.ll7 f ~Lief. cH'T:I -oUOJR'Oli.Ai 'R'~ ~st.AI7~.A1 .AfofAI'2.! g.
1 ~.A-jg.J:!f 2.1:Z:Z: ~;_-jg.J:!f .1:Z :Z := ~XH~:i!f :i!f7-J~ .2Ef. -Z,f-Z,f '-O f/OiR'. '-W~OiR'.1 ~EHO!I.Ai 'R'~
~S;I".Aifl ~EH7 f 11Jj DI2.H~ := Oj-c_fOll '--( 0 )2 7-jOf~ *'~ Lief.
Declarative and Interrogative Sentences: The present and past tense forms of declarative and
interrogative sentences in the informal form are made by removing R from the ends of -Qf/OiR and -W"JJ..
01..2. The future tense form is made by adding -{)2 710no the stem.
~.Ad~
Dl;;;~
-(.2.)2 7i Ot
I lj q lj ~ 7-jO ~
r-- f ~---~------~-
2:,1-~ 0 I O~
(1) 'OfLiq'1~~ ~AH ~ 'O ~Lior . .J::!Pi~ 'O fLI~Oi'7 f ~Liq. EE~ Cli'B~ rrH'LJI' ~ ~'O ILf 'Oi'. 'OfLI'
~ 'O fLJ'7 f ~ Liq.
O~Liq is written as O~LIO f for the present tense and as O ~LI 'ltOI for the past tense. When answering a
question, '* or 01 is used for Lil. and O~LI is used for O~LIR
(2) '-O f/Oi?'~ ~~ %)J,.fWOll lll~ ;,.!~-'? ~ 0 Lf. '-LI?'~ %)J,.fWOll lll ~ J,.IW-'? ~.:LL ~~ ~.:yrq
Of5t!J,.fWOlllll'2.! J,.IW -'? ~~Liq.
While -OUOI? can be used wit h superiors and those older than you if you are on familiar terms with
them , - LI? cannot be used in such cases.
~
~6()[::
- .
.A].::L -iU o h 1?
O=i i!1 '"1 .
1 ol n.J ?
i!l -1 .
Se;u'l: Beomsu, are you reading a book now?
~Lt ~ ~ <>l .
Big Sister: Reading a book.
2 ~~g 01{_1Qii '--O~I01'~ ~O I 7~q '--0~1012-F~ ~~Lief. !f.~ ~~~:= - AI or Ef.~ -AI D~cP~ -ElLIEl
Imperative Sentences: For imperative sentences, either --0f/Oi or --0f/Oi2.f is added to the verb stem. To
make a negative imperative sentence, either - J::I Of or -J::I Df2.f is used.
- - ------------------ - - - - - - -
-OU01, 7~ef 7 ~. 7 ~e~
=7'1
C> 0
-OU01e~ 9:jef 9:j0i, 9:j0ie~
Dji!'IC
ooi:!:' v .. .. ... ----- - .. .. .. .. ..
-AI o~. 7~ef 7~A I o~. 7~AI D~e~
t::l;>;:-i
"T" O
L__-L.__ -AI D~c~ 9:jef 9:jAI o~. 9:jAI o~e~
------ ---- . -------------~----- ---- -------------
.:J.iC!Cil '--0~/01 '~ 7~77~ %)A~Oi1Jii.S:. Alw * ~oq '-0~/01cF~ .:::!.~ * ~~ Li ef. ~- '--0~/01cF~
cH~Q "Bf-E ~cH~1 qo1q A~1~ ~I* I~ '-0~/0i'!i!.ef c1 o ~2.H~ LICf.
Note that while -O f/Oi can be used when talking with those older than you or superior in social rank if
they are close acquaintances, - Of/Oi2.f cannot be used in such cases. In other words, -Of/Oi2.f is used
with those younger or of a more inferior social status when compared to those with whom - OU<>i can be
used.
Ai ~ L-j ~
A:il7 ~ L:H 7~
:Ai ~ L-j~
~q~ 'oF ~ ~~ Liq. ~2.i Lf ~~ o1 ~0 1 o~'L::! 2.1~ o l ~ rc! ?:l~Oll 'o~;o~ ~ ~0 1 ~ Oi~-oP-H ~EJLiq_
The particle Of/OF is added to the names of others when calling out to them verbally. However, it sounds
strange to add th is particle to the non-Korean names of foreigners.
c5~:AII2! ~ .A.f<Et 01;;~ ~~~:A~ Ol;;. t!W-j ~~ rrH::_ or ~ ~~Liq. OU~ ~- '.A.t2Jt!('J~)'1 ~~
~Oj ~~. ~2:AI ?i.JJ. ~~ ~:AI%. ~~ c5~'t! '~'OI 1::.cil '.A.t2It!' .!f-10!1:::. '01'7~ ~:AI ?i.JJ.
'~' Cf%0!1:::. 'OI'~ ~~LIC~. .:J.2.IJJ. Ol;;~ ~~ llH.S:. ~~ ~:Af%2.. ~2Jll 1't! '0 ~/0t' ~ ~~Li q.
Note, however, that for Chinese names in Chinese characters that are pronounced according to the
Korean readings for the characters, Ol is added when the name ends in a final consonant. For example,
the Chinese name ...q2JC:! (,J,~) becomes .::::,.g when read according t o the Korean readings of the two
Chinese characters. Thus, while .A.t2JC:! does not take Ol, .::::,.g does .
2 7f 4'-~ o}, 7.]\:J:Jtioj] {!- ~Z} .6!J 7-] u]- ~ ~J:!;j ?-1.
q ~Y . .:z.~ ~ 7]- 0 }77]~ 71t. cr:= 7-JuJ- ~J:!;] ~711 .
~I :AI'cl\!!Oil ~ ~Rt61! ~IDf - ~2.~ ~Cf
1
~LI. .:J.{:! LH7f Of771-E 7iCf I Cf-E ~!Of ~21 ~Cf
-':.2 I :AI-5 fr.lliOil 7f.A.i 2.f~ - .A.f .2.Cf .!rq , :AI-5 q ~:2.f -80ICf I ~-5 Oj[[f7f .A.f .2.Cf
~~ I .2.~0il ~I:IH7f .2.~ Lil7f -~Of ~Cf .2.UUf. .2.~0ii-E Lf ~Oil ~Cf I ~ LI Oil7il !F-~H ~Cf
(1) 7~ -7-1 #.], t.H ~ :Q-o ]Si:.~-oj-2.-j :Q-77]-Jl? 7~ %7-IO~, L!l0 J. IJ.OI Ai:.li6orcl I~:?Jr?
-i=-q, (1) 2.~ 0~ 2 1:l ~O!E oHAi ~8 ~~OiR. (2) 2.~ :Ai~Oll ~Oll ~~ ~ 7iOliR?
-l::l~J_oj
(3) 2.~ J;:il7 ~ 8~~7-!IR. (4) .!f-1 ~Jl {lOiR? (5) lli:A~ ~S2.2-i ~77fR? (6) Of. R~
L_-:_ _ _ __
_____________ __ ____
__ _ _ _________________________________________________)
1 7~ .!;=-q, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
q g , .=:l~Cll 2H?
G)LJl <?J .A]:j- <V_ o-j ~ LJl <?J .A] :j- <V_ y
LJl <?J ~ -=t- 1I1-\t 71o l= @ LJl <?J ~ -=t- I?}\t ~ oj] _g_
2 7~ .2UU~. - - - - -- - - - - - -
q .=:12.H ~~Oi.
3 G) ~2.1 AAI:: ~~OH g :XI 1t:10I 1~::q. ~ 1t:1 ~~ ~~OH ~~:XI'2.! 0~~~ ~~
~~:= -a:x1 <rJ::q_ .=:1~:= ~~~01 o~~ .A.i~27~~q. @ ~~~~ C:J ~~o-1 ~
!:f-<5H.A.i ~~ .A.~Et~~EJ ~0~.:12 ~q.
4 G)R8 'rt:= !:f-.2~01 0~0~~~ 2.1~2... ~2t .s:!.LHq. ~ ~'@ rrH ~2t~ 7~'2::! 2.1~~
~ c-j ~ tlH~ *
~q.:il ~z,t-<5H.A.iq. @ .=:12.H.A.i :XiS:. 01'@ rrH Dl~2... ~2t~ ~q.
-o~:xl'2.! ~7 1 ~2t:= ~~s:. ~:xl'2.! 8~s:. u:=q.
.... -------
64
~
( 24)'
7~ 7-}0 l= -1, _2_ ~ .5:_ 01 ~ ~011 7}2=] j]_Jl?
Jaya, are you planning to go to this restaurant again today?
01 .H.~:= ~cHtg:l"OI ~ ~gojq :A~t!OI ~~ LHg.Oll cHoH01~q .g<2.)2.J ~-2.J"~ ~~ rrH .A.~gJ-Li cL OlrrH2.1
Oj~q .A.I{J:= ~cHtg,l-01 E.:= ~~Ljq_ '-7~~.':= ~~Oli.A.i'2! .A.~"O~~ ~~Oli .A.i:= .A.~"O~:AI ~J~ LI Cf.
A/V
~ 7-j7~~.
gj ~ 7i7~~.
Yes, (because) I feel so relaxed after yoga class. So I go to yoga class even when I'm tired.
1 '0 1~'2.1 2.ID I .AI~ [[H'7i~R'7 f <n~ g~~ CH.2:f0li.Ai Ail~ <,!-011 ~ * ~Jl. W5!-2 .Af'EJOI
w~ g~ C~O I Lf ~cHtg1 ~iE-011 CH~ CH'8~ .AI~* <n~ Liq.
When 7-f R is used to indicate a reason, it cannot appear in the first clause of a new conversation. It must
come either after an initial statement made by the speaker or in response to a question asked by the listener.
Lf -1) ~ ~~ ~ ~}71-E-..Il. ( 0 )
(Because) he really sings well.
2 o1 IE~ ~ W"51-2 .Af'Etol .Af'Et011lil ~~~ wo1 <n7i Lf olo~7 15fJI ~~ ?-jol <n:; rrH. ::1. w;;
~~
5f71{"!011 ~~. .AI5f7 1~ ~Liq. [[f2.f.Ai ~011lll4r1E O I0~717 f <nq::: ?-j:; ~.A I5fJI <n~Liq.
This expression can also be used to preface, or introduce, something the speaker wants to tell the
listener. Thus, it provides a hint to the listener that the speaker has more to say.
7; ~*~I:il..ll, 0 1-2-_j.~oJI ~~ 0 1 ~t:.joj] ~~.R.?
Excuse me, but do you know if there's a bank nearby?
q o] ~ ~ 7]-J..] ~ Jtl.Qj{jo] t{..2.r ]-Jl. 4l1Qj{l {it.-JJC!oj] ~~o] ~~.R..
If you go straight ahead on this road, you'll see a convenience store. There's a bank across from the
convenience store.
That's great because I also wanted to meet with Juyeong. Let's go to_g_e_th_e_r. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J
~
7~ -%;3-J-011 7' ~ ~. 7t.Ai1.? ( 25 )1
1
q .2. ~ --.2.. \3 o1 t..R011.2..A1~ !:.a.
~~lOll ~ ~. 7fq 2.-- 2.'aOI ~~I2...A.Iq
l;!JIOI~ .:Z.~ t;J] .1'1:~ ~ rrJl ~R~ ~ ~ *t>~l-j ll~ ~ ~ .A] ?:J-.2..1:! OiJl.?
0~712.~ l:Jl, ~ ~ .A] ?J-~OiJl. . Jl.~ ~% 7~71]<>1] ~ ~~Oi ~ ~t>H=- J.~'f:}- ~ o]
(3)_ _ _ __ _ _
o~712.~ o~LJ<>ll..R, ~:r ~ ~t:;j.Jl ~Ai *tr ~ ~ ite>i..R. ~RoJ ~~.!i!.q -:-~oJ woJ
(4) . ~~]o] ud .] ~ l:lJ~ rrJl.!f-AJoj] Z}q.Jl "91-A]Jl.?
1 o i.Y.~~ ~::::: "'~~o 1 o1o1~J! ~::::: o1~~ ~w IT/I EE::: .gct~tgol 01~ Af1!~ ~Oitfi2.~Ai .:I?.:! ~ qAI
7 l~qJII 5~2.~.:1! W rrH A~g,fLiq. %JWOliAi'2.!" A~5~[}j ~WOliAi::: A~5~J:I cc.t~Liq. Ef.~ ~61~<2.!
J:~2.10li.A.i ::: .A.~5~J:I l'J~Liq.
This expression is used when the speaker wants to state a reason that the listener should also be aware
of or when the speaker wants to remind the listener of a reason that he or she has apparently forgotten.
It is used only in conversation, and not in written Korean. Also, it is not used in formal speaking situations.
7~q L!"fJO~R
.:l!j-7-j -~/~-flO~R
~ ~q gj~ ~fJO ~R
- ---- -- ... .. ... ... .. ..
7 ~q 7~~JO~R
A/V ~XH --f.tO~R
gJ ~ q gj~ fJO~R
... -- ..
7~q ~ 7-jfJO~R
DI2.H I 1'~ -(0)2 7-JtJom :
gJ ~ q gj ~ 7-jfJO~R
~--------~--------- . ---------------.-----------------~-----------------------.;_ _____~---------------------------
NO IC.~
~-=flOi q ~-=fl=QtO~R
. . OH<2.!0iq .
OH <2.! 0 i fJO ~R
--------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------
2 Ol .H.~~ ~cHtgOfllll ~.:i!Lf ~.:il~ ~:::ciL!r_ ~cHtgO I ~ AI ~o~ ;;AI~~ ~01 ~:cl ~~Oil ~cHtgOliJll
Jt!B~ ~;:01 ~W rrtj5:. AI~Liq. OliE:i ~~ .!:2.~ ~:I~~ ~7Jll A~~ ~Liq.
This expression can also be used to scold or rebuke the listener for not heeding the speaker's advice or
for allowing something bad to happen even after being warned about it. In such cases, this expression is
often used together wit h a statement indicating what was previously said or advised.
q :1.7-j li!}Jl, t.lJ7} .!j'-~2.j-Jl ~C1Jl. :1. J-}'}- Lf~ ).}'}- ~q.Jl ~~}A.
Look, now what did I tell you? (Didn't I say that) he seemed like a bad person.
c.:;;....
1 7 7JJoJ:IL -]7~ _e_~ Jf-%tJRtiR.0 [ 27}
2llll2.f
4 .:1.~ 7l]0 ]:IL -]CJ ~ 0 ] ..2.ll]]% .!i!.Ci 7~--'i] .0 opera
2 7f J-j~o]] ~oj~oj.0
Lf .:1.~ --'i .Ai] 7~ lf-jc.}Jl ~oj.R? AI~OII <gop: ICf to flunk a test
'elOII always, as part of one's daily routine
711 w39.0iJlo
(3) 7f l::lJ~-51-tB ~ 7 ~JI} .:Q-o] \fo]{ioj] ~~Jl? (l(q ..2..q)
q .A]\ l:lJ~oj] S:. \fo]{i oj] W.::il q ;::
--------------------0 .:Q-~ ~
7 ?WoJl -1 <s-}it~Jl?
What did you do over the weekend?
OI .R~::: ~~~Oil .2.::: ~01 ~~~Oil .2.::: ~2.1 Oli?Lf ~'2JO I @ ~ LfE~'tiJLiq. ~~~Oil ::: -'? ~~'2.!
OIOPI~ OI ~LICl '-L 2f2l:L!. .A.~5H ~Liq.
This expression indicates that the statement given in the preceding clause is the reason for, or cause of, the
'ollow ing clause. In most cases, the following c lause is negative in nature. This expression is sometimes
shortened to - .!:::.2.f.
-.!=.2.~jl
/~q / ~L 2.~.:i!
v -L2.~jl
Qjq Qj L 2.~jl
7f ..fl..~ 7}~ 2..] .]!: op~J1] :Ajt.J1Jl? How's Kylie doing these days?
Lf ~~ t1] ~ il}l-c}J!. :Aj--80] 'ilJ.!: ?>! ~O}Jl.
She seems really busy due to preparing to get married.
7f .Aj ~ 1IJ1-@-ol] -gfo ] l:lpn1 :A]Jl? You're really busy because of all your tests, right?
...,._ _ _ _..,.*~A In
: -'?~ .A.If! %~ ~~~-E!-~I.A.~.!?-~011 CU'i'i.11 .:J.2.H.A.i -'?~ .A.I:C.fOtl ~ -'? ~'i'i.LI Cf.
I was busy going to the immigration office during class time, so I therefore couldn't attend class.
(1) '- L 2.~.:il' C~Oil ~ ~~~CZJ OIOP I{t! ~~~q. ~~q II.I~'6~q ~'6~C~. <21' '6~q ~~012.7 1
[H~Oil ~~~Oil ~~~CZJ OIOPI7~ 2.12} 01~~Liq.
Because the clause that follows -!:::.~[11 is negative or undesirable in nature, it sounds unnatural for a
clause that is positive in nature to follow it.
0 ]:-2-~l-~2}2 *2~}1l,<>J.f:l...
(2) '-L 2.~.:il' ~Oil~ Aln. ~. ?012.J Q.J.A I7 ~ ~B.~ -Am ~Liq.
Only verb s that require the will of the subject , a force of energy, and time can precede - !:::.2.[11.
: '.iiL~.A.f117 f LfCf'. 'I:JI7f 2.Cf'-E .A.If!OILf ~. ~OiQI 2.J;>;:I7f ~.~ .A.f7f OfLIQj. 'I:Jf.!!!!Cf'-E .A.f7f OfLI71
ITHiEO!I ~* ~Lief.
In .iiL~.A.~117f qq and t:JI7f 2.Cf, the verbs do not require the will of the subject; in the case of I:J ~.!!!!Cf.
it is not a verb.
\ !2.:il.A.i report
~~]}j4fef
to turn off (power to) a phone
~ofef 1 ~ tgtq
~ofC.f 1 ~~~ 7li ~q
~~ofC.f 1 ~~f ~2.1-1- ~ g.q
} . ol :Ai] 2ll rr.} E1 e>ll <?} g~ it? (~ ~ e>ll n-l:f ..2..q )
-t ~~0\ll~t:t .2J::.~:ll nf~~\ * 1J:e>lit.
r-- ........... ---------------- - ----------. ------- ------- - ------- ......... -- -------- ------- - --------- - --- ------- - ,
Oi-3t!tg0ll AAI ~Oli.A.i II~EI7~ CU<X;;!~ LIC~. 0~.3. AAI ~ II~EI fr-l::ll [[HgOll ~~~~<X;;!
0 ~.3. I
I ~Liq. n~EI ~ ~:c!:il~ :;~~ ~01 .A.~.A.i
rrH -E q ~~Liq. ~' tg,l-0!1~ n~EIOll
cH-oH I
1 {!J:z_t-o~q .s:!.LI .g 2.A.I-ll"'.f0ll ~ ~~ Li q_ 0 ~.3. AAI~ ~o ~-o~ ~B AAI7~ 2.71 rrHgOll '?;;!B
.JiC!c-H II~EI7 ~ .A.I~.r.l;qo~il:~ 0~.3. AAI~ LiEf- IIIEoH.A.i .go1 ~.:il ~<x..t~Liq . .J2.1l.A.i ~B
AAI~ mEl LHLH 0~712.~ AAI;g OIOP I ~ ~~Li q, 0 ~.3. AAI7~ ~Oj';J~ rrH~ 2.~ o ~~O I<X;;!.:iJ.
~7 ~ ~ q ~oP ~.:il ~<X;;!~Liq. o~.3. AAI~ rr~EI [[HgOll i~: li~:-HEoHB ~~ j:l~o~ -oH.A.i ~ii!
Oil ~<X;;!~LICL ~ii!Oll 7~LI7Jf ~-7-~0I ~B AAI;g 0~712.~ AAI7~ A~~PI .A.I~~q~ OPI~
oH "-'?<X;;!~Liq.
' ------ ---------- ------- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------- -------------------- ------------ -
~
( 30 )1
I hear that Mark is in the hospital.
Ol R~:= {:!~~0 1lOll 2.:= ~2.1 -'f:!~O iq Oli?-7~ ~ [H A~~LICL .!i!.~ -t:!~~1 .g~O I .!f-12.1 ~Oil
~ ~ := ~~ -'?7-Jq -'f:!C.H 2.1~~\:::! -3;!:1!1-E q ::: ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H ;:= -'E:!<5~AI ~:= ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H A~
~Li q.
This expressio n is used when the preceding c lause describes the cause or reason for t he statement in
the fol lowing c lause. Usually, the preceding clause d escribes a situatio n or circumstance that negatively
influences the following clause or that causes an unexpected or unwanted result.
There was a typhoon, and the flight was cancelled (as a result).
Q cannot be used because it is an adjective. It must be changed into its verb form ~~AIQ.
2 01IE~~ OIDI <1018 ~:i!K>ll cH~ 01~~ ~~'0~71 rrHgOJI' ~ t:J~~Oll' cf-gOJI~ gt.g :il~7f~O I
~Liq.
Because this form is used to describe the reason for something that has already occurred, the following
clause must be in the past tense.
3 ~ t:J~~Oll' -1011~ gt.g :il~7~ AIJ\il~ .271 rrHgOll ~~go1q ~~~01 ~ * ~~Liq.
Because only past tense forms can follow :: tJ f'l"Ojl, imperative or propositive clauses cannot be used .
4 Ol IE~~ CH.!:f-~ ~~'2.) .g%'0f1Ai~ Alg[Liq . .:J.2.HAi ~~~'2.) .gtfOliAi Alo~~ Oj~g[Liq.
This expression is mostly used in a negative sense, so it sounds unnatural to use it to describe positive
situations.
.::12.iq 71-B ~~~'2.1 .g~OliAi AA71~ oi-ECil. ol rrH ~ ~O:l 7 I CHo~:AI ~~7~ q Oll.g ~;;~~ 2.J ~:il~7 ~
{!Jn ~ rrH AI~.:? ~~ Liq.
However, in some cases, this form can be used to describe positive situations, but they are limited to
cases in which something completely unexpected or unintended has occurred.
8-frol ~~~0 1 ~7 1Jil . Ol~~ ~~LI Cf. ~~~01 ~7 1 /1 1 . O l ~1- ~)}jl ~~~~ ~ 2.l.7f
Indicates simply the reason for what follows in the OfLj~~. .QJDI~LICf.
next clause. Indicates not only the reason for what follows
in the next clause but also that the result was
unintended.
-+ ~011 ~~'2! O l~~ ~~Lief. -+ ~011 ~~'2! Ol~1- ~)}jl ~2.fle ~011 ~.2.~ '2! 3,-!0I
This statement only provides the reason that O fLI ~~.S::. .QJDiof.Jl ~8LICf.
the speakers was at home. This statement provides not only the reason
that the speaker was at home but also the fact
that he or she had no intention of doing so.
-----------
~
{ 31 )I
1
~ .AI7jl7f \:! ~2.1Cf
(the) alarm clock does not ring
~01 ~olefi~Cf
-~~ q~ ~01 ~717-11 . Ol~q .![:1'2._! ~ :;::~Li q. .:J.C.H)..i '-{ 0 )!.= ~oll'::: {:!~~OI .-~~QI.!~~'2..! )..~{:!
Olq ~0 1 ~717-11@ .![:1'2._! ~~ Ol~ ~ qE~IJlLiq:; {:!~~ rrH.gOll ~~~01 ~(}j~q::: ~~ QIDig)"Liq .
n e word ~ roughly means the cause or reason why something bad is occurring. Thus, -(.}E 5:-.fOII indicates
mat the preceding clause is the cause or reason why the negative event described in the following clause
occurred. In other words, the following clause happened due to or because of the preceding clause.
tJI~e! ~on
A
1...... ~~7~ ~CUe! ~on
I had a bad headache this morning because I drank a lot of alcohol yesterday.
-l
2 '-( 0 )L/~ ~ou~ ~:c.p~ q~ ~~011'2.! .A.I~ * <ll71 rrHg011~:ct7~ ~~ ~~ou .A.I<W~ 01~
~L]q.
Because -(9.) L /E ~Oil can only be used in the case of a bad or negative result, it sounds unnatural if
used when the resulting situation is positive.
-71 Ufi@Oll
~g~~2f
Lf~~~2.1-'f:l'2.! Lf~ ~:i!f1 -'tl'2.! ~~~2.1-'tl'2.!
~.Jlt2.1 ~<2.! Lf~ ~~2.1 -'tl'2.! Cause of Cause of Cause of
Good vs. Bad Result__'.: ___ Cause of a good a bad result a bad result a good result
or bad result
21-l~. Ofl~f.XI
~<2.!2.1 ~* ~~-'tl'2.!
Cause Type All OK External, unexpected : All OK All OK
cause
:-
~~~ AIJ;il
Tense of Preceding 2.- AI:Ail 71-5 ~:AH - AI:Ail 71-5 2.- AI:Ail 71-5
Clause All tenses OK Past tense All tenses OK All tenses OK
(:i!f7-j - ~:AH . DI2.H)
~~~ AIJ;il
Tense of Following 2.- AIXil 71-5 :i!.f7-j 2.- AI:Ail 71-5 2.- AI:Ail 71-5
Clause All tenses OK Past tense All tenses OK All tenses OK
(~7-j - ~:AH- DI2.H) - ~-
~At
Parts of Speech 2.-9- 71-5 -Aft'._!- 7f5 2.-9- 71-5 -9- 71-5
Used with All OK Verbs only All OK All OK
(~Af - -Af ~~Af)
AECJI~~ 'i'JOI ~q I ~~OI '2.]- ~~q AECJI~~ ~ * '1!~ ~DI ~!I~ iiHS!Cf
Oi:Ail ~OI 'QtOI ~-cf I ~OI DITI'EiCf Afj]_7f Lf.XI ?J'~ ~~5H.A.i g~~ 5fCf
+ + +
Ol .R~ ::: ~~~1 LHO I .t?.~~1 ~ ~ 3f-E. ():j 2.i 7 ~J.:I OI-F?- 3 13~q<E:J ~ qE~~Liq, ~3f-E A~'EJ'O I
1?-~~Qj ~ ~ 3f-E q ::: OI-F?-. ~AI~~~~ CI/lOll ~~~Q .:J. ~ ~ ~q::: ~~ QJDI3~.Jl ~~Liq,
7IE~1 q ::: OI-F?-7 ~ ~q::: ~ ::: <6"AI~ ~ ~ OIOPI::: 3~J.: I ?l~Liq,
This expression means that the reason given in the preceding clause is just one of a number of reasons for
the behavior described in the following c lause. The speaker uses this phrase to state the primary reason for
doing t he act ion in the following clause while also indicating t hat there are other reasons. In t his way, the
speaker only hints at the other reasons and does not explicitly state t hem.
2 'N.S:. A/V-:J1. N.S:. A/V- :J1. tiH.A.i' ~~ 'A/V-7 1.5:. 5f:JJ.. A/V-71.5:. tiH.A.f~~ ~ .A.f5ff2:! {:!~~0 1 ~~
~.Q.j ~6~ 51-E:- Cil 'Ci~ 0 ]~7 f <1!AI'2! .::J:g ~ 7fA I O l~~ CH.H~. ~5f:JJ.. <1!Cf-E -3:!~ LfEf
i:llLI Cf.
When used in the form N AIV-Jl N.S:. A/V-Jl 5H.A.i or A/V-71.5:. ofJl A/V-71.5:. 5H.A.i, this expression
indicates two representative reasons among many for the action in the following clause.
: ~i'.iltJ I ~~ g Ol~7 f Oj2.-j 7f:AI7f '?1-ECil .:J. Ol~~ 8 ~2.1 .!=f. 7f:AI~ CHB.~ W5f.:il '?113-LICf.
There were various reasons why the speaker watched TV, but the speaker is only stating two
representative ones.
2 7f 0
]Jti %o}c.j MToj] * nt:f 1~/iJl?
q l;j], o}2l:l}o] E. "8}.Jl -tL..!f- t>Hol= ~}.Jl t5flJ.i * 7}2..
~f2.1 (school) club
MT membership training
.A.~ the countryside
Ol't:! ~Of2.1 MTOil ~ 7fcf Of..I:J fOI... tifQ I~ 5HO~ tifQ I~ 7fQ
.AI~. O I.A~ 7fQ ~%5fef I ~7 1. ~q I O I.A~ 7fQ
R ~~--~ Oil CfLI Cf -c!:Y.S:. <2! ~q I~. MIQ I QLIQ
7~ J7J -1 ~
O ~ 1l 011 .!f-<3! ~ C 11_ o-jJl?
3) Lf
-(2.)2m S!f
!f.~~~m S!f
~~m !i!~
A/V I.
~ ~ m !i!~
-(0) 277~ !i!~
iim S!f
~~m!i!~ ~F?-Oiq ~.:r~~m !i!~
o1~~m!i!~ owr..!olq OH~O I ~~77~ .5!}
-- -~ ----- --~------ - - -- - -
'-{ 0)2 77f !i!.t':: ~~~Oil cH~ -Z:j~ [(jjgOJI Oi't! ~~ ~7~Lf Oi't! ~~ 5f~ cvq:: ry~ .uio~ gtLiq.
DI2.HOil CH~ lll~~ M~ g!":AI CC.{~ Lic.f.
Because -{.2.)27Jf .!il.f refers to the speaker's worry about what is stated in the preceding clause, the following
clause must state the action that is, or will be taken by the speaker. A clause in the future tense about a plan
of action yet to be taken cannot be used.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
4. o)~ L}E~'2 -
1
. 2 7~ S:.f-i-t!!Oll 7~AiiR?
q Lil, cl- ~Oll J- I ~OI ~,!7-jR.
92
Hey, it's raining outside.
Ol .E~~ ~cH 'g:JOI ~ ~~ q,q ~Oi~ rrH .A.f-~LI Cf. ~cH ~OI ~-5 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~7i L~ ~~ LH-O I
~7 1 gJ~Oi ~rr..!o~2.~.JJ. ~ rrH .A.f-of-E 3:!Q. ~cH~2.1 ~~ Cf.A.I ~o~'i:!.A.i ~Oi!:I!. :::: 3:!<f:J L ICf. rr~2.~.A.i o 1
.E~~ ~cH ~OI ~ ~2.1 g~ ~-*Oll rr~2.~ ~2.~A i [Jj ~EH :::: -l]-~ rr..! ~Oll '.'~ ~0 1 '2:! ~ Li c.f.
This expression is used when asking for clarification or reconfirmation of what another person has just said.
The speaker repeats what the other person just finished saying as a way of asking for c larification about
something t hat was not und erstood clearly or t hat was hard t o believe. For this reason, t he form of t he
expression depends on t he form in which the first speaker originally made the statement. Then, because t he
speaker is asking the other person for c larification, the particle . is added to the end of the indirect citation
form.
(1) ~cH ~O I ~.A.ig.Q.. ~~~ rrH When the other person uses a declarative sentence:
~Cfl'$??
~ ~cy;H? ?
NV .. -+ .................................
~q ~ ~ 7i 2.~.:i!.?
'---~-----:--~-------~-t-----------~------t-- --------------------- -----------------
Mfc.f MfC~I' R?
A
-Qcr -Qqi'R?
.. **
-.--=;-
''
__.!,. ____ _ _______________.:_~-----~----~--!....----- ------------- ----~--------------------------------------------------
2 {l'cHtgOI Ql~~~ 'gJ'~~ [H When the other person uses an interrogative sentence:
. .
--------------------
i :ilfJ-i ' Cj1q:L!.B.? Ql-"rolcr Ql-"rex1q.J2R?
Ol~q.JIB.? 2:1-~0iq 2:1-~ 0I~q.:ilB.?
~ ~A.f ~;~:H ~1 ~~ '-Lf~?'2.1- '-Lf~?' 2 7f 7i{s-of0l. -A.f1 ~;~:H ~g '-Lf~?'2.1- '-.!=Lf~?' 27 f 71{s-~LICf.
"or adjectives in the present tense, both -q:L!.R? and -2q:L!.R? are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both - q:L!.R? and
- -"'q:i!.R? are acceptable.
3 {J'CHtgOI ~Bg~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When t he other person uses a propoitive sentence:
7tJ:r.JlR?
~ J:r.JlR?
v
7tJ:I 'gJ'J:t.:ilR?
~ J:I 'gJ'J:t.JlR?
~) {l'CHtgOI ~~g~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When the other person uses an imperative sentence:
.::::L:>:H
7t2.r.:ilR?
00
~ 02.r.:ilR?
v
7rJ:I W2.r!7R?
!
~ J:I W2.r!7R?
--- 1
---- - --'-------------------------'- ----------------------"------- ---- --------------- -- ------ - -
1 Xil'2!~ [ HA.f-g-3!-E '-( 0 )277~R?'2.1 ~Sf.:: ~775::i!~ ~:= ~EH A.f-g-3~'2'! ~Liq.
The citation form for propositive sentences should be used when responding to a suggestion ending in
- () 2 77fR?
2 o i .R~:= wo~-e "~Etol o1o1 ~v -3:!~ ~<2JA.I 717~Lf -st"~~ [[H A.f-g-3~7l.s.:. ~Liq. o1[ H:: ~g.
~EH7~ O~LI 2.~ ~A.i@ ~EH ~~Liq.
This expression can also be used by a speaker to restate or emphasize what he or she has previously said.
2 7~ o s::
uR~ o}{J 5"']oJ] ~~Lf"'l 1.!.. o
0 2
""H.fi.
.
(9) 7~ 0 ........
---rt::" 2. M
Ol Olo-jJl? Tij.Jl<5R
'-
.!i:!.OiJl
7f ~7J-e>il-"l ~ ~ @0 1~All ~ ~r:}Jl tS"}lt!Ell
~ol Cj ~~ Jl?
I heard (from someone) that there's a fireworks display at the Han
River, so would you like to go together?
Ol R~:::_ <2J::C.1 ' :=q.JJ. '6fCf O{I ~~.g ~ LfEfLH:= '-e! Ci!'Jf ~:::_ ~.. q::: .AfiEtO{Illi.Ai 01~0{1 ~:::_
OIOP!Lf ~5!.~ ~lfof[lj ~<2.1~ [H .A~gtL!q. [[f2.f.Ai Ol R~ Ql.AI OI~Oll ~:::_ @~.! 8WOll [[f2.f ~ EH7f
'2.~Liq. ~~~011 := ~1-E .AfiEt.1 .I ~O!Lf ~@. ~<c!. T:!~'6f-E ~ ~ 01 ~Liq.
This expressio n is a combination of ~ Cf.Jl ofCL indicating a citation, and - \::!C11, indicat ing recollection. It is
used when recal ling or confirming something you heard somebody else say previously. Thus, the co rrect
form of this expression also depends on the sentence type of what was heard previously. The clause that
follows t his expression can indicate the speaker's opinion, q uestion, advice, or invitation with respect to the
topic under discussion.
~Cf.Jl '6f:!Cil
9:J ~q.Jl '6fe!Cil
~ 7i2.f.Jl '6fe!Cil
.1A~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1
.
---------------------------- --------------------------------~------------------------------------------..
:em
A/V
~~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1
DI2HI ='}~
Q:j ~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1
~q
A ~:AH
~q
----;-------------- --- ----- -------- --- -----7------~----- -------~-------------
-q.:il t5~'2:![~1.
v ' -Lqi!. t5~'2:![~~ Q:jq Q:j q.:il t;~:![~1, Q:j Lqjl t;~:![~j
-----------~-------~-~-----------------------t----------;--------------------------------
~q.:il t5~'2:![~1 .jA~O j q .jA~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1
2j-{:!:jOI~q:L!. t>~:![~1
NOjq - ' r-.
7~A~.:il t>~:![~1
Q:j A~.:il 5~'2:! [~I
v ...
1:::1/>d -AI ~A~.:il 5 ~'2:![~1
: .-o Q:jq Q:j:AI ~A~.:il 5~'2:! [~1
-~-----~-j_______~_l ____________~----------------j__-----------------l..---~---------------------------~-
OI~OII ~::: g-OI '6!'e1g~ [[jj
,',"hen what was heard previously was an imperative sentence:
7 ~2.t.:C. 5~f:!r:ll
=:;.;:~
C> C>
~o 2.t.:c. 5tf:! cll
q ::p.]- ~Oil <U ~tg-o] J-H. ).~J;iq.JI i>]-~nj] /-l 7]oj] ~~ 7]- ~A] t:f.
I heard a new Indian restaurant opened in front of the office building , so let's go there.
--1
~-=(-7}- .:g=.t:J1 'i011 7}-.7.]-Jl '6]-Jdt:i] %~ -1:::: 7}- .g... ~o] ~Oiil?
2 O I .H~::: g- .!fiOII~ ~ * CU~ LJ q_ Ol[H~ ~CH'bf2.1 2.1?:!011 ~CH 1 ~ 3:!~ ~t7~q ~ ~ Af-W2.l
~g ~ 7ICH5t'i!:!Ai OI-E!Oll ~ ::: LH ~ :lifoHAi ~1-E 3:!~Licr.
This expression can also come at the end of a sentence. In this position, while still expressing something
that the speaker heard previously, it also indicates either the speaker's disagreement with the other
person's opinion or the speaker's expectation of a response from the other person.
~
[ 41 J
1 7~ AH~71011 ~ ~~0 1 W0 1 ~ OiJ.l ~ ~ Oi.fl...
Lf ~ EJ lJ! 011 Al .:rz- <iJ t"}tB ~ }q .:i!. t"}lfl Ell
AH~.PI011-E ~~OI 'C'JOI ~Ol.A.i ~~q <2.!E:i~011.A.i .;:t~ti~'C! C-j J.A~~ I <2.!Ei~~ Ol*tifef
R% g~ -i.!O I ~ ;;t;~.A.i UIE<'i~Cf g~ ~ ;;t;f2.~'C! ;;t;~7 1 ~011 ~~ o ~.A.~cf I ?R~
2~ Df.A.~ .!x!.Cf
R% LfOI7f ~01.!2<2.!CfE W~ "riO I ~<>i.A.i 012.1 Y'2lt1 f~ Ole~ .!x!.OICf I Dicl ~
4Y'-c:lo~f 2~ 1::1!-J?-Cf
~A1Lf.
------------~il..~oj1 7}~.
OI .R~:= ~ol-E .A.PS'OI A:i i3A:f0ll7ii.A.i OI ~Oil ~7-Jq OlDI ~.:il <1!::: LH ~ ~cH tgOillll ~~~ l[H .A.fgrLIQ.
~~ .A.~iS'OiiJll::: 'Q!Jj ?'~ ~~-'?- <L!~ LIQ.
This expression is used to confirm with another person something that the speaker heard previously from
a third party or learned about from some other source. The shortened form CfOj? can be used among close
friends and acq uaintances.
A/V I
~q j ?~ 7-J2H!!.A.i R?
- -- - 1 DI2.H
---~- ----
I ?~ -(.2..)2 7-j2.~~.A.iR?
------------------- : ___ 12:JQ
___
,
ll ~ 7-j2.~~.A.iR?
________________________________ _
~ q~.A.iR?
A
'i'JQ~.A.iR?
... .......... --- .....
7 ~q nq~.A.iR?
v -(.!::.) L q~.A.iR?
12:J Q ll :::Q~MR?
~cp~.A.i.R? ll.j-EIOiq ll.j-EI ~q~.A.1R?
:i]m
Ol~q~.A.iR? ~<!Oiq ~<I OI~q~.A.1R?
Olq ..... ........
TI.~EIOiq n.rEi c~~.A.1R?
~;~:H (OI}c~~.A.1R?
~<!Oiq ~<! Oic~~.A.1R?
---------- -- ---------
7~ i;:J]-1} -], ~;z.J- ~FfL7J- 7]7J- 3.:r:f1~J..-jA? Hyeseon, is it true that your boyfriend is tall?
q l.:Jl, .:::Li:St:~] e>i~Jl] o)-~e>iil..? Yes, but how did you hear about that?
q .:::L~il..? Al :_: 4'-;z.] -]7j- M~ ~ ~~o-].B... Really? I thought she was a homemaker.
O I R~::: ~1-E Aroso l ~~ ~7-Jq ~~~ ?A!otl cH.sHAi::: Af5rAI t>tt 0 1Jj, .gcHtgol ~ w~ l[lJ~~
ITILS:. .A.f5~AI ~~Liq_
This expression cannot be used to describe something that the speaker directly saw or experienced, nor can
it be used to restate or reconfirm what another person has just said.
---------
~I oj-7]21- -]7]- 7]% ~ 7:j..a.._ ( o)
o]-7]21- -]7} 7]% ~ ~cf 1rV-i..a..? (x)
;Qt:fl~!J,iit?
to appear Qn a movie or TV show)
~~3fef
~"t 7fef
D l~ E.2.fDfOll ~~~ 7~ Cf
~~ .1.q ~o I ~~Iii ~q
'=,'"XI*'*OI ~~Iii ~q
....
1 '-q~AiR?'~ A~~5HAi c.~~ [H:~ .!Et~f>~AiiR.
(2) 7f .A]'d-?oJl ?
q t;Jl, t:J-%oj] 7J.!(:loj] ~ 7]-JI 1to-Jit.
(3) 7f "5"R
'--' t-l-.AJ-%_Q_
o .Ic
2 1.- ?
q l;j], Jf-cj _2_llll]- ~t:Jloj] 31-ct ~o-Jit.
(4) 7f ~~ .] ' .::@~~~7} ?
q l;j], tlJ-~Si01Jl.. l:l]-i:l_ ~~ ~ 7}27;j C~7J]-Jl.?
(
---- ----- ------ ~---- --- --- --- ---- ------------ ----- - - - -- - --- ---
(1) Al\:i 1-gj 4~ .A.i~ AI~<>H 1[1::: ~01 LH~E-Liq. (2) LH~ ~QI cy:=: 41cm 41 \::!
~Oll 7~~ ~i"OI LH~ 3:!~Liq. (3) f:t~.LA.~7il LH~ ~~. ~2~ .A-1'2.1~ 01 2: ~~~
~.:il <liE-Liq. ~.g 'gJ.l .l LH~ ~01 ~Oi.A.i .li!~.A.~.:L!.7 ~ PiOI ~~<5H ~.!r. PiOI 9.,l"oi.:L!.
<li~Liq. (4) E!" .A-1'2.1::: 4QgOI'22 ~g-o1 ~.::? <li~ ~~ 3.A.I-l!"OI 'EP.H ~~q'22.A.i
~y
~2~ QI
~
-.. ......
.:il~~ ~~~LIC~. (5) 71~~:=: 'f% 0 . 1Qrv20mmQI ~01 C:j LH~ 3:!.
l . .~~~~~=- ~:~~~~:. . .
ilJ1-1, Oi Al1Al %011 -t:-0 1i'0 1(1) Lff~q-t:lif.-i.2.?
g5JI Li1, .A.]~ i'0 1..2..t=j c.}-.Jl.B.. -t:- 0 ] 41cml-} til ~ Oi .B..
o~n
00 41 \1 ~011 (2)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
0~7~
00
o~n
0 0 =z.~q] <if. -t:-o] (5)
-----------------------
?
O IR~::: q~ APs1 ~~ ~.:ll ~I--E AtEtol ;.:!;1-t1 ~ol2.fAi ~2.f7~Lf ~~ * ~~ rrH~::: -f:t~ [["
Ar~LICf. .gcH~1 ~~ CfAI ~ ttl ~f~Ai ~ol-E APE!-1 -f:t~OILf L7t:j~ LfEfLH::: -3-:!~LICf. [[f2.fAi
.gcH~O I ~ ~1 g:g ~-W-011 [[f2.f EH7f ~2.f~Liq -Li-~ ~~1 ~EH !f!Oil '-LIR?' ~ ~~Lief.
This expression is used when the speaker is surprised by or cannot believe what another person has said.
It indicates the speaker's emotion and feeling of surprise or disbelief while repeating the relevant information.
Thus, the form of this expression depends on the type of statement used by the other person. Specifically,
the form -LIR? is added to the appropriate indirect quotation form of the other person 's statement
~J;;.!CfLIR?
lj ~CfLIR?
A/V
~~ 7i2.fLIR?
11~ 7i 2.fLIR?
- - - - - ------,-- - -- ----- ----
~ qLI R?
A
~qLIR?